Volume 9, Issue 6, June – 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology

ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24JUN364

Design and Optimization of Centrifugal

Pump Impeller Blade
Dr. G. Mylsami1; S. Pragatheesh2
Professor1
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
KSR College of Technology, Tiruchengode, 637215

Abstract:- Centrifugal pumps exploit the transformation When the fluid's outward motion is limited with the
of rotating kinetic energy into hydrodynamic energy to useful resource of the pump casing, the impeller's velocity is
move fluid. They are a subclass of dynamic axisymmetric converted to stress. Typically, impellers are small cylinders
work-absorbing turbo machines. In order to aid in pump with an open inlet referred to as an eye fixed to accumulate
design, this project uses computational fluid dynamics incoming fluid, vanes to strain the fluid outward, and a bore
software to explore intricate internal flows in centrifugal this is threaded, keyed, or splined to deal with a stress shaft.
pump impellers. Three distinct kinds of pump impellers In many instances, the impeller composed of stable fabric also
were taken in this instance. Pump specs under can be referred to as a rotor. Casting the radial impeller
consideration include speed and discharge. These immediately into the assist it's miles mounted on—which is
parameters have been adjusted in order to conduct a propelled by way of the usage of the gearbox of an electric
comparison analysis of these pump impellers. The plane powered powered motor, combustion engine, or steam
between blades is modeled in CFD software is used to turbine—is a much less luxurious alternative.
perform the flow analysis in addition to CAD software. As
a consequence, the pressure and velocity distributions II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
were the basis for the valid results, and the computational
results were used to compare the pumps' respective Oh J.S, RO H.S and Goto. AOh and Ro (2022) In order
performances. to replicate the drift pattern through a water pump, employed
a compressible time marching approach, a traditional Simple
Keywords:- Centrifugal Pump, Axisymmetric, Computational technique, and industrial software of CFX-TASC flow. They
Fluid Dynamics. then compared how nicely every method anticipated the
overall performance of the pump. Go to proven that the
I. INTRODUCTION incompressible model of Dawes' three-dimensional Navier-
Stokes code might be implemented to a mixed float
An impeller is a revolving part of a centrifugal pump centrifugal pump by comparing the measured and computed
that speeds up the fluid away from the center of rotation so exit-waft fields of a combined drift impeller with one-of-a-
that it will transmit power from the motor using the pump to kind tip clearances, consisting of the shrouded and un-
the fluid being pumped. When the fluid's outward motion is shrouded impellers.
constrained thru the pump casing, the impeller's velocity is
transformed to pressure. Short cylinders known as impellers Using the pseudo compressibility technique,
generally have an open intake, or "eye," to accumulate ZhouWeidong Ng and friends (2022) additionally created a
incoming fluid, vanes to push the fluid outward, and a 3-dimensional time-marching incompressible Navier-Stokes
splined, keyed, or threaded bore to collect electricity shaft. solver to look at the glide area via a mixed drift impeller for
a water pump. By contrasting the unique code with severa
In typically, the impeller composed of solid cloth can posted experimental and computational consequences, its
also be referred to as a rotor. Casting the radial impeller applicability changed into confirmed. Tsukamoto Kaupert
straight away into the assist it's miles hooked up on—that is and his friends, Kaupert, potts. Despite those researchers'
propelled with the aid of the gearbox of an electric powered computational predictions of opposite flow at small glide
motor, combustion engine, or steam turbine—is a much less quotes inside the impeller shroud vicinity, there were
pricey alternative. When the spindle and impeller are fixed nonetheless a few inconsistencies. Although Kaupert's CFD
together with bolts, the rotor commonly names each of them. studies had been unable to anticipate the numerical outlet -
When a go with the go with the flow genuinely travels thru a reverse flows, his experiments did demonstrate the
right now pipe to go into a centrifugal compressor, it's far simultaneous appearance of shroud-side reverse go with the
uniform, right away, and vortically free. An impeller is a flow on the impeller inlet and outlet. By disclosing the
revolving part of a centrifugal pump that hurries up the fluid experimental data over the complete waft variety, Sun and
outward from the pump to transmit energy from the motor Tsukamoto demonstrated the expected results of the head-go
that powers the pump to the fluid being driven rotational with the flow curves, diffuser inlet stress distribution, and
middle. impeller radial forces. They also predicted again float at small

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Volume 9, Issue 6, June – 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24JUN364

costs, even though they did not exactly depict the again-waft diameter of the pipe is indicated with the aid of the axis to the
sample alongside the impeller outlet. proper.

E.C. Bacharoudis, A.E. Filios, M.D. Mentzos, and D.P. IV. MODELLING PUMPS
Margaris (2021) The performance of impellers with the equal
outlet diameter however varying outlet blade angles is very Triangles of velocity at the pump's inlet and outflow
well assessed on this paintings through on each impeller's Velocity triangles are a useful tool for describing the flow in
design, the only-dimensional approach and empirical an impeller as they break out the various flow directions and
equations are used. The internal waft discipline is calculated magnitudes. The relative velocity of centrifugal pumps is
to supply the anticipated overall performance curves. The denoted by W, the blade velocity by U, and the absolute
head-discharge curve influences the diverse output angles. velocity by C. We get C by adding U and W.
Using CFD, the impact of the opening blade attitude on
overall performance is showed. The performance curve
flattens and will become smoother as the opening blade
perspective increases. At nominal capability, the top
increased through extra than 6% at the same time as the
hydraulic efficiency decreased by way of whilst the opening
blade angle become raised from 20° to 50° and four.5%. On
the alternative hand, the increased outlet blade angle led to a
splendid development in hydraulic performance at excessive
drift rates.

The modern axial composite impeller has been designed

with the aid of B. Mohan and B.E. Kumar (2021) utilizing
seasoned-e business technologies. They have selected
Kevlar-49, Carbon, and S-Glass as the right additives for this
observe, at the side of a typical epoxy resin for the composite
matrix. The element's static and dynamic characteristics were
tested using the economic finite element analysis software
ANSYS. Static evaluation has been used to have a look at the
displacements and strain distributions on the composite
impeller. This studies found the areas of pressure awareness. Fig 1: Inlet and Outlet Velocity Diagram
We have applied dynamic pressure to the impeller at different
walking speeds for temporary observe, and we have  Inlet: Since the impeller's inlet is typically believed to be
examined the deflections and pressure awareness areas. straight and the inlet flow to be entirely radial, Figure 11-
3 illustrates that α1 is 90 º.
III. ELECTRIC HYDRAULIC STORAGE
 Outlet: The outflow can be depicted similarly to the
A. The Boltzmann Equation entrance, as shown in Figure 4-4. Additional instructions
When discussing hydraulic power, it's far always for calculating the various velocity components at the
essential to consider the Bernoulli equation. In meters of impeller's exit can be found in Appendix Triangle of outlet
water head, the particular fluid electricity at function 1 is velocity
given as follows:
V. EULER'S PUMP ALGEBRA
B. Losses from Strain:
The friction that the glide creates against the partitions The most pertinent term with regard to pump design is
and the turbulences that are produced by using obstructions Euler's pump equation. We must fix a control volume before
like valves or gratings that block the flow when its path we can get the pump's impeller's balancing equations. Being
adjustments are the principle reasons of pressure losses. The aware of the control surfaces and the equilibrium of
template's development will need the computation of those momentum can be computed. Because it doesn't necessitate
losses. Secondary losses: Bends, valves, contractions, understanding the specifics of the flow within the control
expansions, and venturis are examples of add-ons used in pipe volume, momentum conservation is used.
installations that can purpose secondary losses. The standard
manner to express these losses is as an equal period of straight A. Blockage of Blades:
pipe meters, or authentic pipe period. Blade obstruction causes the pump's exit velocity to
increase with respect to downstream. This is because the
C. Accessories-Related Linear Length: thickness of the blade causes the effective area to decrease.
The advocated one manner to determine every accent's The impeller's output has been used to illustrate the
equal length is to apply an abacus, along with the only shown computations, but the inlet also needs to employ the same
in Figure 12-10. The more meters of pipe which can be equations.
assigned to each accent are shown at the vital axis. The inner

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Volume 9, Issue 6, June – 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24JUN364

The water particles stop moving at the same speed upon

entering a rapid expansion, causing velocity differences that
convert kinetic energy into static pressure energy and a head
drop. Usually, these expansions take place at the return
channel, diffuser, and volute. For this reason, it is crucial to
make the expansions' edges smooth.

Fig 2: Blade Blockage

 Slip Element:
The float deflection that the blades produce is called the
slip aspect. Since the actual glide doesn't comply with the
blades as Euler's equation predicts (Figure four-6), the angles
of the float and the blades are distinct. Because the real go
with the flow conditions in the impeller are unnoticed while Fig 3: Disk Friction on Impeller
calculating the instant of momentum, the conservation of
momentum is not able to accurately describe how the flow
become produced.

 Losses from Pumps:

As turned into previously said, each head estimate that
has been located up to now is perfect. Now that we are taking
into consideration the real hydraulic and mechanical losses,
the overall performance can be much less than what become
initially projected.

 Mechanical Losses:
The friction produced reasons these types of losses
between the pump casing and the moving impeller. They are
produced by the shaft seal, axial bearings, and radial bearings. Fig 4: Abrupt Enlargement
These losses trade according at the stress, rotational velocity,
and layout. Contractions speed up the flow, which has to slow down
thereafter. This causes mixing losses, which usually occur at
 Hydraulic Losses: the impeller's eye or the input of the blade channels. The
Hydraulic → Because of the friction created with the aid borders of this loss can be rounded and smoothed, much like
of the fluid's friction on the pump's inner. Below is a listing with the cross-section expansion.
of every category with a short description.

 Friction Losses in Waft:

It takes place on the inner floor place of the pump
housing and at locations wherein the fluid comes into touch
with the impeller. The stress loss added on by this friction
lowers the pump's head. The floor roughness and the relative
pace to the surface are the figuring out factors.

 Shock Losses
These losses happen because the blade is not infinitely
thin; rather, it has an actual thickness. As a result, the fluid
and the blade collide, causing a fluid deceleration from the
blade's inlet to its throat. Appendix losses at cross-section Fig 5: Abrupt Tightness
expansion/contraction have the equations for this loss.

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Volume 9, Issue 6, June – 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24JUN364

 Recirculation Losses: introduce the changes required to make the model in shape
This often takes place whilst the flow circulating via the the lab-received curves.
impeller isn't always the appropriate format glide for example
while the drift is near 𝑄 = zero. In this instances, we've the B. Curve of the Pump Head:
very best recirculation losses as we will see highlighted in Graph five-1 indicates that the top of the model is above
blue in Figure four-15. the statistics-sheet curve and check points for all flow costs,
aside from low ones, below both rotational velocity
situations. The head distinction at the most waft charge of
1400 rpm is 0.7 m, even as at 1100 rpm it's far 0.Five m.

C. Design Optimization for the Impeller:

The performance component of the pump that needs to
be enhanced determines a lot of the optimization criteria. If
the head want to, different design parameters will be
impacted. be raised, regardless of whether more power or
more flow is desired.

High heads are necessary in a pumped hydro storage

reservoir in order to achieve the maximum potential energy
upon discharge. Thus, the optimization will be concentrated
on raising the head of the pump. The decision of whether to
achieve the high heads at low or high flow rates should also
be made.
Fig 6: Loss of Head from Recirculation
 Shock Losses:
 Friction Losses in the Disk When a flow collides with the thickness of the blade, it
Both the fluid and the impeller's spin are to blame for decelerates, resulting in shock losses.
these losses. This loss raises the pump's power consumption,
as Table 4-1 indicates. The formula for this can be found in  Leakage Flow:
Appendix. Friction losses on disks. The fluid's axial velocity, v, is calculated. The number
of chambers in the impeller is shown by counting "i" times
B. Flow of Leaks inside the gap. When more blades are put to the pump, there
When backflow passes through the holes that now exist will be an increase in the number of chambers because of this.
between the housing and the impeller, leakage happens.
Because the flow through the pump is smaller than the flow D. Blade Blockage:
through the impeller, this causes losses. Appendix Leakage The linear proportionality between the blade thickness
flow contains more details and computations. 𝑒2 and the blade blockage factor 𝑟2. Testing reveals that when
the thickness of the blade is decreased to values close to 0, the
C. How to Include Losses: head expands indefinitely. However, in order for the impeller
Due to the numerous relationships that exist between the to withstand blade stresses, specific mechanical strength
outcomes, there is a certain order in which these calculations requirements must be met.
must be performed. Certain losses cannot be computed unless
certain other procedures have been completed first. For VII. THE DESIGN AND ANALYSIS
example, the pressure loss across the impeller determines the
leakage flow, and the flow rate through the impeller Using computer-aided design (CAD), the centrifugal
determines the pressure loss concurrently. As such, an impeller blade was created. blade, and three blade impellers.
iterative procedure is required. The French company assault Systems created the multi-
platform software package known as CAD, which stands for
VI. POWER AND EFFICIENCY OF PUMP computer-aided design, computer-aided manufacturing,
computer-aided engineering, computer-aided manufacturing,
The mechanical electricity furnished to The strength computer-aided engineering, PLM, and 3D. With the help of
furnished to the fluid 𝑃𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 and the power misplaced in the ICM surfacing technologies, CAD provides a solution for
course of the procedure are added as much as shape the shaft, shape design, styling, surfacing process, and visualization,
also known as 𝑃2 in. enabling the creation, modification, and validation of intricate
and unique shapes ranging from industrial design to Class-A
A. Validation of the Version: surfacing. Whether a product is being designed from scratch
In order to examine the test findings from the lab setup or from 2D designs (blueprints), CAD facilitates various
using the Grundfos impeller NK-32-a hundred twenty phases of the process.
five/142 with the version results from MATLAB, this
bankruptcy will look at the test effects in similarly detail. This
assessment will assist to verify the version's predictions and

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Volume 9, Issue 6, June – 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24JUN364

 Analysis outflow are omitted since they do not significantly alter the
pump's performance during steady flow simulation.
 What Makes Analysis CFX Useful?
Engineers have used the high-performance, all-purpose VIII. GRID PRODUCTION
fluid dynamics software Ansys CFX to handle a variety of
fluid flow issues. The hub, shroud clearance, volute casing, and impeller
make up the four parts of the fluid domain. The stationary
for more than 20 years. The core of CFX is its parts are the hub, shroud clearance, and volute casing. As
sophisticated solver technology, which is essential for such, the mesh for these components has pyramid and
producing durable, fast, and accurate solutions. The basis for tetrahedral parts that are not organized. In contrast, the
a wide variety of physical models that describe almost any created mesh for the impeller flow passage consists of an
kind of fluid flow phenomenon is the contemporary, highly unstructured tetrahedral and prism element layer close to the
parallelized solver. Session files, scripting, and a robust blade surface.
expression language are just a few of the many ways that the
solver and models can be customized and automated. The  Optimization of Design
solver and models are housed in a contemporary, user- It takes quite a few time to optimize the design of
friendly, and adaptable GUI and user environment. complicated geometries like centrifugal pumps, compressors,
and generators when you consider that numerical simulations
 Geometric Model: for numerous design eventualities might also months to
This study uses the geometry of a centrifugal pump flow finish. Recently, surrogate-version-assisted optimization has
domain, which is generated with ANSYS BladeGen 16.1 and been utilized in direct design optimization. In this have a look
CATIA V5 modeler. The domain consists of the clearance at, a database for the enter variable versus the objective
flow domain next to the hub, the impeller, and its volute response is generated by using first strolling numerical
(diffuser). the impeller cover. In order to save computing simulations for pattern design factors. A surrogate version is
time, the extension flow domains at the pump's intake and then trained the usage of the database. Predicting their
reactions for the layout area, the surrogate model imitates the
response produced with the aid of excessive-fidelity models.

Table 1: Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Loads

Object Name Force Hydrostatic Pressure
State Fully Defined
Scope
Scoping Method Geometry Selection
Geometry 1 Face
Definition
Type Force Hydrostatic Pressure
Define By Vector
Magnitude 0.5 lbf (ramped)
Direction Defined
Suppressed No
Coordinate System Global Coordinate System
Fluid Density 5.e-003 lbm/in³
Hydrostatic Acceleration
Define By Vector
Magnitude 0.5 in/s² (ramped)
Direction Defined
Free Surface Location
X Coordinate 2.444 in
Y Coordinate -0.31038 in
Z Coordinate -0.19685 in
Location Defined

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Volume 9, Issue 6, June – 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24JUN364

Also, determined that θ_h, θ_s, iβ1_h, iβ1_m, iβ1_s, β2,

%β1_h, and %β1_s were the parameters of vane plane
development. Based on the outcomes of the 2k factorial
design, we discovered that β2, iβ1_s, and h had the greatest
influence on the efficiency and the head.

In comparison to the original design, the head increased

by 10.46% and the efficiency improved by 0.26% based on
the CFD findings derived by RSM for the optimized impeller
shape.

REFERENCES

[1]. J. Stepanoff., 1957, “Centrifugal and Axial Flow

Pumps.”
[2]. Imaichi, K. and Murakami, Y. and Tsurusaki, H. and
Cho, K. R., 2002, “The Basis of Pump Design.”
[3]. Kim, S., Choi, Y. S., Lee, K. Y. and Yoon, J. Y., 2007,
“Effect of blade angle distribution on the performance
of a centrifugal pump in a fixed meridional shape,”
Fig 7: Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Force Proceedings of the SAREK Annual meeting, pp. 21-
26.
[4]. Jung, U. H., Choi, Y. S., Kwon, O. M. and Lee, K. Y.,
2007, “Optimum Design of Air Nozzle System for
Automatic Car Wash Machine using CFD and DOE,”
Journal of Fluid Machinery, Vol. 10, No. 5, pp. 34-40.
[5]. Raymond H. Myers, Douglas C. Montgomery, 2002,
“Response Surface Methodology: Process and Process
and Product Optimization Using Designed
Experiments, Second Edition,” A Wiley-Interscience
Publication, United States of America.
[6]. Charles R, Hicks, Kenneth V. Turner, Jr, 1999,
Fundamental Concepts in the Design of Experiments,
Fifth Edition,” Oxford University Press, New York.

Fig 8: Model (A4) > Static Structural (A5) > Hydrostatic

Pressure

IX. CONCLUSION

The study intended to look at how fixed-meridional

geometry impeller performance was affected by design
choices made during the vane plane creation process.
Additionally, we used the vane plane development
parameters to estimate the optimal impeller shape.

In a fixed meridional geometry, it’ been specified with

layout parameters that permit a easy impeller form with sure
inlet/exit angles.

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