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XII STD. PHYSICS STUDY MATERIAL, DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS, 1

SRMHSS, KAVERIYAMPOONDI, TIRUVANNAMALAI

N Neett N Neett
RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed., C.C.A., P.G. TEACHER IN PHYSICS

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assaa HIGHER d aaSECONDARY
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l a
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et
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NUMERICAL PROBLEMS
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N Neett N Ne ett
l a
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a .
assaa a addaa ssaa
aaddaasaa
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RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed., C.C.A.,
. P. G. TEACHER IN PHYSICS, w
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MAHARSHI MATRIC HR SEC SCHOOL,

KAVERIYAMPOONDI,

N Neett N Neett
TIRUVANNAMALAI DISTRICT – 606 603.

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[email protected],
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assaa aadd asaa
s
[email protected], [email protected]
a ad
a a
d s
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s
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assaa as
a aa
s
aaddand answerkeys to us : [email protected] daassaa
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XII STD. PHYSICS STUDY MATERIAL, DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS, 2

SRMHSS, KAVERIYAMPOONDI, TIRUVANNAMALAI

N Neett N Neett
RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed., C.C.A., P.G. TEACHER IN PHYSICS

lalai .i. l a
l
UNIT - I (ELECTROSTATICS)
i
a .i. l a
l i
a .
assaa Calculate the numbera ad daa s aa
s
in one coulomb of negative charge. aaddaassaa
1.
Solution: w w . P
. Pof electrons
w w .P.P
w w ww to the quantization of charge q = ne www
According w
Here q = 1C. So the number of electrons in 1 coulomb
of charge is

N Net
e t 𝑛= =
q 1C
= 6.25 x 10 electrons
1.6 x 10−19
N Neett 18

lalai.i. e

l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a.

et
assaa 2. A3 sample a ad da
of HCl gas is placedas auniform electric field of magnitude aassaa
insaa
moment of each HCl molecule is 3.4 × 10 a a dd
4
. P
× 10 N C . The dipole
P
-1
. torque experienced by each HCl molecule. . P
. P Cm. -30

.N
Calculate theww
maximum ww
www
Solution: w www w
The maximum torque experienced by the dipole is when it is aligned

lai
perpendicular to the applied field.
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑝𝐸 sin 900 ; = 3.4 x10-30 x 3x104 N m
NN eett 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 10.2x10-26 Nm.
N N eett
l a
l i
a .i. 3. Consider a point charge +q placed atlalthe
ai .iorigin
. and another point charge -2q lalai.
sa
assaa placed at a distance of 9d
the two charges atP aa mda assatheacharge +q. Determine the point between
from
aa d a
d s
a aa
s
w w . . P
which electric potential is zero.
ww . P
. P
ww to the superposition principle, the total w w wpotential at a
da

Solution:
w w
According w
electric
point is equal to the sum of the potentials due to each charge at that point.
Consider the point at which the total potential zero is located at a
Pa

N Neett N N ett
distance x from the charge +q as shown in the figure.
e
l a
l i
a .i. l a
l ai .i. l a
l i
a .
assaa a addaassaa
a addaasaa
s
w.

w w . PP . P
P
. potential at P is zero. V = ( w− ww). = 0 1 q 2q
w
The total electric
wwgives, = (or) = Hence, xw
wWhich q 2 1 w 2
w tot 4πϵ0 x (9− x)
ww

= 3m
x (9− x) x (9− x)

4. Calculate the electric flux through the rectangle of sides 5 cm and 10 cm

NNeet t in the region of a uniform electric field
kept
NN ee t t NC . The angle θ is 60 .
100 -1 0

l a
l i
a .i. Suppose θ becomes zero, what is thelalaelectric i.i. flux? l a
l i
a .
assaa Solution:
The electric fluxaa
Φdda s
a s aa
= ⃗⃗⃗𝐸 . ⃗⃗⃗𝐴 = EA cos𝜃 = 100 x 5 x 10x10 x cos60a add
-4
aasaa
s 0

w w
⇒ Φ = 0.25. P P
. Nm⃗⃗⃗C ⃗⃗⃗ 𝐸
2 -1 .
ww . P
. P
w
wForw𝜃w==00.5Nm
𝐸
, Φ = 𝐸 . 𝐴 = EA cos𝜃 = 100 x 5 x 10x10
0
𝐸 w ww w -4

C 2 -1

N Neett N Nee tt
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XII STD. PHYSICS STUDY MATERIAL, DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS, 3

SRMHSS, KAVERIYAMPOONDI, TIRUVANNAMALAI

NN eett N N ee tt
RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed., C.C.A., P.G. TEACHER IN PHYSICS

lalai .i.5. A parallel plate capacitor has squarelalplates

ai .i. of side 5 cm and separated by a lalai.
assaa (b) If a 10 V battery isaa daa
distance of 1 mm. (a) Calculate
d ss
connected
aa the capacitance of this capacitor.aassaa
aad d
to the capacitor, what is the charge stored
ww P
. P
in any one of the.plates? (The value of ε = 8.85 x
o 10 Nm C
ww
) .P.P -12 2 -2

Solution: w w
www wwwϵ0 A 8.854 x 10−12 x 25 x 10−4
(a) The capacitance of the capacitor is C = ;
d 1 x 10−3
= 221.2 x 10-13
F;

N Nett
e C = 22.12 x 10 F; = 22.12 𝑝F
-12

N Nee tt
lalai.i. l l ai .i.
(b) The charge stored in any one of the plates is Q = CV, Then
a l a
l i
a.

et
assaa aa aa
Q = 22.12 x 10-12 x 10 = 221.2 x 10-12C
Q = 221.2 𝑝C
dd as
a s d daass
. PPaa
. filled with mica having ε = 5 iswconnected. PPaa
. to a

.N
6. w w
A parallel plate
w capacitor
wThe area of the parallel plate is 6 m andww w w
w distance r

w
w
10 V battery.
is 6 mm. (a) Find the capacitance and stored charge.
separation 2

lai
(b) After the capacitor is fully charged, the battery is disconnected and the
dielectric is removed carefully. Calculate the new values of capacitance,
N Neettstored energy and charge.
N Ne ett
l a
l i
a .i. Solution:
l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a .
sa
assaa ϵ r ϵ0 A
aad da as saa
The capacitance of the capacitor in the presence of dielectric is
5 x 8.854 x 10−12 x 6
aaddaassaa
𝐶=
Thew w w .
d
=P
. P 6 x 10−3
; = 44.25 x 10 F = 44.25
w w .
nFP
. P -9

www= 442.5 x 10 ; C = 442.5nC wwww

da

stored charge is Q = CV = 44.25 x10 x 10 -9

-9
1 1
The stored energy is U = CV2; = x 44.25 C x 10-9 x 100
2 2
Pa

N Neett = 2.21 x 10-6 J = 2.21 𝜇J

N Neett
(b) After the removal of the dielectric, since the battery is already
l a
l i
a .i. l a
lai .i.
disconnected the total charge will not change. But the potential
l a
l i
a .
assaa a addaassaa
aaddaasaa
s
difference between the plates increases. As a result, the capacitance is
w.

decreased.
w w. P P
. is C = = ; 8.85 x 10 Fw
C
=w
.
44.25 x 10−9P
. P
w
wThe w charge remains same and 442.5 nC. www
New capacitance
wstored 0 ϵr w 5
8.85nF -9
ww

Q2 Q 2 ϵr
Hence newly stored energy is U0 = ;= = ϵr U
2C0 2C

NNeet t = 5 x 2.21 𝜇J = 11.05 𝜇J

NN e et t 𝜇J = 8.84 𝜇J
l a
l i
a .i. When the dielectric is removed, it experiences
The increased energy is∆U =
l a
lai.i. an inward pulling force due to lalai.
11.05 𝜇J – 2.21

assaa a adda a ssaaan external agency has to do work on theaassaa

the plates. To remove the dielectric,
additional energy. This is the source for theaad d
w
energy 8.84 μJ. w P. P
dielectric which is stored
. as
ww . P
. Pextra

www w wwww

N Neett N Nee tt
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a .i. l a
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assaa as
a aa
s
aaddand answerkeys to us : [email protected] daassaa
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XII STD. PHYSICS STUDY MATERIAL, DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS, 4

SRMHSS, KAVERIYAMPOONDI, TIRUVANNAMALAI

NN eett N N eett
RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed., C.C.A., P.G. TEACHER IN PHYSICS

lalai .i.7. Dielectric strength of air is 3 × 10lalVaim.i.. Suppose the radius of a hollow lalai.
6 -1

assaa aa
potential difference created d aas s
sphere in the Van de Graff generator
d
aa is R = 0.5 m, calculate the maximumaassaa
by this Van de Graaff generator. a ad d
Solution:
ww . P P
.field on the surface of the sphere (by Gausswlaw)
ww .P P
.given by
Thew
wEw= welectric
1 𝑄 www is

4𝜋𝜀0 𝑅 2
The potential on the surface of the hollow metallic sphere is given by

N Nett
e V=
1 𝑄
= ER
N Neett
lalai.i. 4𝜋𝜀0 𝑅
With V = E R l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a.

et
assaa atheamaximum potential difference created isaassaa
max max

Here E = 3 x 10 a
max
d d .as
So,s 6
𝑉
d d
given by V P
. P a a 𝑚

.V (or) 1.5 million volt

= 3 × 10 × 0.5 6
. P
. Paa

.N
max
= 1.5 ×ww ww
www w 10 6

www w
8. A water molecule has an electric dipole moment of 6.3 × 10–30 Cm. A sample

lai
contains 1022 water molecules, with all the dipole moments aligned parallel

N Neett N N ett
to the external electric field of magnitude 3 × 105 N C–1. How much work is
e
l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a .i.
required to rotate all the water molecules from θ = 0o to 90o?
l a
l i
a .
sa
Solution:
assaa aaddaasaa
s
aaddaassaa
𝜃𝑖 = 00 ; 𝜃𝑓 = 900 ; E = 3x105 NC-1 ; p = 6.3x10-30 Cm; n= 1022
When the water molecules are aligned in the direction of the electric
ww. P
. P
field, it has minimum potential energy. w
w . P
. P
w
www w
www
da

The work done to rotate the dipole from θ = 0o to 90o is equal to the potential
energy difference between these two configurations
W = U(𝜃𝑓 ) − 𝑈(𝜃𝑖 )
Pa

N Neett N N ett
W = − pE cos𝜃𝑓 + pEcos𝜃𝑖 ; =pEcos (𝜃𝑖 − 𝜃𝑓 ) ; = pEcos (00 − 900 )
e
l a
l i
a .i. l a
lai .i.
= pEcos (1 − 0) ; W= pE ; = 6.3x10-30 x 3x105; = 18.9 x10-25J
Hence for 1022 water molecules, the total work done is l a
l i
a .
assaa aassaa
Wtot = 1022 x 18.9 x 10-25 ; Wtot = 18.9 x 10-3J
ad
ad aaddaasaa
s
w.

ww. P P
. EXERCISE PROBLEM w
w . P
. P
9. Whenw
w
wobjects
two
w
w are rubbed with each other, approximately
wwwa charge of 50
ww

nC can be produced in each object. Calculate the number of electrons that

must be transferred to produce this charge.

N NeettSolution:
N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. l la i.i.
Charge produced in each object q = 50 nc (or) q = 50 x 10-9 C
a l a
l i
a .
assaa aa aa
Charge of electron (e) = 1.6 x 10-19 C
d da ass 𝑞
d a
d s
a s
50 x 10−9

. P a a
Number of electron
P transferred, n = =
. x 10 x 10 . P
.
𝑒
Paa1.6 x 10−19

w ww
= 31.25
w x 10 electrons.
-9 19
w w
w
wNw= 31.25 10
www

N Neett N Nee tt
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a .i. l a
l i
a .
assaa as
a aa
s
aaddand answerkeys to us : [email protected] daassaa
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questions P d a a
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XII STD. PHYSICS STUDY MATERIAL, DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS, 5

SRMHSS, KAVERIYAMPOONDI, TIRUVANNAMALAI

NN eett NN e ett
RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed., C.C.A., P.G. TEACHER IN PHYSICS

lalai .i.10. The total number of electrons in thelalhuman

ai .i. body is typically in the order of lalai.
assaa 10 . Suppose, due to somes
28

number of electrons. a ad daa

Calculate
saa you and your friend lost 1% of thisaassaa
reason,
the electrostatic force between you anda ad d
your
friend separated.atPP
. is 60 kg and use point charge approximation. . P
. P
w ww a distance of 1m. Compare this with your
w w w
weight. Assume
www
mass of each
Solution:
person
www
Number of electrons in the human body = 1028
Number of electrons in me and my friend after lost of 1 % = 1028 x 1%
N Nett
e 1
N Neett
lalai.i. = 1028 x
100
l l i.i.
n = 1026 electrons.
a a l a
l i
a.

et
assaa Separate distance d = 1m,a
a dd a
Charge of each person
a as s a
q = 10 x 1.6 x 10 ; 26
ad
a a
d s
a
-19
a
s a
. P
. P . P
. P

.N
q = 1.6 x 10
w ww C7

www
ww force, F =
wElectrostatic ;
1
4𝜋𝜖0 𝑟 2 www
𝑞1 𝑞2

9 x 109 x 1.6 x 107 x 1.6 x 107

lai
1

N Neett F = 2.304 x 1024 N

N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. l l i
a .i.
Mass of the person, M = 60 kg,
a l a
l i
a .
sa
assaa aadd asaa
s
= 60 x 9.8 W = 588 N
aadd assaa
Acceleration due to gravity, g = 9.8 ms-2 ; Wight (W) = mg
a a
ww. P
. P w
w . P
. P
Comparison: Electrostatic force is equal to 3.92 x 1021 times of weight
w
www w
www
da

of the person.

11. A spark plug in a bike or a car is used to ignite the air-fuel mixture in the
Pa

engine. It consists of two electrodes separated by a gap of around 0.6 mm

N Neett N eett
gap. To create the spark, an electric field of magnitude 3 x 106 Vm-1 is
N
l a
l i
a .i. l a
lai .i.
required. (a) What potential difference must be applied to produce the spark?
l a
l i
a .
assaa a ad d as saa
(b) If the gap is increased, does the potential difference increase, decrease
a
or remains the same? (c) find the potential difference if the gap is 1 mm.
aaddaasaa
s
w.

Solution:
w w. P
. P w w . P
. P
wwww www w
Separation gap between two electrodes, d = 0.6 mm (or) d = 0.6 x 10-3m
ww

𝑉
Magnitude of electric field E = 3 x 10 Vm ; Electric field E =
6 -1
𝑑

N Neet t a) Applied potential difference, V = E . d

N Ne et; tV = 1800V
l a
l i
a .i. = 3 x 10 x 0.6 x
6 10
l =
a
la i.i.
1.8 x 10
-13 ; 3
l a
l i
a .
assaa b) From equation, V = E.s
aa d d aa a(Ifathe gap (distance) between the electrodesaassaa
ds
aad d
w w .P P
. the electrodes, d = 1mm = 1 x 10 mwww.
increases, the potential difference also increases.
. PP
w
ww difference, V = E . d
wPotential
c) Gap between
www -3

= 3 x 106 x 1 x 10-3 ; 3 x 103 ; V = 3000 V

N Neett N Nee tt
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a .i. l a
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assaa as
a aa
s
aaddand answerkeys to us : [email protected] daassaa
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questions P d a a
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XII STD. PHYSICS STUDY MATERIAL, DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS, 6

SRMHSS, KAVERIYAMPOONDI, TIRUVANNAMALAI

NN eett N N eett
RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed., C.C.A., P.G. TEACHER IN PHYSICS

lalai .i. 12. For the given capacitor configurationlal(a)ai.iFind

. the charges on each capacitor lalai.
assaa (b) potential difference acrosss
Solution: aa d daa s aa(c) energy stored in each capacitor aassaa
them
aa d d
Capacitor .bP. P .P.P
w w w and c in parallel combination
w ww
wCw=w
P C + C = (6 + 2) μF = 8μF
b c www
Capacitor, a, Cp and d are in series combination,

N Net
e t
so the resultant capacitance.
N Ne ett
lalai.i. 1
= +
1
+
1
; = + l+a
1
l ai=.i. 1 1 1 3
l a
l i
a.

et
assaa ss aa s aa
s
Cs Ca Ccp Cd 8 8 8 8

aa dda a ad
a a
d a 8
.
a) Charge onP
.Pcapacitor a, Q = C V = x 9 ; Q = 24
a μC
.
s
P
. P a

.N
w w w
w on capacitor d, Q = C V = x 9 ; Q =w24wμCw w w
w 3

wwCharge d s
8
3
d

lai
Capacitor b and c in parallel

N Neett N Neett 6

l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a .i.
Charge on capacitor b, Qb = Cs V = x 9 ; Qb = 18 μC
l a
l3i
a .
sa
assaa ad d
Charge on capacitor
a aas aQa= C V = x 9 ; Q = 6 μC
c,s c s
aaddaassaa 2
3
c

w w . P P .
.difference across each capacitor, V = www. P
P q

www w www
da

b) Potential
C
qa 24 x 10−6
Capacitor Ca, Va = = ; Va = 3V
Ca 8 x 10−6
Pa

N Neett qb
N Neett18 x 10−6

l a
l i
a .i. Capacitor Cb, Vb =
l a
la
Cb i .i. =
6 x 10−6
; Vb = 3V
l a
l i
a .
assaa Capacitor C , V = d
aa daassaa
qc
; V = 3V
6 x 10−6
aaddaasaa
s
w.

=
w w . P
. Pc c
Cc
w
w .
2 x 10−6
P
. P c

w
ww C , V = =
wCapacitor d d
qd
; V = 3V w
www
24 x 10−6
d
ww

Cd 8 x 10−6
1
c) Energy stores in a capacitor, U = CV2

N Neett NNeett 2

l a
l i
a .i. Energy in capacitor C , U = ai.i.= x 8 x 10 x (3) ; U = 36μ𝐽
l la
1
Ca Va2
l
1
a
l i
a . -6 2

assaa aa aa
a a a

d da ass 2

ddaass 2

. . Paa
Energy in capacitor
P b b
1
C , U = C V = x 6 x 10 x (3) ; U = 27μ𝐽
2
.
2
P
.
b b
Paa 1
2
-6 2 b

w w w w ww
wwin capacitor C , U = C V = x 2 x 10 w
wEnergy c cxw(3) w
1
2
; U = 9μ𝐽
2
c c
1
2
-6 2 b

1 1
Energy in capacitor Cd, Ud = Cd Vd2 = x 8 x 10-6 x (3)2; Ub = 36μ𝐽

N Neett N Nee tt 2 2

lalai.i. l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a .
assaa as
a aa
s
aaddand answerkeys to us : [email protected] daassaa
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questions P d a a
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XII STD. PHYSICS STUDY MATERIAL, DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS, 7

SRMHSS, KAVERIYAMPOONDI, TIRUVANNAMALAI

N Neett N Neett
RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed., C.C.A., P.G. TEACHER IN PHYSICS

lalai .i. UNIT - II (CURRENT l a

l i
a .i.
ELECTRICITY) l a
l i
a .
assaa 13. Compute the currentainadthedaawire ssaaif a charge of 120 C is flowing throughdd
aa a
aassaa
w
copper wire in
w . P
. P
1 minute. w w. P
.P
Solution: w w
www www
The current (rate of flow of charge) in the wire is I =
𝑄
=
120
= 2A
𝑡 60

NN
14.
eet t acceleration experienced by the electron.
the
N Ne tt
If an electric field of magnitude 570 N C , is applied in the copper wire, find
e
-1

lalai.i. Solution: l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a.

et
assaa E = 570 N C , e = 1.6 ×s
F = ma = eEP
-1

aa
dd aa
=a ; =
s
10aaC, m = 9.11 × 10 kg and a = ? aassaa
-19

570 x 1.6 x 10−19

a a d d
-31

912 x 10−19 x 1031

. .;P
eE
;=
. P
. P

.N
w w
= 1.001w wx 10 ms 14
m
-2
ww ww
9.11 x 10−31 9.11

w w w w
15. A copper wire of cross-sectional area 0.5 mm carries a current of 0.2 A. 2

lai
If the free electron density of copper is 8.4 x 10 28
m-3 then compute the drift

N Neett velocity of free electrons.

N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. Solution:
l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a
The relation between drift velocity of electrons and current in a wire of.
sa
assaa cross- sectional area A is V a
a a dd =asa;a=
s d
I
‘
aadd aassaa
28
0.2
x 1.6 x 10−19 x 0.5 x 10−6
=
2 x 10−3
Vw=w . PP
. x 10 ms
0.03
neA

w w . P
. P
8.4x 10

w w -3 -1
ww
da

w w
6.72
w w
16. Determine the number of electrons flowing per second through a conductor,
when a current of 32 A flows through it.
Pa

N Neett Solution:
N Neett
I = 32 A , t = 1 s Charge of an electron, e = 1.6 × 10-19 C The number of
l a
l i
a .i. electrons flowing per second, n =?
l a
la i .i. l a
l i
a .
assaa I= =
q

aa d ;a
dna
ne aa
=ss ; n =
𝐼𝑡

a aa
32 x 1

add saa
s
w.

t t 𝑒 1.6 x 10−19 C

ww .
n= 20P
. P
× 10 = 2 × 10
19 electrons 20

w w . P
. P
17. w w w
The resistance ww w
w of a wire is 20 Ω. What will be new resistance,
wif it is stretched
ww

uniformly 8 times its original length?

Solution:

N Neett N Ne
The new length, 𝑙2 = 8𝑙1 (i.e.) , 𝑙2 = 8 𝑙 ett
R1 = 20 Ω, R2= ? ; Let the original length (𝑙1 ) be 𝑙

l a
l i
a .i. l alai.i. 𝑙1
l a
l i
a .
assaa
The original resistance, R a =aρ aa
dd a ass 1
𝐴2
d a
d s
a s
. P P a
The new resistancea R =ρ =
𝑙2
.
.wire is stretched, its volume is unchanged.www.
2
P a
ρ (8𝑙)
P a
w w
w 𝐴2 𝐴2

wwvolume = Final volume

Though
wInitial the
www 𝐴1 8𝑙
𝐴1 𝑙1 = 𝐴2 𝑙2 ; 𝐴1 𝑙 = 𝐴2 8𝑙 ; = =8
𝐴2 𝑙

N Neett N Nee tt
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l i
a .i. l a
l i
a .
assaa as
a aa
s
aaddand answerkeys to us : [email protected] daassaa
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questions P d a a
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XII STD. PHYSICS STUDY MATERIAL, DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS, 8

SRMHSS, KAVERIYAMPOONDI, TIRUVANNAMALAI

N Neett N N e ett
RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed., C.C.A., P.G. TEACHER IN PHYSICS

lalai .i. l a
l i.i.R , we get = x
a l a
l i
a .
assaa
By dividing equation R byaa aa 𝑅2 ρ (8𝑙) 𝐴1

dd aassequation 2

ddaass 1
𝑅1 𝐴2 ρ𝑙
=P
. .
𝑅2
Pa
xa8
𝐴1
.P.Paa
w ww 𝑅1 𝐴2
w ww
wwR = 64the× value
wSubstituting of , we get = 8 x 8 =w
20=1280 Ω
w
64 w 𝐴1
𝐴2
𝑅2
𝑅1
2
Hence, stretching the length of the wire has increased its resistance.

N18.e
N tCalculate
et the equivalent resistance for the e
NN et t which is connected to
circuit
lalai.i. 24 V batteries and also find the potential l a
l ai .i. difference across 4 Ω and 6 Ω lalai.

et
assaa resistors in the circuit.
Solution: a add a as saa
aad daassaa
. PP
. in the circuit = 4 Ω + 6 Ω = 10 Ω www. . P
P

.N
w w w
Since the resistors
w
effective resistance
are connected in series, the
w
w w
The Current 𝐼 in the circuit = = = 2.4A
𝑉 ww 24
𝑅𝑒𝑞 10

lai
Voltage across 4Ω resistor

N Neett V1 = 𝐼R1 = 2.4A x 4 Ω = 9.6 V

N Ne ett
l a
l i
a .i. Voltage across 6 Ω resistors
l al i
a .i. l a
l i
a .
sa
assaa 19. Calculate the equivalent s aa s aa
V2 = 𝐼R1 = 2.4A x 6 Ω = 14.4 V
d da a s d daa s
. PP a a resistance
P a
in the following circuit and also find
𝑰. in the given circuit. . . P athe
ww
current 𝑰, 𝑰 and
w w w w
wwthe resistances are connected in parallel, wwwtherefore, the
da

𝟏 𝟐
wSince
Solution:

equivalent resistance in the circuit is

Pa

N Neet t 1
𝑅𝑃
=
1
𝑅1
+
1
𝑅2
=
1
4
+
1
6
N Ne et;t 1
𝑅𝑃
Ω =
5
12
Ω (or) RP =
12
5

l a
l i
a .
i . l a
lai
The resistors are connected in parallel; .
i . the potential (voltage) across
l a
l i
a .
assaa s aa saa
each resistor is the same.
𝑉
= 6Ad da
24 𝑉 a s 𝑉 24 𝑉
d daa s
a a aa
w.

𝐼 = = ;𝐼 = = = 4A
1

w
𝑅1

w
The current . P P 4Ω 2
.I is the total of the currents in the two branches.
𝑅2

w w .
6Ω
P
. P
Then,
w
w𝐼w= w 𝐼 + 𝐼 = 6 A + 4 A = 10 A
1 2 wwww
ww

20. When two resistances connected in series and parallel their equivalent
𝟓𝟔

N Neett 𝟏𝟓
N N e tt
resistances are 15 Ω and Ω respectively. Find the individual resistances.
e
l a
l i
a .i. Solution:
l a
lai .i. l a
l i
a .
assaa a a a a
Rs = R1 + R2 = 15 Ω ……………….. (1)
= Ωd
𝑅1 𝑅2
daas s𝟓𝟔
d a
d s
a s
R =
P

. P
.
𝑅1 +𝑅2
P aa ……………….. (2)
𝟏𝟓
. P
. Paa
w w w
From equation (1) substituting for R + R in equation
w w
(2)
w 1 2

www = Ω ; ∴ R R = 56
𝟓𝟔
𝑅1 𝑅2
15
𝟓𝟔
𝟏𝟓
1 2www
R2 = Ω …………………….(3)
𝟏𝟓
Substituting for R2 in equation (1) from equation (3)
N Neett N Nee tt
lalai.i. l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a .
assaa as
a aa
s
aaddand answerkeys to us : [email protected] daassaa
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questions P d a a
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XII STD. PHYSICS STUDY MATERIAL, DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS, 9

SRMHSS, KAVERIYAMPOONDI, TIRUVANNAMALAI

N Neett NN e ett
RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed., C.C.A., P.G. TEACHER IN PHYSICS

lalai .i. l a
l i
a .i𝑅. + 56 = 15 R l a
l i
a .
assaa aa aa
56 𝑅12 +56
R +
1 = 15 ; Then ,
𝑅1
𝑅 - 15 R + 56 = d0d a ass = 15 ;
𝑅1
2
1

ddaass 1
2
1
P Pa a
1
The above.equation
.R - 7 R + 56 = 0 ; R (R – 8) – 7 (R –w8) w
can be solved using factorization. .P.Paa
w ww w
ww(Rw– 8) (R – 7) = 0 ; If (R = 8 Ω) www
2
𝑅 - 81 1 1 = 0 1 1 1
1 1 1
Using in equation (1)
8 + R2 = 15 ; R2 = 15 – 8 = 7 Ω ,

N Nett
e N Neett
R2 = 7 Ω i.e , (when R1 = 8 Ω ; R2 = 7 Ω) ; If (R1= 7 Ω)

lalai.i. l l i
a .i.
Substituting in equation (1) 7 + R2 = 15
a l a
l i
a.

et
assaa 21. If the resistance of coilaaisdd3aΩasatsa20a C and α = 0.004/ C then determine aa
R2 = 8 Ω , i.e , (when R1 = 8 Ω ; R2 = 7 Ω )
d daass
. PP
100 .C.
0
. P
. Paa its 0

.N
resistance atw w
w
Solution: w
w 0

wRw= 3 Ω, T = 100 C, T = 20 C www w w

0 0 0 0

α = 0.004/0C, RT= ?

lai
RT= R0(1 + α(T-T0))

N Neett N Neett
R100 = 3(1 + 0.004 × 80) ; R100 = 3(1 + 0.32)
l a
l i
a .i. R100 = 3(1.32) ;R100 = 3.96 Ω
l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a .
sa
assaa 22. Resistance of a material a ad d
ata a
10
ssaaand 40 C are 45 Ω and 85 Ω respectively.aassaa
C 0 0
aad d
. P
.
Find its temperature
Solution: ww w Pco-efficient of resistance.
w w . P
. P
wTw= w wwww
da

0 10 C, T = 40 C, R = 45 Ω , R = 85 Ω
0 0 0
1 ΔR 1 85−45 1 40
  α= α = ( )= ( )
R0 ΔT 45 40−10 45 30
Pa

N

Neett
N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. α = 00296 / C
l a
lai0
.i. l a
l i
a .
assaa 23. From the given circuit,
a d
adaas saa
aaddaasaa
s
w.

Find
i) Equivalent emf.of
w w PP
. resistance
the combination
w
w . P
. P
w w
wwcurrent
ii) Equivalent
iii) Total
internal w
www
ww

iv) Potential difference across external resistance

v) Potential difference across each cell

N NeettSolution:
N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. l lai.i.
i) Equivalent emf of the combination ξeq = nξ = 4 9 = 36 V
a l a
l i
a .
assaa saa s aa
ii) Equivalent internal resistance req = nr = 4 × 0.1 = 0.4 Ω
iii) Total currentaId
=daa s nξ
d a
d a s
4x9 4x9 36

. P
.AP a ;= ;=
R+nr
;=
. P
. Paa 10+(4 x 0.1) 10+0.4 10.4

w w
I=w 3.46
w
w difference across external resistancewww ww
wiv)wPotential
V = IR = 3.46 × 10 = 34.6 V. The remaining 1.4 V is dropped
across the internal resistance of cells.

N Neett v) Potential difference across each cell

N Nee t t = 8.65 V
V
=
34.6

lalai.i. l a
l i
a .
i . n

l a
l i
a .4

assaa as
a aa
s
aaddand answerkeys to us : [email protected] daassaa
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questions P d a a
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XII STD. PHYSICS STUDY MATERIAL, DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS, 10

SRMHSS, KAVERIYAMPOONDI, TIRUVANNAMALAI

NN eett N Neett
RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed., C.C.A., P.G. TEACHER IN PHYSICS

lalai .i.24. From the given circuit l a

l i
a .i. l a
l i
a .
assaa Find
i) Equivalent emf aad da assaa
aaddaassaa
w w . P.
ii) Equivalent internal Presistance
w
w .P.P
w
wwwdifference across each cell
iii) Total current
iv) Potential
(I) w
www
v) Current from each cell
Solution:

N Nett
e i) Equivalent emf ξeq = 5 V
N Neett
lalai.i. l a
l i
a .i.
ii) Equivalent internal resistance, Req =
𝑟
l a
l i
a.

et
assaa ssaa s aa
s
𝑛
= 0.125Ωaa a a
0.5
=
4
PP a d
a d P Pad
a d
. . 𝐼= ;𝐼= 𝜉 5
.
0.5A .
5

.N
w w
iii) Total Current,
w =
w difference across each cell V = IR = 0.5
𝐼≈w
w w
ww× w
𝑟
𝑅+ 10+0.125 10.125
wiv)wPotential 𝑛

𝐼
10 = 5 V
0.5
v) Current from each cell,𝐼′ = ; 𝐼′ = = 0.125 A

lai
𝑛 4

N25.e
N etCalculate
t N Neett
the current that flows in the 1 Ω resistor

l a
l i
a .i. inSolution:
the following circuit.
l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a .
sa
assaa We can denote thed
battery as I and P a a aas sathat
a flows from 9V
dinto I and I – I in the
current
aaddaassaa
1
w w . itP
.Kirchhoff’s current rule (KCR). It www.
splits 2 1 2
. P
P
w w w
da

junction according
w
is shownw below.
Now consider the loop EFCBE and apply KVR, we get
ww
1I2 + 3I1 + 2I1 = 9
Pa

N Neett N N ett
5I1 + I2 = 9 ...............(1)
e
l a
l i
a .i. l a
lai
3 (I1 – I2) – 1I2 = 6
.i.
Applying KVR to the loop EADFE, we get
l a
l i
a .
assaa aassaa
3I1 – 4I2 = 6 .................(2)
ad
ad aaddaasaa
s
w.

Solving equation (1) and (2), we get

ww. P
. P
I1 = 1.83 A and I2 = – 0.13 A
w
w . P
. P
w
www w
www
It implies that the current in the 1 ohm resistor flows from F to E.
ww

26. In a Wheatstone’s Bridge P = 100 Ω, Q = 1000 Ω and R = 40 Ω. If the

galvanometer shows zero deflection, determine the value of S.

N NeettSolution:
N N e ett
l a
l i
a .i. P R
= ;S= xR ;S=
Q
xa
l 40i.i;.S = 400 Ω
la
1000
l a
l i
a .
assaa saa
s s aa
s
Q S P 100

aaddaa ad
a a
d a
w
w .P. P w
w. P
. P
w
www w
www

N Neett N Nee tt
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l i
a .i. l a
l i
a .
assaa as
a aa
s
aaddand answerkeys to us : [email protected] daassaa
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questions P d a a
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XII STD. PHYSICS STUDY MATERIAL, DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS, 11

SRMHSS, KAVERIYAMPOONDI, TIRUVANNAMALAI

NN eett NNeett
RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed., C.C.A., P.G. TEACHER IN PHYSICS

lalai .i.27. What is the value of 𝒙 when the Wheatstone’s

l a
l i
a .i. network is balanced? l a
l i
a .
assaa a as
P = 500 Ω, Q = 800 Ω, R = 𝒙 +
S = 1000 Ω aadd saa
400,
aaddaassaa
Solution:
w w . P
. P ww .P.P
w
ww= w; = ; =
P
Q
R
S
500
800
𝑥+400
1000
𝑥+400
1000
www w
500
800
500 5
𝑥 + 400 = x 1000 ; 𝑥 + 400 = x 1000
800 8

N Nett
e
𝑥 + 400 = 0.625 × 1000
𝑥 + 400 = 625 ; 𝑥 = 625 – 400
N Ne ett
lalai.i. 𝑥 = 225 Ω l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a.

et
assaa 28. In a meter bridge, theavalue add aas saa
a dd
of resistance in the resistance box is 10 Ω. The
a aassaa
balancing length.isP
.P = 55 cm. Find the value of unknown . P
.
resistance.P

.N
𝒍
Solution: w ww 𝟏
w w w
wQw= 10wΩ = = ; P = Q x P = www
P 𝑙1 𝑙1 𝑙1 10 x 55
Q 100− 𝑙1 𝑙2 100− 𝑙1 100−55

lai
550
P= ; P= 12.2 Ω

NN e tFind
e t the heat energy produced in a resistance
45

N Ne et10t Ω when 5 A current flow

l a
l i
a .i. through it for 5 minutes.
29.
l a
l ai .i. of
l a
l i
a .
sa
assaa Solution:
aa d d aassaa
a a ddaassaa
H=I R w .
t .
w P
R = 10 Ω, I =
P
5 A, t = 5 minutes = 5 × 60 s
w w . P
. P
w
w==w525w
2
ww
da

× 10 × 5 × 60 ; = 25 × 10 × 300
2

× 3000 ; = 75000 J (or) 75 kJ

ww
Pa

NNeet
30.
in
NN et tvoltage and the internal
A battery has an emf of 12 V and connected to a resistor of 3 Ω. The current
t the circuit is 3.93 A. Calculate (a) terminal
e
l a
l i
a .i. resistance of the battery (b) powerlaladelivered
i .i. by the battery and power lalai.
assaa delivered to the resistor
aad da assaa
a ad daasaa
s
w.

Solution:
w .
I = 3.93 A ; 𝜖 = 12
w P
VP; R = 3 Ω . P
. of the battery is equal to voltagewdropwwacrossP
. the
ww
resistor
w w
(a) The terminal voltage
V = IR= 3.93 x 3 = 11.79V www
ww

∈ −𝑉 12 −11.79
Internal resistance of the battery, r = [ ]R;=[ ]x3
𝑉 11.79

N eet t =
0.21 x 3
;=
0.63
eet t
; = 5.341 x 10 Ω ; r= 0.05341
-2 𝛀
. . N (b) The power delivered by the battery Pi=.iN
𝜖IN
. .
11.79 11.79

l a
l i
a i l a
la = 12 x 3.93 = 47.16W
l a
l i
a
assaa s sa−a46.33 = 0.83W is delivered to the internalaassaa
The power delivered to the resistor P= VI = 11.79 x 3.93 = 46.33 𝑊
The remaining power P =d
a a da a
47.16
ad
a d
w w .P.
resistance and cannotP be used to do useful work. (It is equal to
wI .
𝑟).
w P
. P 2

wwww www w

N Neett N Nee tt
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l i
a .i. l a
l i
a .
assaa as
a aa
s
aaddand answerkeys to us : [email protected] daassaa
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questions P d a a
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XII STD. PHYSICS STUDY MATERIAL, DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS, 12

SRMHSS, KAVERIYAMPOONDI, TIRUVANNAMALAI

N Neett N Neett
RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed., C.C.A., P.G. TEACHER IN PHYSICS

lalai .i. a
EXERCISE lPROBLEM
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a .
assaa 31. Anumber copper wire of 10 m area
a
of electrons pera d-6
daa
cubic
s across
ofs a section, carries a current of 2 A. If theaassaa
2

a ad d
meter is 8 × 10 , calculate the current density
and average w
w . P
. P
drift velocity. ww .P.P 28

w
Solution: w
wCross
w – sections area of copper wire, A = 10 m w ww w
, I = 2A -6 2

Number of electron, n = 8 x 1028

N Nett
e Current density, J =
I

N
=
Neett 2
; J = 2 x 106 Am-2

lalai.i. Average drift velocity, V = la l i

a
A
.i. 10−6
I
l a
l i
a.

et
assaa s a=a1.6 x 10 C s aa
d

e is the charge of d da a s
electron
neA
d a
d a s -19

. P
.Pa a 2
. P
. Paa 1

.N
V =
d
w w w =
www
www www
8 x 1028 x 1.6 x 10−19 x 10−6 64 x 103

Vd = 0.15625 x 10-3 ; Vd = 15.625 x 10-3 ms-1

l a
l i
a .
i N
.
32.
Neet t
The

lai
resistance of a nichrome wire at 0 C is 10Ω. t

l a
l
0
i
a .
iN.
of resistance is 0.004/ C, find its resistanceNeeIf tits temperature coefficient
0

at boiling point of water.

l a
l i
a .
sa
assaa aa aa
Comment on the result.
Solution:
dd a as s dd aass
Resistance of nichrome
. PP a awire at 0 C, R = 10 Ω
. of resistance 𝛼 =0.004/ C www.
0 0
. PP a a
w ww
www www
da

Temperature coefficient 0

Resistance at boiling point of water, R = ? T

Temperature of boiling point of water, T =1000 C ?

Pa

N Neet t R = R (1 + 𝛼T) ; = 10[1+(0.004 x 100 NN e

]ett 0

l a
l i
a .i. T 0

R = 10(1+0.4) = 10 x 1.4 ; Rla

l i
=a14
.i.Ω l a
l i
a .
assaa s saa sa
s a
T T

a adda a
As the temperature increases the resistance of the wire also increases. d
aa d aa
w.

w w. PP . P
P
. is building a radio which requires 150wΩwinwher. circuit,
w
wwhaswonly 220 Ω, 79 Ω and 92 Ω resistors available.
33. An electronics
but she
hobbyist
wwwHow can she
ww

connect the available resistors to get desired value of resistance?

Solution:

N Neett e
Required effective resistance = 150 Ω
N N ett
l a
l i
a .i. l a
lai.i.
Resistors of resistance, R1 = 220 Ω, R2 = 79 Ω , R3 = 92 Ω
l a
l i
a .
assaa 1
= +P
1
aa 1d saa
s
Parallel combination of R1 and R2
d aa 1 1
ad
a
79+220 a
d s
a aa
s
RP
w
R1
w . P
. of R and R
=
R2
+ ;
220
R = 58 Ω
79
w
w. P
. P
220 x 79
p

w
wRw=w
Parallel combination P w
www 3
S R + R ; = 58 + 92 Rs = 150 Ω
P 3

N Neett N Nee tt
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l i
a .i. l a
l i
a .
assaa as
a aa
s
aaddand answerkeys to us : [email protected] daassaa
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questions P d a a
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XII STD. PHYSICS STUDY MATERIAL, DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS, 13

SRMHSS, KAVERIYAMPOONDI, TIRUVANNAMALAI

NN eett NNe ett

RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed., C.C.A., P.G. TEACHER IN PHYSICS

lalai .i.34. A potentiometer wire has a lengthlalofai.4i.m and resistance of 20 Ω. It is lalai.

assaa a d
a da assaaof 2980 Ω and a cell of emf 4 V. Calculateaassaa
connected in series with resistance
a ad d
w w P
. P
the potential along the
. wire.
w w . P
.P
Solution:
w
ww of the wire, r = 20 Ω
wResistance www w
Length of the potential wire, 𝑙= 4m
Resistance connected series with potentiometer wire, R - 2980 Ω

N Nett
e Emf of the cell, 𝜉 = 4V
N Neett
lalai.i. l a
l i
a .i.
Effective resistance, R = r + R = 20 + 2980 = 3000 Ω
l a
l i
a.

et
assaa a ad daa
Current flowing throughs saawire, 𝐼 = =
the
ad
a a
d s
a aa
s 𝜉
𝑅𝑠 3000
4

P
I = 1.33 x.10
.P . P
. P

.N
w w w A -3

w w w
w of 5V are connected in series across a 8wΩwresistor
w and three
35.
wweach
Two cells

lai
parallel resistors of 4 Ω, 6 Ω and 12 Ω. Draw a circuit diagram for the above

N Neett N N ett
arrangement. Calculate i) the current drawn from the cell (ii) current through
e
l a
l i
a .i. each resistor.
l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a .
sa
assaa aa aa
Solution:
ddaass
V1 = 5V ; V2 = 5V
ddaass
. P
. Paa
R1 = 8 Ω , R2 = 4 Ω, R3 = 6 Ω, R4 = 12 Ω. P
. Paa
w w
w w w
w
ww=w + + ; = + + ; www
da

Three resistors R2, R3 and R4 are connected parallel combination

1 1 1 1 1 1 1
RP R2 R3 R4 4 6 12
3 2 1 6
Pa

; R =2Ω
N Neet t = + + ;=
12 12 12
N Neett
12
P

l a
l i
a .i. Resistors R ,
1 and R are connected
P
lin
ala i .i.
series combination
l a
l i
a .
assaa s athea circuit V = V + V saa
R = R + R ; = 8 + 2 =10
S
Total voltage connected d d
1
a a
series
s
to
P

ddaa s
a a aa
w.

1 2
= 5.+P
.5P = 10 ; V = 10 V . P
. P
w ww
w through the circuit, I = = ; I =1Awww w w
w
wi)wCurrent 𝑅𝑆
𝑉 10
10
ww

Potential drop across the parallel combination, V′ = IRP = 1 x 2; V′ =2 V

V′ 2
ii) Current in 4 Ω resistor, I = = = 0.5 A
N Neett NN e ett R2 4

l a
l i
a .i. Current in 6 Ω resistor, I =
l a
lai
=.i. = 0.33 A V′
l
2
a
l i
a .
assaa s aIa= = = 0.17 A s aa
R3 6

Current in 12 Ωd da a s
resistor,
V′
d a
d a s 2

. P. Paa . P
. Paa
R4 12

w ww w w
w
www www

N Neett N Nee tt
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l i
a .i. l a
l i
a .
assaa as
a aa
s
aaddand answerkeys to us : [email protected] daassaa
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questions P d a a
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XII STD. PHYSICS STUDY MATERIAL, DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS, 14

SRMHSS, KAVERIYAMPOONDI, TIRUVANNAMALAI

NN eett NN eett
RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed., C.C.A., P.G. TEACHER IN PHYSICS

lalai .i.36. In a potentiometer arrangement, alcellal ai .ofi.emf 1.25 V gives a balance point lalai.
assaa at 35 cm length of the d
a a da a
wire. s aa
Ifs
the cell is replaced by another cell and the
aad daassaa
w w . P
.
balance point shiftsPto 63 cm, what is the emf of the second
w w
cell? .P.P
www
Solution:
w www w
Emf of the cell1, 𝜉1 = 1.25V

N Nett
e NN ett
Balancing length of the cell, 𝑙1 = 35 cm = 35 x 10-2 m
e
lalai.i. a
l i
a .i.𝑙 = 63 cm = 63 x 10 m
Balancing length after interchanged,
l l a
l i
a. -2

et
assaa aa aa
2

Emf of the cell , 𝜉 ? a

dd
2
as s d a
d s
a s
. PP a a
. of emf’s =
2

. P
. Paa

.N
𝜉1 𝑙1

w w w
The ratio
w ww
wwwThe ratio of emf’s 𝜉 = 𝜉 ( ) 𝜉2
www 𝑙2
𝑙1
2 1 𝑙

lai
2

N Neett = 1.25 x (
63 x 10−2

N Nee tt
)
l a
l i
a .i. l l i
a .i.
35 x 10−2
a l a
l i
a .
sa
assaa aa aa
= 12.5 x 1.8
d a
d ass ddaass
. 2
. Pa
𝜉 = 2.25V
P a . P
. Paa
w w w w w
win the figure is made up of two different materialsw
www
da

37. wwgiven
The rod
Pa

N Neett N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. l a
la i .i. l a
l i
a .
assaa aa d da ass
Both have square cross sections
aaof 3 mm side. The resistivity of the firstaassaa
a a dd
w.

ww .
material is 4×10 P
. PΩm -3and that of second material has
ww . P
. P
resistivity of
5×10w w w
Ωm.w
-3
wwww
What is the resistance of rod between its ends?
ww

Solution:

N Neet t𝑙 = 70 cm = 70x10 m ; ρ = 4x10 ; ρ =NN eett

A = 3mm x 3mm = 9mm = 9x10 m ; 𝑙 = 25 cm = 25x10 m,
2 -6 2
1
-2

l a
l i
a .i. 2
-2
l a
l ai.i.5x10 ;
1
-3
2
l a
l i
a . -3

assaa aa d d
Resistance of first material a
Ras
=saa ; = 1
ρ1 l1
; Ω
ad
a a
d s
a aa
s 4 x 10−3 x 25 x 10−2 1000

w w . P P
. material R = ; = A

w w. PP
.Ω 9 x 10−6 9

www w
Resistance of second 2 w
www ;
ρ2 l2
A
5 x 10−3 x 70 x 10−2
9 x 10−6
3500
9
The two materials are in series, their effective resistance
1000 3500 4500

N Neett Rtot = R1 + R2 ; =
9
N
+
Nee tt 9
;
9
; Rtot = 500 𝛀

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l i
a .i. l a
l i
a .
assaa as
a aa
s
aaddand answerkeys to us : [email protected] daassaa
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questions P d a a
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XII STD. PHYSICS STUDY MATERIAL, DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS, 15

SRMHSS, KAVERIYAMPOONDI, TIRUVANNAMALAI

N Neett NN e ett
RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed., C.C.A., P.G. TEACHER IN PHYSICS

lalai .i. UNIT - III l a

l
(MAGNETISM
i
a .i. AND l a
l i
a .
assaa MAGNETIC EFFECTS
a a d da assaOFa ELECTRIC CURRENT)
aa ddaassaa
38. The horizontalw w. PP
. and vertical component of Earth’swmagnetic
component ww . P P
. field
w
www0.15 G and 0.26 G respectively. Calculatewthe
at a place are
ww angle of dip and
resultant magnetic field. (G-gauss, cgs unit for magnetic field 1G = 10 T) -4

Solution:
BH = 0.15 G and BV = 0.26 G

NNeetAngle
t of dip I is tan I = ; = ; = =N
BV
e
0.26
N tIt= tan (1.733) = 60
e 26

lalai.i. Resultant magnetic field. B = √B +laBlai; .=i.√0.15 + 0.26

BH
1.733;
0.15 15
-1

l a
l i
a. 0

et
assaa s a
s a ssaa
2 2 2 2

= √0.0225 + 0.0676 ; =d
a a√da a
0.0901 ; B = 0.3G
H V

aa ddaa
. PP
.between two magnetic poles in air is 9 xw10ww . P P
. the two

.N
w w w
ww
39. The repulsive force
ww of 10 cm,
N. If -3

poles w
are equal in strength and are separated by aw distance
calculate the pole strength of each pole.

lai
Solution:

N Neett N Neett
The force between two poles are given by ⃗⃗⃗𝐹 = 𝑘 𝑟̂
𝑞𝑚𝐴 𝑞𝑚𝐵

l a
l i
a .i. The magnitude of the force isla
Fa
l .
=i ki.
𝑞𝑚𝐴 𝑞𝑚𝐵
l a
l i
a .
𝑟2
sa
assaa aacm = 10 x 10 m
=s10
s ssaa
𝑟2
Given : F = 9 x 10 N,a
ra aa
Therefore,.9P P aadd
-3

P P
-2

aadd
w w .x 10 =
-310 x -7 ⟹
q2m
30 NT
ww . . -1

ww w
(10 x 10−2 )2

ww
da

40. A coilw a tangent galvanometer of diameter 0.24 m w

ofw
has 100 turns. If the horizontal component of Earth’s
magnetic field is 25 × 10-6 T then, calculate the
Pa

N Neett N Neett
current which gives a deflection of 600.

l a
l i
a .i. Solution:
l a
lai .i. l a
l i
a .
assaa aa aa
The diameter of the coil is 0.24 m.
ddaass
Therefore, radius of the coil is 0.12 m.
ddaass
aa aa
w.

ww. P
. P
Number of turns is 100 turns.
w
w
Earth’s magnetic field is 25 x 10-6 T . P
. P
w
www w
www
Deflection is θ = 600 ⟹ tan 600 = √3 = 1.732
ww

2RBH 2 x 0.12 x 25 x 10−6

I= tanθ ; = x 1.732
μ0 N 4 x 10−7 x3.14 x100

N Neet t = 0.82 x 10 A (or) I = 0082 A. t t

-1

N N e e
l a
l i
a .
i . 41. Compute the magnitude of the magnetic l a
lai.i.
field of a long, straight wire carrying l a
l i
a .
assaa a current of 1 A at distance ofs
field. a ad a
d a s
1maafrom it. Compare it with Earth’s magneticaassaa
a ad d
Solution:
w w .P P
.= 1 A and radius r = 1 m w w . P
. P
wwwBw
Given that 1
μ0 I w
4π x 10−7 x 1 w w w
=
straight wire = = 2 x 10 T -7
2πr 2π x 1
But the Earth’s magnetic field is BEarth ~10−5 T

N Neett N Nee tt
So, Bstraight wire is one hundred times smallerBEarth

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l i
a .i. l a
l i
a .
assaa as
a aa
s
aaddand answerkeys to us : [email protected] daassaa
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questions P d a a
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XII STD. PHYSICS STUDY MATERIAL, DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS, 16

SRMHSS, KAVERIYAMPOONDI, TIRUVANNAMALAI

NN eett NN eett
RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed., C.C.A., P.G. TEACHER IN PHYSICS

lalai .i. 42. Compute the intensity of magnetisation

l a
l i
a .i.of the bar magnet whose mass, lalai.
assaa aadda
magnetic moment and density a s s aa200 g, 2 A m and 8 g cm , respectively. aassaa
are 2

aad d
-3

Solution:
w w . PP
. magnet is, Density = ww.P.P
www w
Density of the
Mass
⟹
www w
Volume
Volume
=
Mass
Density
200 x 10−3 kg
Volume =
(8 x 10−3 ) x 106 m−3
= 25 x 10-6 m3

N Nett
e Magnitude of magnetic moment 𝑝𝑚 = 2 Am2
N Neett
lalai.i. Intensity of magnetization, I =a
l l i
a .i.
Magnetic moment
; =
2
l a
l i
a.

et
assaa s aa s aa
25 x 10−6
M = 0.8 x 10 Am
5
d a
-1
d a s Volume

ddaa s
. PPa a . PP a
. Y are magnetized, whose intensity of magnetization
. area

.N
43.
w w
Two materials wX and
w ww
w2000 Am , respectively. If the magnetizingwwfieldwis 1000
wwand
500 Am -1 -1

Am-1, then which one among these materials can be easily magnetized?

lai
(March 2020)

N Neett Solution:
N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a .
i . l a
l i
a .
sa
⃗⃗⃗ |

assaa aaX is 𝜒 X = = = 0.5 aa

|M 500

dd s s
The susceptibility of material
aa m
⃗⃗ |
|H
dd
1000
aass
. P
. P a a . P
. Paa
w w ww w
= 2w
ww
da

⃗⃗⃗ |
|M
wThe
wsusceptibility of material Y is 𝜒 Y =
m = w
w ⃗⃗ |
|H
2000
1000
Since, susceptibility of material Y is greater than that of material X,
Pa

material Y can be easily magnetized than X.

N Neett N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. l a
lai .i. l a
l i
a .
assaa 44. Anundergoes aad da a ss
electron moving perpendicularaa to a uniform magnetic field 0.500 Taassaa
a a dd
w.

circular motion of radius 2.80 mm. What is the speed of electron?

Solution:
w w . P
. P w w . P
. P
w wwof an electron q = -1.60 × 10 C ⟹ 𝑞 =w1.60
wCharge -19
| |
w w w× 10 C -19
ww

Magnitude of magnetic field B = 0.500 T

Mass of the electron, m = 9.11 × 10-31 kg

N Neett N N ett
Radius of the orbit, r = 2.50 mm = 2.50 × 10-3m
e
l a
l i
a .i. Velocity of the electron, 𝑣 = |𝑞| i.i.
l a
la
𝑟𝐵
l a
l i
a .
assaa a a aa
𝑚

𝑣 = 1.60 xd da
10 as s
−19
x
2.50 x 10−3 x 0.500
; d a
d s
a s
. PP a a
𝑣 = .2.195 x 10 ms
9.11 x 10−31
. P
. Paa
w w w 8 -1

w w
w
www www

N Neett N Nee tt
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l i
a .i. l a
l i
a .
assaa as
a aa
s
aaddand answerkeys to us : [email protected] daassaa
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questions P d a a
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XII STD. PHYSICS STUDY MATERIAL, DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS, 17

SRMHSS, KAVERIYAMPOONDI, TIRUVANNAMALAI

NN eett NNeett
RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed., C.C.A., P.G. TEACHER IN PHYSICS

lalai .i.45. Suppose a cyclotron is operated to laccelerate

al i
a .i. protons with a magnetic field l a
l i
a .
assaa d
of strength 1 T. Calculate
a a da
thes
a saa in which the electric field betweenaassaa
frequency
a a dd
ww
two Dees could be. P
. P
reversed.
ww .P.P
www
Solution:
w www w
Magnetic field B = 1 T

N Nett
e N N ett
Mass of the proton, 𝑚𝑝 = 1.67 x 10-27 kg
e
lalai.i. a
l i
a .i.x 10 C
Charge of the proton, q = 1.6
l -19
l a
l i
a.

et
assaa f=
a ad
qB
=daa ssaa 1.6 x 10−19 x 1
ad
a a
d s
a aa
s
. PP 2πmp 2 x 3.14 x 1.67 x 10−27
. x 10 Hz; f = 15.3 MHz . P
. P

.N
w ww www
www = 15.3 6
www

lai
46. The resistance of a moving coil galvanometer is made twice its original value

NNeetint order to increase current sensitivity byNN e

50%.etWill
t the voltage sensitivity
l a
l i
a .i. change? If so, by how much? lalai.i. l a
l i
a .
sa
assaa Solution:
aa d d a as saa
aaddaassaa
w w. PP . P
.sensitivity will change. ; Voltage sensitivitywiswVw= . P
w
wwthe resistance is doubled, then new resistance wwisw𝑅′ = 2R
Is
da

Yes, voltage
wWhen s
R
Pa

50 3

N Neett NNee tt
Increase in current sensitivity is Is′ = (1 +
100
) Is = Is
2

l a
l i
a .i. l a
lai.i. = V3
l a
l i
a .
assaa
The new voltage sensitivitya aa
I

a a s s a
is V = ′
s
2 s 3
4 s
aass
a add 2R
aad d
w.

w w. P
. P
Hence the voltage
ww . P
. P
sensitivity decreases. The percentage decrease in

w
wwsensitivity is x 100% = 25% www
wvoltage Vs − V′s
Vs
w
ww

N Neett N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. l a
lai.i. l a
l i
a .
assaa aaddaasaa
s
ad
a a
d s
a aa
s
w
w .P. P w
w. P
. P
w
www w
www

N Neett N Nee tt
lalai.i. l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a .
assaa as
a aa
s
aaddand answerkeys to us : [email protected] daassaa
Kindly send me your P
questions P d a a
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XII STD. PHYSICS STUDY MATERIAL, DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS, 18

SRMHSS, KAVERIYAMPOONDI, TIRUVANNAMALAI

N Neett N Ne ett
RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed., C.C.A., P.G. TEACHER IN PHYSICS

lalai .i. a
EXERCISE lPROBLEM
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a .
assaa 47. A circular coil with cross-sectional
a a d a
d as saaarea 0.1 cm is kept in a uniform magneticaassaa
aa
2
d d
w w . P
field of strength 0.2P
. to the direction of magnetic field. Calculate
T. If the current passing in the coil is 3 A and
w w . P
.P
plane of the
w w on the coil
loop is perpendicular
wwtorque
(a) Total (b) Total force on ww w w
the coil
(c) Average force on each electron in the coil due to the magnetic field of
the free electron density for the material of the wire is 1028 m-3.

N Nett
e Solution:
N Neett
lalai.i. l l i
a .i. l a
l i
a.
Cross sectional area of coil, A = 0.1 cm2 ; A = 0.1 x 10-4m2
a

et
assaa aa aa
Uniform magnetic field of strength, B = 0.2T
ddas
a s
Current passing in the coil, I = 3A
d a
d s
a s
. P
.Paa . P
. Paa
Angle between the magnetic field and normal to the coil, θ = 00

.N
w
w
a) Total torque on the coil,
w www
www www
𝜏 = ABI sin θ = 0.1 x 10-4 x 0.2 x 3 sin 00 sin 00 = 0
𝜏=0

lai
b) Total force on the coil F= BI𝑙 sin θ = 0.2 x 3 x 𝑙 x sin 00

N Neett F=0
c) Average force: F = qVdB
NNeett [∴ q = e]
l a
l i
a .i. l al i.ie.( )B [∴ n = 10 m ]
a l a
l i
a .
sa
assaa
Drift velocity, V = a aa
I I

a s
a s a; F = d
neA neA
aass 28 -3

= = aa
IB
P P d d 3 x 0.2
= 6 x 10 ; F = 0.6 x 10 N
P Pa ad
-24d -23

w w . .
nA 1028 x 0.1 x 10−4
ww . . av

w wmagnetic field at the center of a squarewloopww

da

48. w w
Calculate the
current of 1.5 A, length of each loop is 50 cm.
w which carries a

Solution:
Pa

N Neett N N ett
Current through the square loop, I = 1.5A
e
l a
l i
a .i. l a
lai .i.
Length of each loop, 𝑙 = 50 cm = 50 x 10-2m
l a
l i
a .
assaa aa aa
According to Biot – Savart Law,
d da ass dda
Magnetic field due to a current carrying straight wireass
aa aa
w.

B=
w
w .
(sinP
.
μ0 I
αP+ sin β)
w
w . P
. P
w
ww= w (sin 45 + sin 45 )
4πa
4π x 10−7 x 1.5 w
www0 0
ww

l
4π x ( )
2
2 x 1.5 x 10−7 2 x 1.5 x 10−7
= [2sin 450 ] = [2sin 450 ]
N Neett 𝑙
NN ee tt 50 x 10−2

l a
l i
a .i. =
1.5 x 10−5
[2sin 45 ] ; = 0.06a
l la 0 .i. x 2 x ; =6√2 x 10 T
x i10 -5
l a
l
1
i
a . -7

assaa s aa s aa
25 √2

d
B = 4 x 6√2 x 10 ; =
daa24 sx 1.414 x 10 ; = 33.936 x 10
-7
d a
d
-7
a s -7

= 3.3936 x P
. .
10Paa
T -6
. P
. Paa
B = 3.4wxw ww
wwww 10 T -6

wwww

N Neett N Nee tt
lalai.i. l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a .
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XII STD. PHYSICS STUDY MATERIAL, DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS, 19

SRMHSS, KAVERIYAMPOONDI, TIRUVANNAMALAI

NNeett NNe ett

RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed., C.C.A., P.G. TEACHER IN PHYSICS

lalai .i. UNIT - IV (ELECTROMAGNETIC l a

l i
a .i. INDUCTION AND l a
l i
a .
assaa d da
ALTERNATING
a a assaa CURRENT)
aaddaassaa
w w
49. A circular antenna. PP
.of area 3m is installed at a place in Madurai.
2
w w . PP
. plane
The
of thew w w
area w w
of antenna is inclined at 47 with the direction
0
w w w magnetic
of Earth’s
field. If the magnitude of Earth’s field at that place is 40773.9 nT find the
magnetic flux linked with the antenna.
Solution:
N Nett
e N eett
B = 40773.9 nT; θ = 900 – 470 = 430°; A = 3m2
N
lalai.i. l
We know that ϕB = BA cos θ a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a.

et
assaa aas aa
s
= 40,773.9 x 10-9 x 3 x cos 430
aad d a add aassaa
PP
= 40.7739 x 10-6 x 3 x 0.7314
. . . P
. P

.N
w w ww
ϕB = 89.47 x 10-6 μWb
wwww
50.
ww ww
A circular loop of area 5 x 10 m rotates in a uniform magnetic field of
-2 2

lai
0.2 T. If the loop rotates about its diameter which is perpendicular to the

N Neett N N ett
magnetic field as shown in figure. Find the magnetic flux linked with the loop
e
l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a .
when its plane is (i) normal to the field (ii) inclined 60 0 to the field and (iii)
sa
parallel to the field.
assaa Solution:
aaddaasaa
s
A = 5 x 10-2 m2; B = 0.2 T aaddaassaa
(i) θ = w
0w
. P
. P w
w . P
. P
w
wϕw=wBA cos θ w
www
da

;
0

= 0.2 x 5 x 10-2 x cos00 ; ϕB = 1 x 10-2 Wb.

Pa

N Neett (ii) θ = 900 – 600 = 300;

N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. l a
la i .i. l a
l i
a .
assaa aa aa
ϕ = BA cos θ ;
B

d daas s ddaass
aa aa
w.

= 0.2 x 5 x.10
ww P
. Px
-2cos30 ;
0 ϕ = 1 x B10 x = 8.66
-2 x
√3
2
10
w .
Wb.
w P
. P
-3

w
w(iii)wθw= 90 ; ϕ = BA cos 90 = 0
0
B
0
www w
ww

51. A cylindrical bar magnet is kept along the axis of a circular solenoid. If the

N Neett N Neett
magnet is rotated about its axis, find out whether an electric current is

l a
l i
a .i. induced in the coil.
l a
lai.i. l a
l i
a .
assaa saa s aa
Solution:
ddaa s d a
d a s
The magnetic field of a cylindrical magnet is symmetrical about its axis.
.P. Paa . P
. Paa
As the magnet is rotated along the axis of the solenoid, there is no induced
w w
w w w
w
www www
current in the solenoid because the flux linked with the solenoid does not
change due to the rotation of the magnet.

N Neett N Nee tt
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a aa
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XII STD. PHYSICS STUDY MATERIAL, DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS, 20

SRMHSS, KAVERIYAMPOONDI, TIRUVANNAMALAI

NN eett N Ne e tt
RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed., C.C.A., P.G. TEACHER IN PHYSICS

lalai .i.52. A closed coil of 40 turns and of arealal200

ai .i.cm , is rotated in a magnetic field lalai.
2

assaa of flux density 2 Wb m . It a

angle of 30 with thea ad d as saafrom a position where its plane makes anaassaa
rotates
-2

to a position perpendicular to the field in aa add

0

0.2 sec. Find w w . P

. Pfield
of the emf induced in the coil due wtow
. P P time
its.rotation.
www
Solution:
w the magnitude
www w
N = 40 turns; B = 2 Wb m-2 ; A = 200 cm2 = 200 x 10-4 m2;

N Nett
e NN ett
Initial flux, ϕi = BA cos θ ; = 2 x 200 x 10-4 x cos 600
e
lalai.i. Since θ = 90 – 30 = 60 ; ϕ a
0
l l i
=a
02.ix.10 Wb0 -2
l a
l i
a.

et
assaa aa aa
i

Final flux, ϕ = BAd

da
cos aθs;s= 2 x 200 x 10 x cos 0 d a
d s
a s
-4 0

. P
P aa
f

= 0 .; ϕ = 4 x 10 Wb . P
. Paa

.N
Since θ
w w w 0 -2
www
ww of the induced emf is ϵ = N www
f
wMagnitude dϕ B
dt

lai
40 x (4 x 10−2 −2 x 10−2 )

N Neet t = = 4V
N Ne tt
e
l a
l i
a .i. l a
l ai .i.
0.2

l a
l i
a .
sa
assaa 53. Aitsstraight conducting wire a
aad d s
isa saa horizontally from a certain height withaassaa
dropped
aad d
your answer.w w . P
length along east
. P– west direction. Will an emf be induced
w
in
w . P
it?
. PJustify

www w wwww
da

Solution:
Yes! An emf will be induced in the wire because it moves perpendicular
Pa

N Neettot the horizontal component of Earth’s magnetic

N Ne etfield.
t
l a
l i
a .i. l a
lai .i. l a
l i
a .
assaa 54. Aheight conducting rod of lengtha
aad d as
0.5samafalls freely from the top of a building ofaassaa
aa d d
w.

w w . P P
7.2 m at a place in Chennai where the horizontal component
. P
of
PEarth’s
is .40378.7nT. If the length of the rod is perpendicular
w
w . to
w w
magnetic field
Earth’swwhorizontal magnetic field, find the emf inducedw
w
wwthe conductor
across
ww

when the rod is about to touch the ground. [Take g = 10 m s-2]

Solution:

N Neett N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. l a
lai.
l = 0.5 m; h = 7.2 m; u = 0 m s-1; g = 10 ms-2; BH = 40378.7nT
i. l a
l i
a .
assaa The final velocity of the roda
s s av = u + 2gh ; 0 + (2 x 10 x 7.2) aassaa
2 2
is
v = 144 ; v =aa d d aa a d
a d
2

ww .P P 12 ms -1
.when the rod is about to touch the ground, w w. PP
. 𝑙𝑣
ww ww
Induced emf
ww ww 𝜖 = 𝐵 𝐻

= 40378.7 x 10 x 0.5 x 12 ; = 242.27 x 10 V

-9 -6

𝜖 = 242.27μF

N Neett N Nee tt
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l i
a .i. l a
l i
a .
assaa as
a aa
s
aaddand answerkeys to us : [email protected] daassaa
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XII STD. PHYSICS STUDY MATERIAL, DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS, 21

SRMHSS, KAVERIYAMPOONDI, TIRUVANNAMALAI

NN eett NN ee tt
RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed., C.C.A., P.G. TEACHER IN PHYSICS

lalai .i. 55. A solenoid of 500 turns is wound onlanalaiiron

.i. core of relative permeability 800. lalai.
assaa Calculate the averagea a d
emf da a aa are 40 cm and 3 cm respectively.aassaa
The length and radius of thessolenoid
s
a ad
induced in the solenoid if the current in it changesd
w w . P
.
from 0 to 3 A in 0.4 P
second.
ww .P.P
Solution: ww turns; 𝜇 = 800 ; 𝑙 = 40 cm = 0.4 m; r =w ww
wNw= 500 𝑟 3wcm = 0.03 m;
𝑑𝑖 = 3 – 0 = 3 A; 𝑑𝑡 = 0.4 s

N Nett
e Self-inductance, L=𝜇𝑛2 𝐴 𝑙
N Neett
lalai.i. l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a.

et
assaa a=a ) = aa
μ0 μr N2 πr2
(∴ 𝜇 = 𝜇 𝜇 ; 𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 ;s
𝑛s s s
𝑁
2
;
aad
0 𝑟
daa 𝑙
ad
a a
d a 𝑙

. P
.P . P
. P 2

.N
=
ww w w w
www
4 x 3.14 x 10−7 x 800 x 5002 x 3.14 x (3 x10−2 )

wLw= 1.77 H
0.4
w
w

lai
𝑑𝑖 1.77 x 3
;
; 𝜖 = 13.275V
N Ne t
e t Magnitude of induced emf, 𝜖 = 𝐿
N N ee t t 𝑑𝑡 0.4

l a
l i
a .
i . l a
l i
a .
i . l a
l i
a .
sa
assaa s aa becomes 1.8 H. Find out the relativeaassaa
56. The self-inductance of an air-core solenoid is 4.8 mH. If its core is replaced
d daa s
by iron core, then its self-inductance dd
. P
.
permeability of iron.P a a . P
. Pa a
w ww w ww
wLw=w4.8 x 10 H ; L = 1.8 H ; L = μ 𝑛 𝐴 𝑙 = w wxw
Solution:
da

2
air -3 iron 4.8
air 10 H 0
-3

Liron = μn2 𝐴 𝑙 ; μ0 μr 𝑛2 𝐴 𝑙 = 1.8 H

L 1.8
−3 = 375
Pa

∴ μr = iron =
NN eett Lair 4.8 x 10
NN eett
l a
l i
a .i. 57. The current flowing in the first coil changes
l a
lai .i.from 2 A to 10 A in 0.4 sec. Find lalai.
assaa the mutual inductance between
the second coil. Alsoa
ad daassatwo
a coils if an emf of 60 mV is induced inaassaa
the induced emf in the second coil a
ad d
w.

determine if the
w w .
current in the firstP P
. emf.
coil is changed from 4 A to 16 A in 0.03 sec.
w . P
. P
Consider
w only
www w
the magnitude
Solution:
of induced
www w
ww

Case (i): 𝑑𝑖1 = 10 – 2 = 8 A; 𝑑𝑡 = 0.4 s; 𝜖2 = 60 x 10-3 V

N Neett Case (ii): 𝑑𝑖1 = 16 – 4 = 12 A; 𝑑𝑡 = 0.03 s

N N e ett
l a
l i
a .i. a i
(i) Mutual inductance of the second
l la .i.coil with respect to the first coil l a
l i
a .
assaa M = 21
aad
=da
𝜖2
as saa ; M = 3 x 10 H
60 x 10−3 x 0.4
21
aa dda
-3asaa
s
ww . P
. P 𝑑𝑖1
𝑑𝑡
8
ww . P
. P
ww emf in the second coil due to the ratew
w(ii)wInduced w
ww of current
of change
di 3 x 10−3 x 12
in the first coil is ϵ2 = M21 ; = ; ϵ2 = 1.2 V
dt 0.03

N Neett N Nee tt
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l i
a .i. l a
l i
a .
assaa as
a aa
s
aaddand answerkeys to us : [email protected] daassaa
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XII STD. PHYSICS STUDY MATERIAL, DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS, 22

SRMHSS, KAVERIYAMPOONDI, TIRUVANNAMALAI

NN eett NN e ett
RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed., C.C.A., P.G. TEACHER IN PHYSICS

lalai .i.58. A circular metal of area 0.03 m la l ai .i. in a uniform magnetic field of lalai.
rotates
2

assaa a a
plane and is also parallel da as
0.4 T. The axis of rotation passes
d sathrough
a the centre and perpendicular to itsaassaa
a
to the field. If the disc completes 20 revolutions ad d
in
one second and .the
ww PP
. the rim and induced current flowing inwthewwdisc..
resistance of the disc is 4 Ω, calculate the .P P
induced emf
between w
www
Solution:
the axis and
www
A = 0.03 m2; B = 0.4 T; f = 20 rps; R = 4 Ω
Area covered in 1 sec = Area of the disc × frequency

N Nett
e = 0.03 × 20 ; = 0.6 m2
N Ne ett
lalai.i. l l i
a .i.
Induced emf, ε = Rate of change of flux
a l a
l i
a.

et
assaa s a=a ; ε = 0.24 V
; εs ssaa
𝑑ϕ𝐵 d(BA) 0.4 x 0.6
ε=
𝑑𝑡
=
a d
a a
da dt 1
aadd aa
. P
.P
Induced current, = =
𝜖
; 𝑖 =
0.24
0.06 A . P
. P

.N
w w w 𝑅 4
www
59. www coil of area 70 cm having 600 turns rotates
A rectangular 2 wwwabout an axis
perpendicular to a magnetic field of 0.4 Wb m-2. If the coil completes

lai
500 revolutions in a minute, calculate the instantaneous emf when the plane

N Neett N N ett
of the coil is (i) perpendicular to the field (ii) parallel to the field and
e
l a
l i
a .i. l l i
a .i.
(iii) inclined at 600 with the field.
a l a
l i
a .
sa
assaa aa aa
Solution:
ddaass ddaass
A = 70 x 10-4m2; N = 600 turns, B = 0.4 Wbm-2; f = 500 rpm

. P
. Paa . P
. Paa
The instantaneous emf is ϵ = ϵm sinωt since ϵm = Nϕm ω

www= N (BA) (2𝜋𝑓)

w w
w
www www
da

𝜖 = NBA x 2𝜋𝑓 x sinωt

i) When ωt = 00, ϵ = ϵm sin00 = 0
ii) When ωt = 900, ϵ = ϵm sin900 = NBA x 2𝜋𝑓 x 1
Pa

N Neett = 600 x 0.4 x 70 x 10-4 x 2 x

N Neett 22
x( )
500

l a
l i
a .i. l a
lai .i. 7 60
l a
l i
a .
assaa aa aa
ϵ = 88 V
iii) When ωt = 90 d
0 –a
d a
60s s
= 30 , ϵ = ϵ sin30 = 88 x
0 0 0
d daass
1

aa a a
w.

w w P
ϵ = .44
. P
V
ww . P
. P 2

60. w
An idealw ww w w w
transformer has 460 and 40,000 turns in the primary
wand secondary
ww

coils respectively. Find the voltage developed per turn of the secondary if the
transformer is connected to a 230 V AC mains. The secondary is given to a

N Neett N N ett
load of resistance 104 Ω. Calculate the power delivered to the load.
e
l a
l i
a .i. (March 2020)
l a
lai.i. l a
l i
a .
assaa aa aa
Solution:

d da a ss
NP = 460 turns; NS = 40,000 turns; VP = 230 V; RS = 104 Ω
d a
d s
a s
.P.
(i) Secondary Pa a
voltage, V = =
VP NS
; V = .
20000V P
. Paa
230 x 40000

w ww S
NP
w ww 460
S

ww voltage per turn, = ; = 0.5 Vwww

wSecondary VS
NS
20000
40000
V2 20000 x 20000
(ii) Power delivered = VS IS = S
= ; = 40 kW
104

N Neett N N
RS
ee tt
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l i
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assaa as
a aa
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aaddand answerkeys to us : [email protected] daassaa
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XII STD. PHYSICS STUDY MATERIAL, DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS, 23

SRMHSS, KAVERIYAMPOONDI, TIRUVANNAMALAI

NN eett NN e e tt
RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed., C.C.A., P.G. TEACHER IN PHYSICS

lalai .i. 61. An inverter is common electrical device

l a
l ai .iwhich
. we use in our homes. When lalai.
assaa there is no power in our house,s
appliances like fan ora a dd
light.
a a saa gives AC power to run a few electronicaassaa
inverter
An inverter has inbuilt step-up transformer a a d
whichd
converts 12 V AC.P P
. 50 mA to the external circuit. Find thewnumber . PP
.of turns
w w w to 240 V AC. The primary coil has
w w
100 turns and

in thew ww and the primary current.

the inverter delivers
secondary www
Solution:
Vp = 12 V; Vs = 240 V, Is = 50mA; Np = 100 turns

N Nett
e VS NS IP
NN eet t = 20
= K ; Transformation ratio, K =
240

lalai.i. VP
=
NP
=
IS
l a
l i.i. N = N x K = 100 x 20 = 2000 alalai.
a 12

et
assaa
The number of turns in theaa
secondary a
xs
Is= 20 x 50 mA = 1A ss
S P
Primary current, I = a
Ka aa
PPa add P S

P P aad d
. . alternating current is given by i = 77 sin . .Find the

.N
62. The equationw w
for an w w
314t.
peak w w
value,w
w frequency, time period and instantaneous value wwww at t = 2 ms.
Solution:

lai
𝑖 = 77 sin 314t; t = 2 ms = 2×10-3 s
The general equation of an alternating current is 𝑖 = 𝐼𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡.
N Neett On comparison,
N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. (i) Peak value, 𝐼𝑚 = 77 A
l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a .
sa
assaa (ii) Frequency, 𝑓 = a
a a d d as
= aa ; = 50Hz
s 𝜔
2𝜋
314
2 x 3.14
aaddaassaa
. PP
. s, Instantaneous value,
(iii) Time period,
w w T = = =
1
0.02 s
1

w
w . P
. P
(iv)w w
𝑓 50
w www
da

ww At t = 2 m
𝑖 = 77 sin (314 x 2×10 ) 𝑖 = 45.24 A
-3

63. A 400 mH coil of negligible resistance is connected to an AC circuit in which

Pa

N Neett N Neett
an effective current of 6 mA is flowing. Find out the voltage across the coil if

l a
l i
a .i. the frequency is 1000 Hz.
l a
lai .i. l a
l i
a .
assaa aa aa
Solution:
ddaass d
L = 400 x 10-3 H; Ieff = 6 x 10-3A ; f = 1000 Hz
daass
aa aa
w.

ww P
. P
Inductive reactance, XL = L𝜔 = L x 2𝜋f
. w
w
= 2 x 3.14 x 1000 x 0.4 ; =2512 Ω. P
. P
w
www w
www
Voltage across L, V = IXL = 6 x 10-3 x 2512
ww

V = 15.072V(RMS)

𝟏𝟎𝟐

N Neett
64. A capacitor of capacitance
N N ett
μF is connected across a 220 V, 50 Hz
e
l a
l i
a .i. 𝝅

l lai.i.
A.C. mains. Calculate the capacitive reactance, RMS value of current and
a l a
l i
a .
assaa aa aa
write down the equations of voltage and current.
Solution:
dda s
a s d a
d s
a s
𝟏𝟎𝟐
.P. Pa a . P
. Paa
C=
w w w
x 10 F, V
-6 = 220V;
RMS f = 50 Hz
w w
w
ww reactance, X = = ; = www; =100Ω
𝝅
i) w
1 1 1
Capacitive C 10−4
ωC 2πfC 2 x π x 50 x π
VRMS 220
ii) RMS value of current, IRMS = ;= ; = 2.2A

N Neett N Nee tt XC 100

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l i
a .i. l a
l i
a .
assaa as
a aa
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XII STD. PHYSICS STUDY MATERIAL, DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS, 24

SRMHSS, KAVERIYAMPOONDI, TIRUVANNAMALAI

N Neett NN e ett
RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed., C.C.A., P.G. TEACHER IN PHYSICS

lalai .i. iii) V = 220 x √2 = 311 V ; Ila

l i
=a
.i.x √2 = 3.1 A l a
l i
a .
assaa aa; 𝑖 = 3.1 sin (314 t + ) aa
2.2
m

a
Therefore, 𝜈 = 311dsin
d ass
314t
m

d dπ
aass
. PP aa
. of a series RLC circuit if the inductive .P.Pa a 2

w ww
w and resistance are 184 Ω, 144 Ω and w w w
ww30wΩ respectively.
65. Find the impedance reactance,
wwreactance
capacitive
Also calculate the phase angle between voltage and current.
Solution:

N Net t (i ) The impedance is Impedance, Z = √RNNeet t

e XL = 184 Ω; XC = 144 Ω ; R = 30 Ω

lalai.i. l a
l i
a .i. 2+(XL −XC )2
l a
l i
a.

et
assaa s
= √30 (184 − 144sa)a; = √900 + 1600 ssaa
2+ 2

Impedance, Z = 50 Ω d
aa daa aadd aa
. PP
. ϕ= ; . P
. P

.N
Sincew
w w
(ii) Phase anglewis tan
XL −XC
; = 1.33 ; ϕ = 53.1w
184−144

w angle is positive, voltage leads current wbyw

w 0

w
the phase
inductive circuit.
𝑅 30
ww 53.1 for this 0

lai
66. The current in an inductive circuit is given by 0.3 sin (200t – 400) A. Write the
N Neett N eett
equation for the voltage across it if the inductance is 40 mH.
N
l a
l i
a .i. Solution:
l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a .
sa
assaa aadd asaa
s
L = 40 × 10-3 H; i = 0.1 sin (200t – 400)
a
XL = ωL = 200 × 40 × 10-3 = 8 Ω
aaddaassaa
ww. P
. P
Vm = Im XL = 0.3 × 8 = 2.4 V
w
w . P
. P
w
www w
www
da

In an inductive circuit, the voltage leads the current by 900. Therefore,

𝑣 = 𝑣𝑚 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 900 ) ; 𝑣 = 2.4 sin(200𝑡 − 400 + 900 )
𝑣 = 2.4 sin(200𝑡 + 500 )
Pa

NN eett EXERCISE PROBLEM

N N eett
l a
l i
a .i.67. A square coil of side 30 cm with 500lalturns a i .i.is kept in a uniform magnetic field lalai.
assaa of 0.4 T. The plane of thea
a ad d as
coilsaisainclined at an angle of 30 to the field.aassaa
a a d d o
w.

Squarew w .
coil
P
Calculate the magnetic
P flux through the coil.
.of side (a) = 30 cm = 30 x 10 m www. -2 . PP
w w
wArea wof square coil (A) = a = (30 x 10 ) = 9 x 10w
2 -2 2
wm w -2 2
ww

Number of turns (N) = 500; Magnetic field (B) = 0.4 T

Angular between the field and coil (θ) = 90 – 30 = 600

N Neett N N ett
Magnetic flux (ϕ) = NBA cosθ = 500 x 0.4 x 9 x 10-2 x cos600
e
l a
l i
a .i. = 18 x ;
1
ϕ
2
= 9 Wb
l a
la i.i. l a
l i
a .
assaa 68. A0.4straight a d
a daa
metal wire crossesssamagnetic field of flux 4 mWb in a timeaassaa
aa
a add
Solution: ww P. P
s. Find the magnitude
. of the emf induced in the wire.
w
w. P
. P
w w
ww flux (ϕ) =4 mWb = 4 x 10 Wb ; time (t)w=w0.4wSec.
wMagnetic -3

dϕ 4 x 10−3
The magnitude of induced emf (e) = = = 10−2
dt 0.4
e = 10 mV

N Neett N Nee tt
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l i
a .i. l a
l i
a .
assaa as
a aa
s
aaddand answerkeys to us : [email protected] daassaa
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questions P d a a
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XII STD. PHYSICS STUDY MATERIAL, DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS, 25

SRMHSS, KAVERIYAMPOONDI, TIRUVANNAMALAI

NN eett NN ee tt
RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed., C.C.A., P.G. TEACHER IN PHYSICS

lalai .i.69. An induced current of 2.5 mA flowslthrough

al i
a .i. a single conductor of resistance lalai.
assaa Solution: a ad da as s
100 Ω. Find out the rate at whichathe
a magnetic flux is cut by the conductor. aassaa
aad d
w w . P P
. I = 2.5 mA , Resistance of conductor,wRw
Induced Current,
w .
= 100P P
.Ω
w
w∴wThewrate of change of flux, = e dϕB
dt
www
dϕB
= e = IR = 2.5 x 10-3 x 100
dt

NN eett = 250 x 10 -3
dϕB
e
= 250 mWbs
NN ett -1

lalai.i.70. A fan of metal blades of length 0.4la l ai .i. normal to a magnetic field of lalai.
dt

et
assaa s aa the centre and edge of the blade isaassaa
m rotates
dd a
4 x 10 T. If the induced emf
-3
a s
between
d d
0.02 V, determineP
. .P
theaa
rate of rotation of the blade.
. P
. P a a

.N
Solution:
w ww w ww
wwof the metal blade, 𝑙 = 0.4m
wLength www
Magnetic field, B = 4 x 10-3 T; Induced emf, e = 0.02V

l a
l i
a N
.i. Neett
lai a i
a
Induced emf in rotational of the coil,
l l NN ett
Rotational area of the blade, A = πr2 = 3.14 x (0.4)2 = 0.5024 m2
e
.i.e = NBA ω sinθ l a
l i
a .
sa
assaa ω=
a ad
e
d aas
[N saa
= 1, θ = 90 , sin 90 = 1] 0 0
aaddaassaa
ww . P
. PNBA sinθ
0.02
w
w . P
. P 0.02
w
www= 9.95222 x 10 x 10 www w
da

ω = =
1 x 4 x 10−3 x0.5024 x sin900 2.0096 x 10−3
-3 3

= 9.95 revolutions / second

Pa

N Neett N Nee t9.95

t revolutions / second
l a
l i
a .i. Rate of rotational of the
l a
lai .i.
blade, ω =
l a
l i
a .
assaa 71. Afield. bicycle wheel with metal
aad d aa s saaof 1 m long rotates in Earth’s magneticaassaa
spokes
a d
a d
w.

The plane of
w w . P
. P
the wheel is perpendicular to the horizontal . P
. P
component
ww
of
w
wwthewrate of revolution of the wheel.
Earth’s field of
calculate www
4 x 10 T. If the emf induced across the spokes
-5
w is 31.4 mV,
ww

Solution:
Length of the metal spokes, 𝑙 = 1m

N Neett N N ett
Rotational area of the spokes, A = πr2 = 3.14 x (1)2 = 3.14 m2
e
l a
l i
a .i. a
la i.iB. = 4 x 10 T
Horizontal area of the Earth’s field,
l -5
l a
l i
a .
assaa Induced emf , e = 3.14
aa ddaasmVsaa
aad d aasaa
s
ww . P
. P
The rate of revolution of wheel, ω = [N
e
= 1, θ = 90
w,
w .
sin P
.
90P = 1]0 0

w
wwwω = 31.4 x 10−3
NBA sinθ
w w w
w
31.4 x 10−3
=
1 x 4 x 10−5 x 3.14 x sin900 12.56 x 10−5

N Neett N N e tt
= 2.5 x 102 ; ω = 250 revolutions / second
e
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l i
a .i. l a
l i
a .
assaa as
a aa
s
aaddand answerkeys to us : [email protected] daassaa
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questions P d a a
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XII STD. PHYSICS STUDY MATERIAL, DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS, 26

SRMHSS, KAVERIYAMPOONDI, TIRUVANNAMALAI

NN eett NN e ett
RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed., C.C.A., P.G. TEACHER IN PHYSICS

lalai .i.72. Determine the self-inductance of 4000l a

l a i .i. air-core solenoid of length
turn l a
l i
a .
assaa 2m and diameter 0.04 m.
Solution: a a dda as saa
aaddaassaa
ww . PP
. air core solenoid, 𝑙 = 2m; Diameter, d =w0.04wwm;.
Length of the .PP
w
wwr = = 0.02 m
wRadius, 𝑑
2
www
Area of the air core solenoid, A = πr2 = 3.14 x (0.02)2 = 1.256 x 10-3 m2
Number of turns, N = 4000 turns

N NeetSelf-inductance,
t L=μ ;=μ A𝑙 [n =ee
N N t, μt = 4π x 10 Hm ]
N2 𝑁 -7 -1

lalai.i. l l i
0n2 Al
a a .i. 0 𝑙2 𝑙
l a
l
0
i
a.

et
assaa =aa aa
N2 A 4π x 10−7 x (4000)2 x 1.256 x 10−3
=𝜇
d da as s 0 𝑙
d daass
2
= . PP a a
252405760 x 10−10
. ; L = 12.62 mH
; = 126202880 x 10 . P
. Paa -10

.N
w w w
= 12.62wx 10
2
-3
ww ww
w w w w
73. A coil of 200 turns carries a current of 4 A. If the magnetic flux through the

lai
coil is 6 x 10-5 Wb, find the magnetic energy stored in the medium

N Neett surrounding the coil.

N N e e tt
l a
l i
a .i. Solution:
l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a .
sa
assaa aa aa
Number of turns of the coil, N = 200, Current, I = 4 A

dd aa s s
Magnetic flux through the coil, ϕ = 6 x 10-5 Wb
ddaass
. P
.
Energy stored Pa
in a
the coil, U = LI ;
1
Self-inductance
2 of the . P
.
coil, P
L a
=a Nϕ

w ww
w x I = NϕI ; = x 200 x 6 x 10 x 4 www 2
w w w I
da

wUUw== 2400
1 Nϕ
2 I
2
1
2
1
2
x 10 ; U = 0.024 J (or) Joules
-5
-5
Pa

NN
74.
eet is
Ne e
of thetcoil.
A coil of 200 turns carries a current of 0.4 A. If the magnetic flux of 4 mWb
t linked with the coil, find the inductanceN t
l a
l i
a .i. Solution: l a
lai .i. l a
l i
a .
assaa aad da a s
Number of turns of the coil,saaN = 200, Current, I = 0.4 A
aad daasaa
s
w.

Magnetic flux linked with coil, ϕ = 4mWb = 4 x 10 Wb -3

w w . P P
.of the coil, L = ; = Nϕ
ww. P P
; .L = 2 H
200 x 4 x 10−3 800 x 10−3

w w ww
Inductance
I
;=
w ww w 0.4 0.4
ww

75. A 200 turn coil of radius 2 cm is placed co-axially within a long solenoid of 3
cm radius. If the turn density of the solenoid is 90 turns per cm, then

N Neett calculate mutual inductance of the coil.

N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. Solution:
l alai.i.
Number of turns of the solenoid, N2 = 200;
Radius of the solenoid, r = 2 cm = 2 x 10-2 m l a
l i
a .
assaa aasaa
s
Area of the solenoid, A=πr2 =3.14x(2x10-2)2
aa
=1.256x10-3 m2dd ad
a a
d s
a aa
s
w w.P. P w
w. P
. P
Turn density of long solenoid per cm, N1 = 90 x 102
w
wwinductance of the coil, M =
wMutual w
www μ0 N1 N2 A
𝑙
4π x 10−7 x 90 x 102 x 200 x 1.256 x 10−3
=
1

N Neett = 283956.48 x 10-8 ⟹ M = 2.84 mH

N Nee tt
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l i
a .i. l a
l i
a .
assaa as
a aa
s
aaddand answerkeys to us : [email protected] daassaa
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questions P d a a
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XII STD. PHYSICS STUDY MATERIAL, DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS, 27

SRMHSS, KAVERIYAMPOONDI, TIRUVANNAMALAI

NN eett NN e tt
RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed., C.C.A., P.G. TEACHER IN PHYSICS
e
lalai .i.76. A step-down transformer connectedlalatoi.imain
. supply of 220 V is made to lalai.
assaa operate 11V,88 W d
aa daa
lamp.ssaa
dd
Calculate (i) Transformation ratio and
aa aassaa
w w P
. P
(ii) Current in the.primary.
ww. P
. P
www
Solution:
w wwww
Voltage in primary coil, Vp = 220 V; Voltage in secondary coil, Vs =11 V

N Nett
e Output power = 88 W
NN eett
lalai.i. i) To find transformation ratio,la
ka
l =i.i. = =
Vs 11
l1
a
l i
a.

et
assaa s aa
s s aa
s
Vp 220 20

a d
a daa Vs
ad
a a
d a
ii) Current in
. P
.Pprimary, I = p I So, I =
s ?
.
s
P
. P

.N
w ww
w power = V I
Vp
www
ww Output s s ww
⟹ 88 = 11 x Iw s

lai
88 Vs 11
Is = = 8A Therefore, Ip = Is ; = x 8 = 0.4A

NN eett 11 Vp

N N eett 220

l a
l i
a .i.77. Calculate the instantaneous value latala60i.i., average value and RMS value of lalai.
sa
assaa aa aa
0

dda ass dd aass

. . Pa a
an alternating current whose
P
peak value is 20 A.
. P
. Paa
Solution:
w ww w w w
wwvalue of current, I = 20 A ; Angle, θ = 60 www
da

wPeak m 0

i) Instantaneous value of current, 𝑖 = Im 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡; = Im 𝑠𝑖𝑛θ

Pa

N Neett = 20 sin 600 = 20 x

√3
N Neett
= 10 √3 = 10 x 1.732
l a
l i
a .i. l a
la
2
i .i. l a
l i
a .
assaa 𝒊 = 17.32 A
a ad daa ssaa
aaddaasaa
s
w.

w w P
. P
ii) Average.value of current, I = av =
2Im
; I =12.74
wA
w .
2 x 20
P
. P av

ww value of current, I = 0.707I or = 0.707

wiii)wRMS
π
w
wwwx 20
3.14
Im
ww

RMS m
√2
IRMS = 14.14 A

N Neett N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. l a
lai.i. l a
l i
a .
assaa aaddaasaa
s
ad
a a
d s
a aa
s
w
w .P. P w
w. P
. P
w
www w
www

N Neett N Nee tt
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l i
a .i. l a
l i
a .
assaa as
a aa
s
aaddand answerkeys to us : [email protected] daassaa
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questions P d a a
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XII STD. PHYSICS STUDY MATERIAL, DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS, 28

SRMHSS, KAVERIYAMPOONDI, TIRUVANNAMALAI

N Neett NN eett
RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed., C.C.A., P.G. TEACHER IN PHYSICS

lalai .i. UNIT - V l

(ELECTROMAGNETICa
l i
a .i. WAVES) l a
l i
a .
assaa 78. Consider a parallel a add
plate
aassaa
capacitor which is maintained at potential a d
a d
of
aassaa
200 V. If thew
w . PP
. distance between the plates of the
separation ww .P P
. and
capacitor
w w w
area of thewplates are 1 mm and 20 cm . Calculate2the
ww w w
displacement current
for the time in μs.
Solution:
Potential difference between the plates of the capacitor, V = 200 V

N Nett
e N N ee tt
The distance between the plates, d = 1 mm = 1 × 10-3 m
lalai.i. l a
l i
a .i.
Area of the plates of the capacitor, A = 20 cm2 = 20 × 10-4 m2
l a
l i
a.

et
assaa aa
Displacement current,d d ssaa
Time is given in micro-second, μs = 10-6 s
aa
I =𝜖
𝑑ϕ𝐵
⟹I =𝜖
𝐸𝐴
ad
a a
d s
a aa
s
. P P d
.field, E = ; Therefore, 𝐼 = I ; = 𝜖 w
0 𝑑𝑡 d
. P
.
0 𝑡
P

.N
Butw w w 𝑉
; w
𝑉
w 𝑉𝐴

www= 8.85 x 10 x
electric
-12
𝑑
200 x 20 x 10−4 w w w 𝑑
d

; = 35400 x 10 = 3.5 mA
0 𝑡𝑑

-7
10−6 x 1 x 10−3

l a
l i
a N
.i. N tt
lai N
.i. N ett
79. The relative magnetic permeability of the medium is 2.5 and the relative
ee e .
electrical permittivity of the medium is 2.25. Compute the refractive index of
l a
l i
a l a
l i
a
sa
the medium.
assaa Solution:
aaddaasaa
s
aaddaassaa
Dielectric constant (relative permeability of the medium) is εr = 2.25
ww. P
. P
Magnetic permeability is μr = 2.5
w
w . P
. P
w
www w
www
da

Refractive index of the medium, n = √ϵrμr ; = √2.25 x 2.5 ;

= √5.625; n =2.37
Pa

N Neett N Neett
80. Compute the speed of the electromagnetic wave in a
medium if the amplitude of electric and magnetic fields are 3 x 104 N C-1 and
l a
l i
a .i. 2 x 10-4 T, respectively.
l a
lai .i. l a
l i
a .
assaa Solution:
ad
ad aa ssaa
aaddaasaa
s
w.

The amplitude of the electric field, Eo = 3 × 104 N C-1

ww . P
. P w
w . P
. P
The amplitude of the magnetic field, Bo = 2 × 10-4 T.
w
www𝑣 = w
w
Therefore, speed of the electromagnetic wave in a medium is
3 x 104 w
w
ww

= 1.5 x 10 ms 8 -1
2 x 10−4

N Neett N Neett
81. A magnetron in a microwave oven emits electromagnetic waves
(em waves) with frequency f = 2450 MHz. What magnetic field strength is
l a
l i
a .i. l a
lai.i. l a
l i
a .
required for electrons to move in circular paths with this frequency?
assaa Solution:
aaddaasaa
s
ad
a a
d s
a aa
s
Frequency of the electromagnetic waves given is f = 2450 MHz
w .P. P
The corresponding angular frequency is
w w
w. P
. P
w
www
ω = 2πf = 2 x 3.14 x 2450 x 106
= 15,386 x 106 Hz
w
www
= 1.54 × 1010 s-1

N Neett N Nee tt
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l i
a .i. l a
l i
a .
assaa as
a aa
s
aaddand answerkeys to us : [email protected] daassaa
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questions P d a a
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XII STD. PHYSICS STUDY MATERIAL, DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS, 29

SRMHSS, KAVERIYAMPOONDI, TIRUVANNAMALAI

N Neett N N eett
RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed., C.C.A., P.G. TEACHER IN PHYSICS

lalai .i. The magnetic field B = ala

𝑚𝑒𝜔
l i.i.
a l a
l i
a .
assaa a ad d
Mass of the electron,aas s a
|𝑞|
me = 9.22 x 10 kg -31
aad daassaa
Chargeww
of . P
theP
. electron q = - 1.60 x 10 C ⟹ |𝑞| = 1.60
-19
wxw .P P
10. C -19
w
wwwB = (9.22 x 10−31 )(1.54 x 1010 )
; = 8.87425 x 10
w
wwTw; B = 0.0887 T -2
(1.60 x 10−19 )
This magnetic field can be easily produced with a permanent magnet.

N Nett
e N N ett
So, electromagnetic waves of frequency 2450 MHz can be used for heating
e
lalai.i. l l i
a .i.
and cooking food because they are strongly absorbed by water molecules.
a l a
l i
a.

et
assaa 82. Acapacitance aad da
transmitter consists of LC a ssaa with an inductance of 1 μH and aaassaa
circuit
aad d
. P
of 1 μF. What
. P . P
is the wavelength of the electromagnetic waves
. P it

.N
emits?
w ww w ww
ww of LC circuit, L = 1 μH = 1 x 10 H www
wInductance
Solution:
-6

lai
Capacitance of LC circuit, C = 1 μF = 1 x 10-6 F

N Neett e
Wavelength of the electromagnetic wave 𝜆 =
N N ett 𝐶

l a
l i
a .i. Velocity of light C = 3 x 10 msa
l l i
a
8 .i. -1
𝑓

l a
l i
a .
sa
assaa d da as
Frequency of electromagnetic
a a
aawave, f =
s 1

a
2π√LC
addaassaa
= w w .1P. P ;= ⟹ f = 15.92 x 10w
1
w .
Hz .PP 4

www w wwww
da

2x 3.14√1 x 10−6 x 10−6 6.28 x 10−6

𝐶 3 x 108
Wave length 𝜆 = = ; 0.1884 x 104
𝑓 15.92 x 104
𝝀 = 18.84 x 102 m
Pa

N Neett N Ne tt
e
l a
l i
a .i. l
EXERCISE PROBLEMa
lai .i. l a
l i
a .
assaa 83. A pulse of light of duration aa ddaa
10
s saa
s is
-6 absorbed completely by a small dd
object
aa aasaa
s
w.

momentumw of ww P
initially at rest. If .the
. Ppower of the pulse is 60 x 10 W, .
calculate
w w P
. P
the
-3 final

Solution:www the object.

www w
ww

Duration of the absorption of light pulse, t = 10-6 s

Power of the pulse P = 60 x 10-3 W
N Neett N N ee tt
l a
l i
a .i. Final momentum of the object, P i=.i.
l a
la
U
l a
l i
a .
assaa aa aa
C
= 3a
Velocity of light, C d
d s
xa s
10 8
d a
d s
a s
P
Energy U =.power
. Pa a . P
. Paa
w w w x time
w w
w
ww P =
wMomentum, 60 x 10−3 x 10−6
3 x 108
wmsw
; P = 20 x 10 kgw -17 -1

N Neett N Nee tt
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l i
a .i. l a
l i
a .
assaa as
a aa
s
aaddand answerkeys to us : [email protected] daassaa
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questions P d a a
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XII STD. PHYSICS STUDY MATERIAL, DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS, 30

SRMHSS, KAVERIYAMPOONDI, TIRUVANNAMALAI

NN ee tt NNe e tt
RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed., C.C.A., P.G. TEACHER IN PHYSICS

lalai .i.84. If the relative permeability and relativelalapermittivity

i .i. of the medium is 1.0 and lalai.
assaa Solution: a ad da as
2.25, respectively. Find the speed saathe electromagnetic wave in this medium.aassaa
of
aa dd
w w. P
. P
Relative permeability of the medium, μ = 1
w w . P
.P
w
ww permittivity of the medium, ϵ = 2.25 (ϵww
wRelative w w
= &μ = ) r
r

r
ϵ
r
μ
ϵ0 μ0
1
Speed of electromagnetic wave, 𝑣 =
√μϵ

N Nett
e 1
N Neett C = ]
C 1

lalai.i. =
l a
l i
a
√μr μ0 ϵr ϵ0.i. = [Where,
√μr ϵr
l a
l i
a. √μ0 ϵ0

et
assaa =
aad
;d
=as
a aa
s
3 x 108
𝑣 = 2 x 10 ms
3 x 108
ad
a a
d s
a aa
s 8 -1

. P
.P √1 x 2.25 1.5
. P
. P

.N
w ww www
www www
UNIT – VI (RAY OPTICS)

lai
85. An object is placed at a distance of 20.0 cm from a concave mirror of focal
NNeet t 15.0 cm.
length
NN e ett
l a
l i
a .i. (a) What distance from the mirror ala i
a .i. should be placed to get a sharp
screen
l l a
l i
a .
sa
assaa Solution:
aad d aas
image? (b) What is the nature
sa a
of the image?
aad daassaa
Given, f = .
w w P
.
–15 Pcm, u = –20 cm
w w . P
. P
ww equation, + = ; Rewriting to findwv,ww w
da

w(a)wMirror 1
𝑣
1
𝑢
1
𝑓
= −
𝑣
1
𝑓
1 1
𝑢
1 1 1 1 (−200)− (−15)
Substituting for f and u, = − ; =
𝑣 −15 −20 𝑣 300
Pa

N Neett = = ; 𝑣 = −60.0 cm ee
−5 −1
N N tt
l a
l i
a .i. 300 60
l a
la i .ito. the left of the concave mirror, the lalai.
assaa aa aa
As the image is formed at 60.0 cm
d da as s
screen is to be placed at distance 60.0 cm to the left of the concave mirror. a
d d s
a s
aa aa
w.

w w. P
. P
(b) Magnification, m = = − ;
ℎ′
m = = −
𝑣
; =
ww
−3 . P
.
ℎ′
P (−60)

As thewwww
sign
ℎ 𝑢
www
of magnification is negative, the image is inverted.
w ℎ (−20)
ww

As the magnitude of magnification is 3, the image is enlarged three

times. As the image is formed to the left of the concave mirror, the image is

NN eett real.
NNe ett
l a
l i
a .i.86. One type of transparent glass has refractive
l a
lai.i. index 1.5. What is the speed of lalai.
assaa light through this glass? a
a d
a d s
a aa
s
aad daasaa
s
Solution:
ww .P P
. ; 𝑣 = ; = 2 x 10 ms w w . P
. P
n =w w
wwtravels with a speed of 2 × 10 ms throughwthis
ww
𝑐 𝑐 3 x 108
; =
wLight𝑣
𝑣
𝑛 1.5
glass.
8

8
-1

-1

N Neett N Nee tt
lalai.i. l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a .
assaa as
a aa
s
aaddand answerkeys to us : [email protected] daassaa
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questions P d a a
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XII STD. PHYSICS STUDY MATERIAL, DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS, 31

SRMHSS, KAVERIYAMPOONDI, TIRUVANNAMALAI

NN eett NN e ett
RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed., C.C.A., P.G. TEACHER IN PHYSICS

lalai .i.87. Pure water has refractive index 1.33.lalWhat

ai .i. is the speed of light through it. l a
l i
a .
assaa Solution:
n= ;𝑣= P a d
a da as aa
s 3 x 108
a ad a
d s
a aa
s
𝑐
𝑣
ww . P 𝑣 =
𝑐
.speed of 2.25 × 10 ms through pure water.
;
𝑛
; = 2.25 x
1.33
10 ms
w
8

w .P.P -1

www w
Light travels with a
www
8
w -1

88. Light travels from air in to glass slab of thickness 50 cm and refractive index

N Nett
e 1.5.
N Neett
lalai.i. l a
l i
a .i.
(i) What is the speed of light in glass?
l a
l i
a.
(ii) What is the time taken by the light to travel through the glass slab?

et
assaa as
a aa
s
(iii) What is the optical path of the glass slab?
Solution: aadd ad
a a
d s
a aa
s
. P
.P . P
. P

.N
w w
w www
Given, thickness of glass slab, d = 50 cm = 0.5 m, refractive index, n = 1.5
www
refractive index, n =
𝑐
𝑣 www
𝑐 3 x 108
Speed of light in glass is, 𝑣 = ; = ; = 2 x 108 ms-1.

lai
𝑛 1.5
Time taken by light to travel through glass slab is,
N Neet t 𝑡 = ; = = 2.5 x 10 s NNeet t
𝑑 0.5

l a
l i
a .i. 2 x 108
l a
l ai .i.= 0.75m ; =75 cm
-9

l a
l i
a .
sa
𝑣

assaa s aamore (75 cm – 50 cm) in vacuum by theaassaa

Optical path, ′
1.5 × 0.5;
𝑑 =
Light would have travelledd
𝑛𝑑
a
d a
25
=
s
cm d d
.
same time had there P
. P aa
not been a glass slab.
. P
. Pa a
w ww
w through transparent oil enters in to glasswwofw w ww
da

89. Light w w
travelling refractive index
1.5. If the refractive index of glass with respect to the oil is 1.25, what is the
refractive index of the oil?
Pa

N Neett Solution:
NN e e tt
l a
l i
a .i. Given, ngo =1.25 and ng =1.5;
l a
lai .i. to oil, n = l a
l i
a .
𝑛𝑔

assaa aa aa
Refractive index of glass with respect
dd a as s ddaass
go
𝑛0

a a 𝑛𝑔
aa
w.

1.5
Rewriting for refractive index of oil, n = = 1.2
w w . P P
. index of oil is, n = 1.2 = o

ww. P
.
𝑛𝑔0P 1.25

wwww
The refractive o
w
www
ww

90. What is the radius of the illumination when seen above from inside a
swimming pool from a depth of 10 m on a sunny day? What is the total angle

N Neet t
of view? [Given, refractive index of water is ] t t
N Ne e
𝟒

l a
l i
a .
i . Solution:
l a
lai .
i . 𝟑

l a
l i
a .
assaa Given, n = , d = 10 m, s saa of illumination, R = s aa
s
4 d

a d
3
a d aa Radius
ad
a a
d a √n2 −1
R=
ww .P10
.;
2P= ; R
10 x 3
= ; R =
30
11.32m
w
w. P
. P
w √16−9 √7
w
wTowfindwthe angle of the view of the cone, i = sinww(w)
√(4) −1
3
−1 1
c n

N Neett N Nee tt
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l i
a .i. l a
l i
a .
assaa as
a aa
s
aaddand answerkeys to us : [email protected] daassaa
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questions P d a a
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XII STD. PHYSICS STUDY MATERIAL, DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS, 32

SRMHSS, KAVERIYAMPOONDI, TIRUVANNAMALAI

N Neett N N eett
RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed., C.C.A., P.G. TEACHER IN PHYSICS

lalai .i. l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a .
assaa s saa( ) ; = 48.6 ssaa
1 −1 3
i = sin ( ) ; =asin
−1
a
c
aa
4
d d a 4
0

a ad d a
w w . P
.
The total anglePof
3
view is, 2𝑖 = 2 x 48.6 = 97.2
w0
w.P.P 0

91. w w w wof a glass slab is 0.25 m. it has a refractive

The thickness w
w w w of 1.5. A ray
index
of light is incident on the surface of the slab at an angle of 60 . Find the 0

lateral displacement of the light when it emerges from the other side of the

N Nett
e mirror.
N Neett
lalai.i. Solution:
l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a.

et
Given, thickness of the lab, t = 0.25 m,
assaa aassaa
Refractive index, n = 1.5, angle of incidence,
a ad d
𝑖 = 600.Using Snell’s law, 1 × sin 𝑖 = n sin r ; ad
a a
d s
a aa
s
. PP
. = 0.58 . P
. P

.N
sin r =ww ww
sin 𝑖 sin 60
w
wRw= sinw 0.58 = 35.25
𝑛
-1
=
1.5
0
w
www
𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑖−𝑟)

lai
Lateral displacement is, L = t( );
cos (𝑟)

N Neet t L = (0.25) x ( 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (60−35.25)

) ; = 0.1282
NNeemt t
l a
l i
a .i. a
The lateral displacement is, Ll=l ai
cos (35.25) .i. cm l a
l i
a .
sa
assaa 92. Determine the focal a aa aa
12.82
dda as s d daass
. P P a
length
. in the diagram. (Points C and C arewthe . PP a a
of the lens made up of a material of refractive
. of
index 1.52 as
w w wshown
wthe first and second surface.) w w w centers
da

1 2

w w
curvature
Solution:
of ww
Pa

This lens is called convexo-concave lens

NNeet t Given, n = 1.52, R = 10 cm and R = 20e
N N ett
cm
l a
l i
a .i. Lens makers formula, = (𝑛 − 1) (lala−i.i. )
1
1
1
2
1
l a
l i
a .
assaa Substituting the values, d
aa da
𝑓
as saa 𝑅1 𝑅2

aaddaasaa
s
w.

1
= (1.52 −w w
1) . P
1 P
(. − )
1
w
w . P
. P
𝑓
1 www w 10
2−1
20
1
w
www
0.52
= (0.52) ( ) ; = (0.52) ( ) = ;
ww

𝑓 20 20 20
20
𝑓= = 38.46 cm

NNeetAst the focal length is positive, the lens

0.52

N N e tat
ise
l a
l i
a .i. converging lens. l a
lai.i. l a
l i
a .
assaa 93. IfSolution: aad d
the focal length is 150 cm a ass
for
aa aglass lens, what is the power of the lens? aassaa
aad d
Given,w w .
focal
P P
.length, f = 150 cm (or) f = 1.5 m www. . PP
w
ww for power of lens is, P =
wEquation 1
www
𝑓
1
Substituting the values, P = = 0.67 diopter
1.5

N Neett N Nee tt
As the power is positive, it is a converging lens.

lalai.i. l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a .
assaa as
a aa
s
aaddand answerkeys to us : [email protected] daassaa
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questions P d a a
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XII STD. PHYSICS STUDY MATERIAL, DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS, 33

SRMHSS, KAVERIYAMPOONDI, TIRUVANNAMALAI

NN eett NN e ett
RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed., C.C.A., P.G. TEACHER IN PHYSICS

lalai .i.94. What is the focal length of the combination

l a
l i
a .i. if a lens of focal length –70 cm lalai.
assaa of the combination? a ad da a
is brought in contact with a lensss aofafocal length 150 cm? What is the poweraassaa
a add
Solution:
ww . P P
.length of first lens, f = –70 cm, ww . P
.P
w
wwlength of second lens, f = 150 cm. www
wfocal
Given, focal
2
1w
1 1 1
Equation for focal length of lenses in contact, = +
𝐹 𝑓1 𝑓2

N Nett
e Substituting the values,
1
N N;e
==et−t +1
+
1 1 1

lalai.i. 1 −150+70
; la
−80
l ai .i.
𝐹 −70 150
l a
l i
a.
70 150

et
assaa aa aa
= ;=
𝐹 70 x 150
80 a as s
70 x 150
−dd ; = −131.25 cm
1050
d a
d s
a s
=−
.
;F=
P P aa
As the focal.length is negative, the combination of
10500 8
. P
. Paa

.N
twoww w w ww w w
wThe
wpower
lenses is a diverging system
of combination is, P = =
of lenses.
w w 1
= −0.76 diopter
1

lai
𝐹 −1.3125 𝑚

NNeet
95.
t emerges at an angle of 75 . What is N the e
N et t of deviation produced by
A monochromatic light is incident on an equilateral prism at an angle 30 0

l a
l i
a .i. the prism?
and
l a
l i
a .i. angle
0

l a
l i
a .
sa
assaa Solution:
a a
Given, as the prismdda assaa
is equilateral, aad daassaa
w w .
A=60 ; 𝑖 =30
0 PP
.angle of deviation, d = 𝑖 + 𝑖 – A www.
1; 𝑖 =75
0 2 0 . P
P
w
ww the values, d = 30 +75 – 60 = 45 www
da

wSubstituting
Equation for
0
1
0
2
0 0

The angle of deviation produced is, d = 450

Pa

N ee
96.
N t t
The angle of minimum deviation for a prism is t37
N N ee t . If the angle of prism is 0

l a
l i
a .
i . 0

l a
lai .
i .
60 , find the refractive index of the material of the prism.
l a
l i
a .
assaa aa aa
Solution:
dda as s dd aass 𝐴+𝐷
aa a a
w.

𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )

w w P
. P
Given, A= 60 D=37
. 0; ; Equation for refractive index is, n =
0

w w . P
. P 2
𝐴
𝑆𝑖𝑛 ( 2 )

w w w w 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( w
600 +370
w)
w w 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (48.50 ) 0.75
ww

2
Substituting the values, n = ;= 600
;= ; = 1.5;
𝑆𝑖𝑛 ( 2 ) 𝑆𝑖𝑛 (300 ) 0.5

NN eet t N N ett
The refractive index of the material of the prism is, n = 1.5
e
l a
l i
a .i.97. Find the dispersive power of flint glass
l a
laiif.i.
the refractive indices of flint glass
l a
l i
a .
assaa Solution:
aad daa s a
s
for red, green and violet light are a
1.613, 1.620 and 1.632 respectively.
a ad daasa
s a
w w . P
.
V P
Given, n =1.632; n =1.613;R n =1.620 G
w w . P
. P
w
ww for dispersive power is, 𝜔 =
wEquation wwww (𝑛𝑉 − 𝑛𝑅 )
(𝑛𝐺 −1)
1.632 − 1.613 0.019
Substituting the values, 𝜔 = ;= ; = 0.0306
1.620 − 1 0.620

N Neett N N e tt
The dispersive power of flint glass is, 𝜔 = 0.0306
e
lalai.i. l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a .
assaa as
a aa
s
aaddand answerkeys to us : [email protected] daassaa
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questions P d a a
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XII STD. PHYSICS STUDY MATERIAL, DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS, 34

SRMHSS, KAVERIYAMPOONDI, TIRUVANNAMALAI

N Neett N Neett
RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed., C.C.A., P.G. TEACHER IN PHYSICS

lalai .i. a
EXERCISE lPROBLEM
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a .
assaa 98. An20 object aa
cm. Find the distance da as
is placed at a certain
d sadistance
a from a convex lens of focal lengthaassaa
aad d
of the object if the image obtained is magnified
4 times. w w . P
. P w w .P.P
w
Solution: w
ww wwww
f = − 20 cm ; 𝑣 = −4u
1 1 1 1 1 1
According to lens formula, = + ; = +

N Nett
e N N eet t ; = −15 cm. 𝑓 𝑣 𝑢 (−20) (−4𝑢) 𝑢

lalai.i. = [− + 1] ;
1

l =
a
l ai .i.
[ ]
1
; 𝑢 =
1 1 3

l a
l i
a. 3 x 20

et
assaa 99. An object of 4 cm height aa aa
(−20) 𝑢 4 𝑢 4 4

dda ass ddaass

. P
.P aa is placed at 6 cm in front of a concave mirror
. P
. Paaof

.N
nature ofw
w w
radius of curvature 24 cm. Find the position, height,
w w
magnification
w
and
www
Solution:
the image.
www

lai
H = 4cm, R = −24cn, u = −6cm

NNeett i) Position of the image

N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. R = 2f or f = ; = ; −12cm lalai.i.
From the relation between focal length(f) and radius of curvature(R)
l a
l i
a .
sa
assaa aa aa
𝑅 −24

From Mirror Equation a =dda s

a2s 2
+ a ddaass
. PP a + ; = − ;=
. V = 12cm
1
− ; =−
1

. P
. Pa 1 1 1 1 1
(−12)
1
(−6)
1
(12)
1
(6)

=w w w
𝑓

w w 𝑣
w
𝑢 𝑣 𝑓 𝑢

www www
da

−1 + 2 1
; = (12) 12
𝑣 12
ii) Magnification m = − ; = − ;m=2
𝑢 (−6)
ℎ′
Pa

N Neet t Height of the image : Magnification m = −

NN ett
; Height of the image
e ℎ

l a
l i
a .i. ℎ = mh
′
= 2 x 4 = 8cm
l a
la i .iheight
. of object formed on right l a
l i
a .
assaa s a
s a sa
s a
Thus the image is virtual, twice the
side of mirror.
a a dd a a aa ddaa
w.

w w . PP
.material of the prism is 1.541. Find thewcritical
w w . P
. P
100. Refractivew
www
Solution:
index of
www angle.
ww

n = 1.541
Let ic be the critical angle, then

N Neetsint = = = 0.6489 N Neett

l a
l i
a .i. ic
1
𝑛
1
1.541
l a
lai.i. l a
l i
a .
assaa c -1

aaddaa aa
I = sin (0.6489) I = 42 27 ss c 0

ad
a a
d
′
s
a aa
s
ww. P
. P w
w. P
. P
wwww w
www

N Neett N Nee tt
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l i
a .i. l a
l i
a .
assaa as
a aa
s
aaddand answerkeys to us : [email protected] daassaa
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questions P d a a
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XII STD. PHYSICS STUDY MATERIAL, DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS, 35

SRMHSS, KAVERIYAMPOONDI, TIRUVANNAMALAI

N Neett N Neett
RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed., C.C.A., P.G. TEACHER IN PHYSICS

lalai .i. UNIT – VII (WAVE l a

l i
a .iOPTICS)
. l a
l i
a .
assaa a ad da as saa
a ad daassaa
101. Two light sources.P
. P
with amplitudes 5 units and 3 units .
respectively P
.P
interfere
with eachw w w w w w
www
Solution:
other.
www
Calculate the ratio of maximum and minimum intensities.

Amplitudes, a1 = 5, a2 = 3
Resultant amplitude, A = √a12 + a22 + 2a1 a2 cosϕ

N Nett
e Resultant amplitude is, maximum when,
NN eett
lalai.i. ϕ = 0, cos 0 = 1, A = √a l+ a
l ai.i+
a . 2a a 2 2
l a
l i
a.

et
assaa aa+ 3) ; = √(8) ; = 8 units aa
max 1 2
=s s
1 2
A = √(a + a ) a
max
d d;a s
√(5 2 2
d a
d a s 2

. PP a1
a
Resultant amplitude
2
is, minimum when,
.= −1, A = √a + a − 2a a . P
. Paa

.N
ϕ =w w w w w w
wAww wunitsw
2 2
π, cos π
= √(a − a ) ; = √(5 − 3) ; = √(2) ; = 2w
min 1 2 1 2
2 2 2
min 1 2

lai
I𝑚𝑎𝑥 (A𝑚𝑎𝑥 )2 I𝑚𝑎𝑥 (8)2
I ∝ A2 ; = ; Substituting = (2)2 ;
(A𝑚𝑖𝑛 )2

N Neet t = ; 16 I : I = 16 : 1 NNeet t
64
I𝑚𝑖𝑛 I𝑚𝑖𝑛

l a
l i
a .i. 4
max

l a
l i
min

a .i. l a
l i
a .
sa
assaa 102. The of 3 mm? a a d aa s
wavelength of a light is 450
d sanm.a How much phase it will differ for a pathaassaa
a ad d
Solution:
w w . PP
. is, 𝜆 = 450 nm = 450 x 10 m www. . PP
Thew
ww www
da

wPathwavelength
difference is, 𝛿 = 3 mm = 3 x 10 m -3
-9

2π
Relation between phase difference and path difference is, ϕ = x𝛿
λ
Pa

N Neett Substituting, ϕ =
N Ne
2π
et tx 10 ;
x 3 x 10-3 ; =
π
6

l a
l i
a .i. ϕ = x 10 rad = 4.19 x 10la
π
l ai
rad.
.i.
450 x 10−9 75
l a
l i
a .
assaa aa aa
6 4
75

d a
d a s s ddaass
aa wavelength 5000 Å passes through a single a a
w.

103.
w w . P
A monochromatic light
P of
. pattern for the central maximum as shown
producing diffraction w
w . PP slit
. figure.
in the
wwww
Determine the width of the slit. wwww
ww

Solution:
𝜆 = 5000 Å = 5000 x 10-10m ;
sin 300 = 0.5, n = 1, a = ?
N Neett N
Equation for diffraction minimum is,
Neett
l a
l i
a .i. a sin θ = n𝜆
l a
lai.i. l a
l i
a .
assaa aadd assaa
The central maximum is spread up to the
a
first minimum. Hence, n = 1
ad
a a
d s
a aa
s
ww .P
a.=
P λ
; substituting, a = w
w. P
. P 5000 x 10−10
w
Rewriting,
waw= 1wx 10 m = 0.001 x 10 m = 0.001 mm www
-6
sin θ w -3
0.5

N Neett N Nee tt
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l i
a .i. l a
l i
a .
assaa as
a aa
s
aaddand answerkeys to us : [email protected] daassaa
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questions P d a a
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XII STD. PHYSICS STUDY MATERIAL, DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS, 36

SRMHSS, KAVERIYAMPOONDI, TIRUVANNAMALAI

NN eett NN eett
RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed., C.C.A., P.G. TEACHER IN PHYSICS

lalai .i.104. Calculate the distance for which ray

l a
l i
a .i. is good approximation for an lalai.
optics
assaa aas s
aperture of 5 mm and wavelength
Solution: aad d
aa500 nm.
aa ddaassaa
ww . PP
a = 5 mm =.5 x 10 m, 𝜆 = 500nm = 500 x 10 m ; z = ?
-3
w
w .P.P -9

w
ww for Fresnel’s distance, z =
wEquation www w 𝑎2
2𝜆
(5 x 10−3 )2 25 x 10−6
Substituting, z = ;= ; z = 25 m
2 x 500 x 10−9 1 x 10−6

NN ee
105. tAt diffraction grating consisting of 4000 N slitse
N et tcentimeter is illuminated
per
lalai.i. with a monochromatic light that produces l a
l i
a .i.the second order diffraction at an lalai.

et
assaa Solution:
0

a add aa ssaa of the light used?

angle of 30 . What is the wavelength
ad
a daassaa
PP
Number of.lines
. . P. P

.N
per cm = 4000; m = 2; = 30 ; = ?
w w w
w of lines per unit length, N =
θ 𝜆
w ww
w 0

wNumber
w ; =4 xw
4000
w
10
1 𝑥 10−2
Equation for diffraction maximum in grating is, sin θ = Nm 𝜆
5

lai
sinθ sin300 0.5
Rewriting,, λ = ; Substituting, λ = = ;
N Neett 1
Nm

N Nee
1tt 4 x 105 x 2 4 x 105 x 2

l a
l i
a .i. = ; =
2 x 105 x 2
l a
l i
a .i.
16 x 105
l a
l i
a .
sa
assaa 106. A monochromatic light s aa s aa
6250 x 10 m = 6250
λ =
d d aa s
-10 Å
d daa s
. PP aa . P
. bright line at an angle of 30 . Find thewnumber
of wavelength of 500 nm strikes a Pa a
. of slits
grating and
w ww
produces fourth
w order
www
da

w w
per centimeter.
Solution:
w w
λ = 500 nm = 500×10-9 m; m = 4; θ = 300 ,
Pa

N Neett Number of lines per cm = ?

N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. l a
lai .Ni.=
Equation for diffraction maximum in grating is, sin θ = Nm 𝜆
l a
l i
a .
assaa a a a a
sinθ 0.5
; Substituting,
Rewriting, λ =
d Nm
d aass ddaass
2 x 4 x 500 x 10−9
5
a
= 2.5 x 10 lines per
a meter
aa
w.

w w P
Number of.linesP centimeter .
.x 10 x 10 = 2500 lines per centimeter www. P P
ww ww =2.5 5 -2
ww w
ww

107. The optical telescope in the Vainu Bappu observatory at Kavalur has an
objective lens of diameter 2.3 m. What is its angular resolution if the

N Neett wavelength of light used is 589 nm?

N Ne ett
l a
l i
a .i. Solution:
l a
la i.i.
a = 2.3 m; 𝜆 = 589 nm = 589×10-9 m; θ = ? l a
l i
a .
assaa dda as
The equation for angular
aa
saa
resolution is, θ = a
1.22 𝜆

ad
a d s
a aa
s
w w . P
.=
Substituting, P 1.22 x 589 x 10−9
; = 321.4 x 10 w w . P
. P 𝑎
-9
w
w= w
wθNote:
3.214 x 10 rad ≈ 0.0011′
-7
2.3
ww w w
The angular resolution of human eye is approximately,
3 x 10-4 rad ≈ 1.03′

N Neett N Nee tt
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l i
a .i. l a
l i
a .
assaa as
a aa
s
aaddand answerkeys to us : [email protected] daassaa
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XII STD. PHYSICS STUDY MATERIAL, DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS, 37

SRMHSS, KAVERIYAMPOONDI, TIRUVANNAMALAI

NN eett N N ee tt
RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed., C.C.A., P.G. TEACHER IN PHYSICS

lalai .i.108. Find the polarizing angles for (i) glasslalaofi.irefractive

. index 1.5 and l a
l i
a .
assaa a a ss
(ii) Water of refractive index 1.33.
Solution: a add
aa
aaddaassaa
w w . P
Brewster’s law,P
. tan𝑖 =n
w w.P.P
Forw w tan𝑖 = 1.33; 𝑖 = tan 1.33; 𝑖 = 53.1www w
𝑃

wForwwater,
glass, tan𝑖 = 1.5;
𝑃
𝑃
𝑖 = tan 1.5;
𝑃
𝑃
𝑖 = 56.3
-1
-1
𝑃
𝑃
0
0

109. A microscope has an objective and eyepiece of focal lengths 5 cm and

N Nett
e N Neett
50 cm respectively with tube length 30 cm. Find the magnification of the

lalai.i. l l i
a .i.
microscope in the (i) near point and (ii) normal focusing.
a l a
l i
a.

et
assaa aa aa
Solution:
ddaas s d
f0 = 5cm = 5 x 10-2 m ; fe = 50 cm = 50 x 10-2 m a
d s
a s
. P
.Paa . P Paa
L = 30 cm = 30 x 10-2m ; D = 25 cm = 25 x 10-2 m
.

.N
w w
w www
(i) The total magnification m in near point focusing is ,
wwwm = m m = ( ) (1 + )
o e
𝐿
𝑓0
www 𝐷
𝑓𝑒

lai
30 x 10−2 25 x 10−2
Substituting, mome = ( ) (1 + 50 x 10−2) ;

N Neett = (6) (1.5) = 9

5 x 10−2

N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. l l i
a .i.
(ii) The total magnification m in normal focusing is,
a l a
l i
a .
sa
assaa m =s ama= ( ) ( )
ms ssaa
𝐿 𝐷

a ad da a o e

aaddaa
𝑓0 𝑓𝑒

w w . P P
.(0.5) = 3
Substituting, m m = (o e ) (
30 x 10−2
) ;
w
w . P
. P 25 x 10−2

wwww w
www
5 x 10−2 50 x 10−2
da

= (6)

110. A small telescope has an objective lens of focal length 125 cm and an
eyepiece of focal length 2 cm. What is the magnification of the telescope?
Pa

N Neett N Neett
What is the separation between the objective and the eyepiece? Two stars

l a
l i
a .i. l la i .i.
separated by 𝟏′ will appear at what separation when viewed through the
a l a
l i
a .
assaa aa aa
telescope?
Solution:
d d a as s ddaass
aa aa
w.

. PP
fo = 125 cm; fe = 2 cm; m = ?; L = ?; θ𝑖 = ?
ww .magnification of telescope, m = www. . P
P
wwww
Equation for
www
𝑓0
𝑓𝑒
ww

125
Substituting, m = = 62.5
2
Equation for approximate length of telescope, L = fo+ fe

N Neett N N ee
Substituting, L = 125 + 2 = 127 cm = 1.27 mtt
l a
l i
a .i. l a
lai
Equation for angular magnification,
.i.m = l
θ𝑖
a
l i
a .
assaa Rewriting, θ = m xd
𝑖
aa θa
d ; ss
a aa 0
ad
a a
d s
a aa
s θ0

w w . P
.
Substituting, P
θ = 62.5
𝑖 x 1 = 62.5 = ′
; = 1.04
w
w. P
. P
′ 62.5
0

wwww w
www
60

N Neett N Nee tt
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l i
a .i. l a
l i
a .
assaa as
a aa
s
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XII STD. PHYSICS STUDY MATERIAL, DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS, 38

SRMHSS, KAVERIYAMPOONDI, TIRUVANNAMALAI

NN eett N Ne ett
RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed., C.C.A., P.G. TEACHER IN PHYSICS

lalai .i.111. Calculate the power of the lens oflathe

l i
a .ispectacles
. necessary to rectify the l a
l i
a .
assaa distance of 1.8 m. a a d
aperson
defect of nearsightedness forsas
d aa a who could see clearly only up to aaassaa
a ad d
Solution:
w w . PP
. the person could see is, x = 1.8 m. www. .P P
w
The maximum
The lens
w have a focal length of, f = –x m = –1.8 m.www
wwshould distance

It is a concave or diverging lens. The power of the lens is,

1

NN eet t P=− = − 0.56 diopter

1.8 𝑚
NNe ett
lalai.i.112. A person has farsightedness with thelalminimum
ai .i. distance he could see clearly lalai.

et
assaa rectify the defect. aa da
is 75 cm. Calculate the power
d a s aofathe lens of the spectacles necessary toaassaa
s
a d
a d
. PP
. distance the person could see clearly is,wy w . P P
.cm.

.N
Solution:
Thew w ww w w
wThe minimum
wlens should have a focal length of,𝑓 =
w w ;
= 75
y x 25 cm

lai
y−25 cm
75 cm x 25 cm
𝑓= ; f = 37.5 cm
N Neett 75 cm−25 cm
N Neett
It is a convex or converging lens. The power of the lens is,
l a
l i
a .i. = 2.67 diopter la l i
a .i. l a
l i
a .
sa
1

assaa aa aa
P=
0.375 𝑚
dd aa ss dd aass
. PPa a
. the final image to be at least distance . PP aa
of. distinct
113. A compound microscope has a magnification of 30. The focal length of eye
w w
piece is 5 cm.
w wAssuming
ww w w
da

vision,w
w
find w
the magnification produced by the objective. w
Solution:
Magnification of compound microscope, M = 30
Pa

N Neett N N tt
Focal length, f = 5 cm, Least distance of distinct vision, D = 25 cm
e e
l a
l i
a .i. l a
lai .
i . 𝐷
Now, M = Mo x Me ; = M0 x [1 + ] ; 30 = M0 x [1 + ]
25

l a
l i
a .
assaa aa aa
𝑓𝑒 5

M = ;M =5
30
d da a s s d daass
0
aa 0
aa
w.

w w. P. P w w . P
. P
114. Two w w ww are kept with their transmission axes
polaroids w w w w at 30 .
inclined o
ww

Unpolarised light of intensity I falls on the first polaroid. Find out the intensity
of light emerging from the second polaroid.

N Neett Solution
N Neett
As the intensity of the unpolarised light falling on the first polaroid is I, the
l a
l i
a .i. l a
lai.i. 1
l a
l i
a .
assaa aa aa
intensity of polarized light emerging from it will 𝐼0 =
ddaass d a
d
2
s
a s
Let 𝐼′ be the intensity of light emerging from the second polaroid
.P P aa
. 30 ; = ( ) ; = x 𝐼 = 𝐼 www.
1 1 √3
. P
P a
2a 1 3 3

w w w
𝐼 = 𝐼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 ; = 𝑐𝑜𝑠
′ 2 2 0 ′

www www
0 2 2 2 2 4 8

N Neett N Nee tt
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l i
a .i. l a
l i
a .
assaa as
a aa
s
aaddand answerkeys to us : [email protected] daassaa
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XII STD. PHYSICS STUDY MATERIAL, DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS, 39

SRMHSS, KAVERIYAMPOONDI, TIRUVANNAMALAI

N Neett N N e ett
RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed., C.C.A., P.G. TEACHER IN PHYSICS

lalai .i. a ai
EXERCISE lPROBLEM
l .i. l a
l i
a .
assaa 115. In Young’s double slitaexperiment,
ad da s
a aa
s 62 fringes are seen in visible region aa
forddaassaa
sodium light wofw. P
. P
wavelength w
5893 Å. If violet light of wavelength w.P P
.Å
4359
ww
is used w
in place w
w of sodium light, then what is the numberwwof fringes
w seen?
Solution:
𝜆1 = 5893 Å; 𝜆2 = 4359 Å , n1 = 62 , n2 = ?

N Nett
e
From young’s double slit experiment.
N N e ett
lalai.i. 𝑛1 𝜆1 𝐷
=
𝑛2 𝜆2 𝐷

l a
l i
a .iof. fringes is l a
l i
a.

et
𝑑 𝑑

assaa ssaa s aa
s
The above condition is total extent

a
constant for bothadda a
wavelengths . d a
d a
62 x 5893 x 10−10 x D
aa
. P P
. x 10 x D . P
. P

.N
d
n xww −10
ww
w
w=ww d
5893
2
w
www
62 x 5893 365366
n2 = ;= ; = 83.8

lai
4359 4359
n ≈84
N Nee t t 2

N Ne ett
l a
l i
a .
i .116. A compound microscope has a i
magnifying
l a
l a .
i . power of 100 when the image is
l a
l i
a .
sa
assaa s aalength of the eyepiece? s aa
formed at infinity. The objective has a focal length of 0.5 cm. and the tube
length is 6.5 cm. What isd
da
thea s
focal ddaa s
. PP a a
. m = 100, Focal length of the objective, . PP aa
f =.0.5 cm
Solution:
w w w
wlength, 𝑙 = 6.5 cm
Magnifying Power,
www w
da

0
wTube
w ww
Since the image is formed at infinity, the real image produced by the
objective lens should lie on the focus of the eyepiece.
Pa

N Neett 𝑣0 + 𝑓𝑒 = 6.5 cm …………….(1)

N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. l a
lai .
i .
The magnifying power for normal adjustment is given by
l a
l i
a .
assaa M = ( ) x ; = −a a− aa
𝑣0 𝐷 𝑣0 𝐷

d a
d s
a s[1
𝑢0
]
𝑓𝑒
d
𝑓0 𝑓𝑒
daass
a a aa
w.

w w . PP
=. − [1 − ] ; 2𝑣 − 4𝑓 = 1 …………(2) w
𝑣0 25
w . P
. P
ww equations (1) and (2), we get 𝑣 = 4.5w
100
wOnwsolving 0.5 𝑓𝑒
cm
w
wandw𝑓 = 2 cm
0 𝑒
ww

0 𝑒
Thus, the focal length of the eyepiece is 2 cm.

N ee
117.
N tThe
tis 36ratio of maximum and minimum intensities
NN ee tintan interference pattern
l a
l i
a .i. Solution: l lai.i. of the two interfering waves?
: 1. What is the ratio of the amplitudes
a l a
l i
a .
assaa I = I = 36 : 1da
max max
a a d a ssaa
a ad a
d s
a aa
s
𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥
=ww .P P
. or = √ = √ = 6 www.
(𝑎1 +𝑎2 )2 𝑎1 +𝑎2 𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥 . PP
36

waw+w
𝐼𝑚𝑖𝑛
1
w (𝑎1 −𝑎2 )2 𝑎1 − 𝑎2
a = 6 (a – a ) ; a + a = 6 a – 6a
2 1 2 1 2
www
𝐼𝑚𝑖𝑛
1
1
2
a2 + 6 a2 = 6 a1 – a1 ; 7a2 = 5a1
𝑎1 7
; a1 : a2 = 7 : 5
N Neett 𝑎2
=
5
N Nee tt
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l i
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XII STD. PHYSICS STUDY MATERIAL, DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS, 40

SRMHSS, KAVERIYAMPOONDI, TIRUVANNAMALAI

NN eett N N e ett
RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed., C.C.A., P.G. TEACHER IN PHYSICS

lalai .i.118. Light of wavelength 600 nm that fallslalonai.ia.pair of slits producing interference lalai.
assaa aadda
pattern on a screen in whichas saabright fringes are separated by 7.2 mm.aassaa
the
a ad d
w w
What must be the . P
. P
wavelength of another light which produces
ww .P
bright.Pfringes
www
separated
wby 8.1 mm with the same apparatus? wwww
Solution:

NNet
e t 1
N
N e ett
λ = 600 nm = 600 x 10 m ; β = 7.2 mm = 7.2 x 10 m ;
-9
1
-3

lalai.i. β = 8.1 mm = 8.1 x 10 m; lalai.i. -3

l a
l i
a.

et
assaa ssa; a = or 𝜆 = 𝜆 aa
2

Equation of fringe width d

βd
=aa λD
d
β1
a
d s
a s 𝜆1 β2

. PP aa d
. P Paa
β2 𝜆2 2 1β

wwx. = x10 ; 675 x 10 m; 𝛌 =w675nm . 1

.N
λ = 600w xw w
w
www
−9 8.1 x 10−3 4860 −9
ww
2 10
7.2 x 10−3 7.2
-9
𝟐

lai
119. Light of wavelength of 5000 Å produces diffraction pattern of the single slit

NNeetoft width 2.5 μm. What is the maximum order N Ne tt

ofediffraction possible?
l a
l i
a .i. Solution: l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a .
sa
assaa a = 2.5 μm = 2.5 x 10a md
a a
,d
as aa
s
aaddaassaa
Equation w w w . PP λ = 5000Å = 5000 x 10 m
-6
. minimum a sin θ = nλ w w . P
. P -10

w w w
da

for diffraction
ww
For maximum order θ = 90 or sin θ = 1 0
w w
a sin θ 2.5 x 10−6 x 1
Pa

; = 0.5 x 10 = 5
N N e etn=
t λ
=
5000 x 10−10
N Ne ett 1

l a
l i
a .i. l a
lai .i. l a
l i
a .
assaa 120. The reflected light is found a add a
toas aplane
bes a polarised when an unpolarized light aassaa
aadd
w.

falls on a denser medium

w w . P
. P
at 60° with the normal. Find the angle of . P
. P
refraction
ww and
critical anglew
w w w for total internal reflection in the denser
of incidence www wto rarer
ww

medium reflection.
Solution:
N Neet t The angle of incidence at which theN N eet t ray gets completely plane
l a
l i
a .i. l a
lai.i.reflected
l a
l i
a .
assaa ss aa (i ). Hence i = 60
polarized is called angle of polarization saa
s 0

a add aa p

a a ddaap

ww .P P
At polarizing angle, the angle of refraction, 𝐫=90°− i =90 −60 =𝟑𝟎
. 𝑛=tan i =tan 60 = √3 ww . P
. P p 0 0 0

www w
From Brewster’s law, p
www
0
w
1 1
Let iC be the critical angle, then sinic = = = 0.5774
𝑛 √3

N Neet t
I = sin
c -1 (0.5774) ; = 35.260 ; Ic = 350𝟏𝟔′
N Nee tt
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a .i. l a
l i
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assaa as
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XII STD. PHYSICS STUDY MATERIAL, DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS, 41

SRMHSS, KAVERIYAMPOONDI, TIRUVANNAMALAI

NNeett N Neett
RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed., C.C.A., P.G. TEACHER IN PHYSICS

lalai .i. UNIT – VIII (DUAL NATURE OFlalaRADIATION

i .i. AND MATTER) l a
l i
a .
assaa 121. A radiation of wavelength aa ddaa ssaa
300 nm is incident on a silver surface.aadd aassaa
ww
photoelectrons . PP
be.observed? ww . P
.P Will

www
Solution: w www w
ℎ𝑐
Energy of the incident photon is E = ℎ𝑣 = (in Joules)
𝜆
ℎ𝑐

N Nett
e
E = (in eV)
𝜆𝑒
N Ne ett
lalai.i. l l ai .i.
Substituting the known values, we get
a l a
l i
a.

et
assaa a a aa
6.634 x 10−34 x 3 x 108 19.902 x 10−26
=
dda a s s;=
300 x 10−9 x 1.6 x 10−19
E = 4.14a
; 0.04146 x 10
480 x 10−28
dd aass 2

. PP a
eV
. the work function of silver, photoelectrons . P Pa a
.are not

.N
photon isw
ww
The work function of silver = 4.7 eV. Since the energy
w w
of
w
the incident
wwinwthis case.
observed
less than
www

lai
122. The work function of potassium is 2.2 eV. UV light of wavelength

N Neett N Neett
3000 Å and intensity 2 Wm-2 is incident on the potassium surface.

l a
l i
a .i. l l i
a .i.
i) Determine the maximum kinetic energy of the photo electrons
a l a
l i
a .
sa
assaa aa aa
ii) If 40% of incident photons produce photo electrons, how many electrons
dd aas s ddaa
are emitted per second if the area of the potassium surface is 2 cm2 ?ss
Solution:
. P Pa a
. of the photon is E= ; = . P
. Paa
ww w w w
w w
w
da

ℎ𝑐 6.6 x 10−34 x 3 x 108

wEw= 6.626
i) The energy
x 10 J = 4.14 eV
-19
w
w
𝜆 3000 x 10−10

Maximum KE of the photoelectrons is

Pa

N Neett NN e ett
Kmax = ℎ𝑣 – ϕ0 = 4.14 – 2.30 = 1.84 eV
ii) The number of photons reaching the surface per second is
l a
l i
a .i. 𝑃
l a
la i2.ix.2 x 10 l a
l i
a .
assaa aa aa
n = xA ;= -4
P
𝐸
dd
The rate of emission aa
of
ss 6.626 x 10−19
photoelectrons is ddaass
aa aa
w.

w
=w
. P
.
=(0.40) P
n = 0.
P 4 × 6. 04 ×10 14

w
w . P
. P
wwww 2.415 x10 photoelectrons / sec
14
w
www
ww

123. Calculate the cut-off wavelength and cutoff frequency of x-rays from an
X –ray tube of accelerating potential 20,000 V.

N Neett
Solution:
NN e e tt
l a
l i
a .i. alai.i. x-rays is λ = Å
The cut-off wavelength of thelcharacteristic l a
l i
a . 12400

assaa s saa s aa
s 0 V

aa a a
= dd Å ; = 0.62 Å
12400
ad
a a
d a
Thew w w . PP
. frequency is v = ; =
20000
ww. P
.cP 3 x 108

ww w
corresponding
= 4.84 x 10 Hz
18
0 w
www λ0 0.62 x 10−10

N Neett N Nee tt
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l i
a .i. l a
l i
a .
assaa as
a aa
s
aaddand answerkeys to us : [email protected] daassaa
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XII STD. PHYSICS STUDY MATERIAL, DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS, 42

SRMHSS, KAVERIYAMPOONDI, TIRUVANNAMALAI

NN eett NNe ett

RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed., C.C.A., P.G. TEACHER IN PHYSICS

lalai .i.124. Find the de Broglie wavelength associated

l a
l i
a .i. with an alpha particle which is lalai.
assaa a
the proton is 1.67 × 10 a da
kg.a
accelerated through a potential
d –27
s sadifference
a of 400 V. Given that the mass ofaassaa
a ad d
Solution:
w w . PP
. contains 2 protons and 2 neutrons. w w .P P
. the
An ww ww
mass w ww
alpha particle Therefore,
Mw of the alpha particle is 4 times that of a proton (mp) (or a neutron)
and its charge q is twice that of a proton (+e). The de Broglie wavelength
h h

N Nett
e associated with it is 𝜆 =
√2 MqV
=
N N eett
lalai.i. l a
l i
a .i. √2 x (4mp ) x (2e) x V

l a
l i
a.

et
assaa aa aa
6.634 x 10−34
=
ddaas s
√2 x 4 x 1.67 x 10−27 x 2 x 1.6 x 10−19 x 400
d daass
. P
.Paa
6.634 x 10−34
. P
. Paa

.N
= ; =
w ww w 0.00507
4 x 20 x 10−23 √1.67 x 1.6
Å
w w w w
125.
w w ww
Calculate the momentum and the de Broglie wavelength in the following

lai
cases: i) an electron with kinetic energy 2 eV. ii) a bullet of 50 g fired from
rifle with a speed of 200 m/s iii) a 4000 kg car moving along the highways
N Neett N eett
at 50 m/s. Hence show that the wave nature of matter is important at the
N
l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a .i. l
atomic level but is not really relevant at macroscopic level. a
l i
a .
sa
assaa Solution:
aaddaasaa
s
i) Momentum of the electron is
aaddaassaa
ww. P
. P w
w . P
. P
p = √2𝑚𝐾 = √2 x9.1 x 10−31 x 2 x 1.6 x 10−19 ; √58.24 x 10−50
w
www w
www
da

p = 7.63 x 10-25 kg ms-1

ℎ 6.634 x 10−34
Its de Broglie wavelength is = = ; = 0.868 x 10-9 m
𝑝 7.63 x 10−25
𝜆 = 8.68 Å
Pa

N Neett N Neett
ii) Momentum of the bullet is p = m𝑣 = 0.050 x 200 = 10 kgms-1
l a
l i
a .i. l a
lai .=i. 6.634 x 10−34
l a
l i
a .
assaa aa aa
ℎ
; =
d da as
Its de Broglie wavelength is
s 𝜆 = 𝑝 10
6.626 x 10 m
d daass-33

aa a a
w.

iii) Momentum of the car is p = m𝑣 = 4000 x 50 = 2 x 10 kgms 5 -1

w w. P P
. wavelength is = = ℎ
w
6.634 x 10−34
w . PP
. m
wFromw
wwthese calculations, we notice that electronwhas
Its de Broglie
𝑝
www
; = 3.313
2 x 105
x 10
significant value
-39
ww

of de Broglie wavelength (≈10–9m which can be measured from diffraction

studies) but bullet and car have negligibly small de Broglie wavelengths

N Neett N Neett
associated with them (≈10–33m and 10–39m respectively, which are not

l a
l i
a .i. l lai.i. l a
l i
a .
measurable by any experiment). This implies that the wave nature of matter is
a
assaa aa aa
important at the atomic level but it is not really relevant at the macroscopic
level.
ddaass d a
d s
a s
.P. Paa . P
. Paa
w w
w w w
w
www www

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a .i. l a
l i
a .
assaa as
a aa
s
aaddand answerkeys to us : [email protected] daassaa
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XII STD. PHYSICS STUDY MATERIAL, DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS, 43

SRMHSS, KAVERIYAMPOONDI, TIRUVANNAMALAI

N Neett N Neett
RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed., C.C.A., P.G. TEACHER IN PHYSICS

lalai .i. a i
a
EXERCISE lPROBLEM
l .i. l a
l i
a .
assaa 126. How many photons peraasecond ddaass aa
aa
emanate from a 50 mW laser of 640 nm?ddaassaa
Solution:
ww. P P
., 𝜆 = 640 nm , h = 6.6 x 10 Js, w w .P.P
P =w w
wcw= 3wx10 ms
50 mW
8 -1 www -34

Number of photons emanate per second

𝑃 𝑃𝜆 50 x 103 x 640 x 10−9 32000 x 10−6

N Net
e t nP = =
𝐸 ℎ𝑐
; =
6.6 x 10−34 x 3 x 108
;=
N Ne e t t ;
19.8 x 10−26

lalai.i. = 1616.16 x 1020 nP =1.6 x 1017 s-1

l a
l i
a .
i . l a
l i
a.

et
assaa 127. Calculate a
(i) Violet light of 413 nma d a
(ii)
as saa associated with the following radiation:aassaa
the energies of the photons
d X-rays of 0.1 nm (iii) radio waves of 10 m. ad
a d
. PP
. Js, c = 3 x10 ms . P
. P

.N
Solution:
h =w
w w w w w
www 6.6 x 10 -34

Energy of photon, E = ℎ𝜐 ; E =
8 -1
ℎ𝑐 www

lai
𝜆
6.6 x 10−34 x 3 x 108
= 0.04794 x 10
N Neett i) Violet light, 𝜆 = 413 nm ; E =
N Neet t 413 x 10−9
-17

l a
l i
a .i. = 4.794 x 10 J ; =
l
-19
a
l i
a .
i .4.794 x 10−19
ev
l a
l i
a .
sa
assaa aa aa
1.6 x 10−19
E = 3 eV
a as s
dnmd; E = d a
d s
a s
ii) X –Ray, .𝜆P
=P
. a a
0.1
6.6 x 10−34 x 3 x 108
= 198 x 10 .P
. Pa a -17

w ww 0.1 x 10−9
w ww
www= www
da

198 x 10−17
; 123.75 x 10 2
1.6 x 10−19
E = 12375 eV
6.6 x 10−34 x 3 x 108
Pa

= 1.98 x 10 J
N Neett iii) Radio waves, 𝜆 = 10 m ; E =
N Neet t 10
-26

l a
l i
a .i. =
1.98 x 10−26
; 1.2375 a
l xa
l i
10 .
i . -7
l a
l i
a .
assaa aa aa
1.6 x 10−19
a
E = 1.24 x 10 eV
dd as s-7
d a
d s
a s
a a a a
w.

128. A 150 W lamp ww . PP . P P

. light of mean wavelength of 5500 Å .wIf thewwefficiency
emits .
ww
is 12%, w
findw lampw
out the number of photons emitted by the w
w in one second.
ww

Solution:
P = 150 W , 𝜆 = 5500 Å , h = 6.6 x 10-34 Js, c = 3 x108 ms-1

N Neett Number of photons emanated per second n =

N Ne tt
e
𝑃𝜆

l a
l i
a .i. If the efficiency is 12% , 𝜂 = a
l lai=.i0.12
. 12
ℎ𝑐

l a
l i
a .
assaa s aa
s s aa
s
100
n=
𝑃𝜂𝜆

a ad daa ad
a a
d a
= . P
. P
ℎ𝑐
150 x 0.12 x 5500 x 10−10
w w ;= . P
.
99000 x 10−10
; w
w P
ww x 10 ; n =5 x 10
w=w5000
6.6 x 10−34 x 3 x 108
16 19
w
www
19.8 x 10−26

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a .i. l a
l i
a .
assaa as
a aa
s
aaddand answerkeys to us : [email protected] daassaa
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questions P d a a
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XII STD. PHYSICS STUDY MATERIAL, DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS, 44

SRMHSS, KAVERIYAMPOONDI, TIRUVANNAMALAI

NN eett N N eett
RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed., C.C.A., P.G. TEACHER IN PHYSICS

lalai .i.129. How many photons of frequency 10lalaHzi.iwill

. make up 19.86 J of energy?
14
l a
l i
a .
assaa Solution:
a add
Total energy emitted
aa ssaa
per second = Power x time a addaassaa
. PP
19.86. = Power x 1 s ; ∴ Power = 19.86 W
ww w w .P.P
w
ww of photons, n = = ; =
wNumber 𝑃
𝐸
w
www 𝑃
ℎ𝜐
19.86
6.6 x 10−34 x 1014
= 3.009 x 1020 n=3x 1020;
np = 3 x 1020

NN ee tWhat
t should be the velocity of the electronNNe e t tits momentum equals
lalai.i. that of 4000 Å wavelength photon.lalai.i.
130. so that
l a
l i
a.

et
assaa Solution:
aadd a as saa
aa ddaassaa
𝜆 = = .PP . P P
6.6 x 10−34
. ;
ℎ ℎ
; =
ℎ
.

.N
w w
w 𝑣 =
w w w
www ; = 0.1821 x 10 ; www
𝑃 𝑚𝑣 𝑚𝜆 9.11 x 10−31 x 4000 x 1010
6.6 x 10−34
4
36.44 x 10−38

lai
𝑣 = 1821 ms-1

N ee
131.
N tCalculate
tto 81.9 ×the10de Broglie wavelength of a proton
NN e et t kinetic energy is equal
whose

l a
l i
a .i. –15
l a
l i
J. (Given: mass of proton
a .i. is 1836 times that of electron). lalai.
sa
assaa Solution:
Mp = 1.67 xP a add aas saa
aadd aassaa
w w . . P
10 kg, KE =
-2781.9 x 10 J
ww .
-15
P
. P
de w w
www www
da

ℎ
Broglie wavelength of a proton, 𝜆 =
√2𝑚𝐾
6.6 x 10−34
= ;
√2 x 1.67 x 10−27 x 81.9 x10−15
Pa

N Neett N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. =
6.6 x 10−34
l la .i.
; = 3.99 xi10
a -14
l a
l i
a .
assaa aa aa
1.6539 x 10−20
𝜆 = 4 x 10 a m ss ss
aad d a -14

a ad daa
w.

132.
w w . PP
. associated
An electron is accelerated
w w .
through a potential difference of 81V. WhatPP
. is the
de Brogliew
w this wavelength correspond? w
wwdoes
spectrum
wavelength with it? To which
www
part of electromagnetic
ww

Solution:
de – Broglie wavelength of an electron beam accelerated through a

N Neett N Neet t; = nm ℎ 1.23

l a
l i
a .i. l a
lai.i.
potential difference of V volts is 𝜆 =
√2𝑚𝑉
l a
l i
a . √𝑉

assaa s aam = 0.1366 x 10 m saa

1.23
V = 81 V, So 𝜆 = xs
10 s
𝜆 = 1.36 ÅPaa d da a √81
-9

aad daa -9

X –Rayw w
is . P . P P
. part of electromagnetic spectrum doeswthiswwwavelength
the .
w w wwX – Ray has the wavelengths ranging fromw
corresponds. w
aboutw
10 to 10 m
-8 -12

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a .i. l a
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assaa as
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XII STD. PHYSICS STUDY MATERIAL, DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS, 45

SRMHSS, KAVERIYAMPOONDI, TIRUVANNAMALAI

NN eett N N e ett
RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed., C.C.A., P.G. TEACHER IN PHYSICS

lalai .i.133. When a light of frequency 9X10lalaHzi.i.is incident on a metal surface, lalai.
14

assaa d d
photoelectrons are emitted
aa aas saa a maximum speed of 8X10 ms .aassaa
with
a add 5 -1

ww . P
. P
Determine the threshold frequency of the surface.
ww . P
.P
www
Solution:
w wwww
V = 9x1014Hz; Vmax = 8x 105 ms-1

N Net
e t
By Einstein’s Photo electric equation, ℎ𝜐 =ℎ𝑣 + t𝑚𝑣
N N ee t or 0
1 2
𝑚𝑎𝑥

lalai.i. l al ai .
i . l
2

a
l i
a.

et
assaa aa aa
1
ℎ𝑣 = ℎ𝜐 − 𝑚𝑣 ; 2
0

dd a
2
ass 𝑚𝑎𝑥

d a
d s
a s
.
= [6.626 x 10PP
. [a a
x 9 x 10 ]
-34 –[ x 9.1 x 10 -14
x64 x 10
1
]
. P
. Paa −31 10

.N
w w w
w x 10 ] – 291.2 x 10 ; w
2
w
w
w=w[59.634 -20 ]
www −21

= [59.634 – 29.12] x 10 -20

lai
𝒉𝒗𝟎 = 30.514 x 10-20
N Neett N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. 𝒗 =
30.514 x 10−20
=
l a
l ai .=i. 30.514 x 10−20
;
l l i
a .
30.514 x 1014
a
sa
assaa aa aa
𝟎 6.626 x 10−34
𝒗 = 4.603 x 10 d
h

d
Hza as s 14
ddaass 6.626

. P
. Paa . P
. Paa
w ww w ww
wwpoint of time, the earth receives energy fromwwsunwat
da

134. At thew
given
4 cal cm–2 min–1. Determine the number of photons received on the surface
Pa

NNeet t
of the Earth per cm2 per minute.
NNee tt
l a
l i
a .i. (Given: Mean wavelength of sun lightlal=ai5500
.i. Å) l a
l i
a .
assaa Solution:
aad da a ssaa
aaddaasaa
s
w.

P = 4 cal cm min
w w . P
.
–2
P
= 4 x 4.2
–1 = 16.8 J cm min ;
w
w . P
. P -2 -1

www
λ = 5500 wÅ = 5500 x 10 m -10 w
www
ww

The number of photons received on the surface of the

N Neet t
Earth per cm per minute , n = =
2 =
N N
= tt ;
ee p
𝑃 𝑃 𝑃
ℎ𝑐
𝑃𝜆

l a
l i
a .
i . l a
lai.i. 𝐸 ℎ𝑣

l a
l i
a .
( )
𝜆
ℎ𝑐

assaa =
1.68 x 5500 x 10−10

a
; aa
ad d
6.626 x 10−34 x 3 x 108
ssaa
ad
a a
d s
a aa
s
;w
=w
924 x 10−18 . P
. P w
w. P
. P
=
wwww
19.878
4.648 x 10 x 10 ; n = 4.648 x 10
1
w
www
18 p 19

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a .i. l a
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assaa as
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s
aaddand answerkeys to us : [email protected] daassaa
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XII STD. PHYSICS STUDY MATERIAL, DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS, 46

SRMHSS, KAVERIYAMPOONDI, TIRUVANNAMALAI

N Neett N Neett
RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed., C.C.A., P.G. TEACHER IN PHYSICS

lalai .i. UNIT – IX (ATOMIC AND l a

l ai .i.
NUCLEAR PHYSICS) l a
l i
a .
assaa 135. The radius of the 5 a a dda as aa
s
a d
a daassaa
w
wavelength of . P P orbit
th

the .electron in the 5 orbit.

w th
ww .P.P
of hydrogen atom is 13.25 Å. Calculate the

www
Solution: w w
www
2𝜋𝑟 = 𝑛𝜆 ; 2 x3.14 x 13.25 Å = 5 x 𝜆 ; ∴ 𝜆 = 16.64 Å

136. Find the (i) angular momentum (ii) velocity of the electron in the 5th orbit

N Nett
e of hydrogen atom.
N Neett
lalai.i. Solution:
l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a.

et
assaa = 5.25 x 10P aad a as
(i) Angular momentum is given
d saa
by = 𝑛ℏ = ;=
𝑛ℎ
2𝜋
ad
a a
d s
a aa
s
5 x 6.6 x10−34
2 x 3.14
. .Pkgm
-34 s 2 -1
. P
. P

.N
w ww www
wwwis given by velocity, = ; =
(ii) Velocity
𝑚𝑟
𝑙
www (5.25 x 10−34 kgm2 s−1)
(9.1 x 10−31 kg) (13.25 x 10
−10 m)

𝒗 = 4.4 x 105 ms-1

l a
l i
a N
.i. N tt
lai l a
l i
between its different isotopes?
a N
.i. N ett
137. Calculate the average atomic mass of chlorine if no distinction is made
ee e
l a
l i
a .
sa
assaa aa aa
Solution:
aass
The element chlorine is a mixture of 75.77% of 35
dd ddaass 37
17𝐶𝑙 and 24.23% of 17𝐶𝑙

. P
. Paa
. So the average atomic mass will be
. P
. Paa
www 75.77 24.23
w w
w
www www
da

x 34.96885u + x 36.96593u ; = 35.453 u

100 100
In fact, the chemist uses the average atomic mass or simply called
chemical atomic weight (35.453u for chlorine) of an element. So it must be
remembered that the atomic mass which is mentioned in the periodic table is
Pa

NN eett
basically averaged atomic mass.
N N e ett
l a
l i
a .i.138. Calculate the radius of 𝐴𝑢 nucleus.
197
l a
la i .i. l a
l i
a .
assaa ss aa saa
s
79
Solution:
a ad da a aaddaa
w.

1 1

= 6.97wxw
. P
P
10. m (or) R = 6.97 F
According to the equation (R = R A ), R =
0 3 1.2 x 10 x ( 197 )
-15

ww. P
. P 3

w w ww -15

ww w w
ww

4
139. Compute the binding energy of 𝐻𝑒 nucleus using the following data:
2
Atomic mass of Helium atom, MA (He) = 4.00260 𝒖 and that of hydrogen

N Neettatom, mH = 1.00785.
N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. Solution:
l a
lai.i.
Binding energy BE [ZmH + Nmn –MA] c2 l a
l i
a .
assaa aasaa
s
For helium nucleus, Z = 2, N = A–Z = 4–2 = 2
aadd ad
a a
d s
a aa
s
Mass defect ∆𝑚 = [(2 x 1.00785𝑢 ) + (2 x 1.008665𝑢) – 4.00260𝑢 ]
w
w .P. P
∆𝑚 = 0.03038 𝑢 ; B.E = 0.03038 𝑢 x c2 w
w. P
. P
w
www w
www
B.E = 0.03038 × 931MeV = 28MeV ; [∴ 1𝑢𝑐 2 = 931 𝑀𝑒𝑉 ]

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assaa as
a aa
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XII STD. PHYSICS STUDY MATERIAL, DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS, 47

SRMHSS, KAVERIYAMPOONDI, TIRUVANNAMALAI

NN eett NNe e tt
RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed., C.C.A., P.G. TEACHER IN PHYSICS

lalai .i.140. Calculate the number of nuclei of carbon-14

l a
l i
a .i. un-decayed after 22,920 years lalai.
assaa is 5730 years. aad da a s
if the initial number of carbon-14 saatoms
a is 10,000. The half-life of carbon-14aassaa
a ad d
Solution:
ww. P. P w w. P
.P
w w
wTowgetwthe time interval in terms of half-life, n = ww= w = 4 𝑇1/2
𝑡 22920 yr
5730 yr
The number of nuclei remaining un-decayed after 22,920 years,
1 𝑛 1 4

NN eett N = ( ) No = = ( ) x 10000 ; N = 625

2 2
N Neett
lalai.i.141. Compute the binding energy per nucleon
l a
l ai .iof. 𝐇𝐞 l a
l i
a.

et
assaa aa aa
𝟒

Solution:
d daas s 𝟐

d a
d s
a s
Z=2 ; A = 4
. PP a a
.of helium nucleus, ∆𝑚 = 0.03043u www.. P
P aa

.N
w w w
Mass defect
wenergy of helium nucleus, w
wBinding
w
BE = ∆𝑚 x 931 MeV = 0.03043 x 931 = 28MeV
w
w

lai
BE 28
Hence Binding energy per nucleon, ̅̅̅̅
BE = = ; ̅̅̅̅
𝐁𝐄 =7MeV

N Neett EXERCISE PROBLEM

N Neett A 7

l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a .
sa
assaa 142. Calculate108
a dd
𝐴𝑔 nucleus. [Atomic mass
a as saa
the mass defect and the
a binding energy per nucleon of the
of Ag = 107.905949]
aaddaassaa
47
Solution:
ww . PP
. = 1.007825 amu, Mass of neutron, m w w w . P P
. amu
w
wwdefect, ∆𝑚 = Zm + Zm − M ; www
da

Mass of proton, m = 1.008865

wMass p

p N N
n

= 47 x 1.007825 + 61 x 1.008665 – 107.905949

= 108.89634 – 107.905949; ∆𝑚 = 0.990391𝑢
Pa

N Neett Binding energy per nucleon of the 108

e
47𝐴𝑔 nucleus
N N ett
l a
l i
a .i. ̅̅̅̅̅
B. E =
∆m x 931
;=
l a
la; .=i.
i
0.990391 x 931 922.054021
;
l a
l i
a .
assaa s s aa s aa
s
A 108 108
= 8.539 ̅̅̅̅̅ d
B. E = 8.5
a a d a aMeV

a d
a a
d a
w.

Half lives ofw

. PP A

two. radioactive elements A and B are 20 w

w w . PP
. and
143.
w w
40 minutes w wrespectively. Initially, the samples have equal
w
w w minutes
w of nuclei.
number
ww

Calculate the ratio of decayed numbers of A and B nuclei after 80 minutes.

Solution:

N Neett N N ett
80 minutes = 4 half-lives of A = 2 half live of B
e
l a
l i
a .i. l a
lai.i.
Let the initial number of nuclei in each sample be N.
l a
l i
a .
assaa aa aa
N
N after 80 minutes =
A

dda ass 24
d a
d s
a s
. P
. =aa
Number of A nuclides
P decayed = N
15
16
. P
. Paa
w w w N
w w
w
ww of B nuclides decayed = N www
N after
B 80 minutes
wNumber 24
3
4
15 4 5
Required ratio = x = 4 ; NA :NB = 5 : 4

N Neett 16 3

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XII STD. PHYSICS STUDY MATERIAL, DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS, 48

SRMHSS, KAVERIYAMPOONDI, TIRUVANNAMALAI

NN eett N Ne e tt
RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed., C.C.A., P.G. TEACHER IN PHYSICS

lalai .i.144. Calculate the time required for 60%laoflaia.isample

. of radon undergo decay. l a
l i
a .
assaa (Given T of radon =3.8 days.)ss
Solution:
½
aa d da a aa
aaddaassaa
w w . P
Here consider P
.equation,
R – 222 with a half-life of 3.823 days.
ww .P.P
www w
From decay
n
Current amount = Initial
𝑡 wwww
amount x (2) -n

N −
N = N0 (2)−𝑛 ; = (2) 𝑇1/2
N0

N Nett
e N
log ( ) = log (2) x (− 𝑻 ) ;
NN
𝒕
e e t t) N
log (N )
0
= (− 𝑻
𝒕

lalai.i. N0
l a
l ai .i. days.
𝟏/𝟐 log (2)
l
𝟏/𝟐
a
l i
a.

et
assaa aa aa
log(0.4)
t=
log(2)
dda a s
x (−3.823) ; time
s t = 5.05
dd aass
145. . PP
Assuming that energy aa
. the number of fissions per second required
released by the fission of a single U . P
.
nucleusPaa 92 235

.N
w
w w w w w
w
is 200MeV,
ww
1 Watt
calculate
power. www to produce

Solution:

lai
The fission of a single 92U235 nucleus releases 200 Mev of energy

N NeetEnergy eett E = ⟹ =
t released in the fission is given by theNNformula Pt n P

l a
l i
a .i. E = 200 Mev = 200 x 10 x 1.6a
l l a .i.
x i10 6
l
-19
a
l i
a . n t E
sa
assaa E = 320 x 10 ; E = 3.2s
n P
aadd aa xs
1
aa J
10
-13

; = 0.3125 x 10 = 3.125 x 10
-11

aaddaassaa
= =
t
ww .EP
. P 3.2 x 10−11
w
w . P
. P 11 10

ww x 10 w
www
da

n
ww=3.125
t
10

146. Show that the mass of radium ( 88Ra226 ) with an activity of 1 curie is almost
Pa

a gram. (Given T½ =1600 years.)

N NeettSolution:
NN eett
l a
l i
a .i. l a
lai .i.
The activity of the sample at any time t
l a
l i
a .
assaa R = λN ; Here, λ = a
a add assa
; Ra= 1Ci = 3.7 x 10 dis s
0.6931

aaddaasaa
s 10 -1
w.

T1/2
T
w
1/2
w .
= 1600P
. P
year = 1600 x 3.16 x 10 dis
w
w . P
. P 7

w
w∴wThewamount of radium, N = = www w
R
λ
RT1/2
0.6931
ww

3.7 x 1010 x 1600 x 3.16 x 107 18707.2 x 1017

= ;=
0.6931 0.6931

N Neett N N ett
= 26990.62 x 1017; N = 2.7 x 1021 atoms
e
l a
l i
a .i. strength. l a
lai.i.
As 226g of radiation contains 6.023 x 1023 atoms so the amount of required
l a
l i
a .
assaa =
aaddaas
;saa101.311 x 10 ; = 1.013g ≈ 1g
226 x 2.7 x 1021
=
ad
a a
d s
a aa
s -2

ww.P. P 6.023 x 1023

ww . P
. P
w
www wwww

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XII STD. PHYSICS STUDY MATERIAL, DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS, 49

SRMHSS, KAVERIYAMPOONDI, TIRUVANNAMALAI

NN eett N Neett
RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed., C.C.A., P.G. TEACHER IN PHYSICS

lalai .i.147. Characol pieces of tree is found fromlalanai.iarcheological

. site. The carbon-14 l a
l i
a .
assaa a
from a living tree. Whatad a
isd a aa that of equivalent sample of carbon aassaa
content of this characol is onlys17.5%
s
the age of tree? a d
a d
Solution:
w w . P
. P w w .P.P
www
R = 100%
0
w , R = 17.5%, 𝜆 = , T = 5730 years w
0.6931
𝑇1/2 1/2 www
𝑅0
According to radioactive law R = R0 𝑒 −𝜆𝑡 ; 𝑒 𝜆𝑡 =
𝑅

NNetTaking
et log on both sides t = In ( ) NNeet t 1 𝑅0

lalai.i. Half-life of carbon, T = 5730 yearslalai.i. 𝜆 𝑅

l a
l i
a.

et
assaa aa aa
1/2
T=
𝑇1/2
in ( );
d da
1
ass5730 years
x 1.74297
d a
d s
a s
0.6931
.
= 14409.49 years; P
.P
t a
= a
0.175
1.44 x 10 years
0.6931
. P
. P
4aa

.N
w w w www
UNITww– w www
X (ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION)

lai
148. An ideal diode and a 5 Ω resistor are connected in series with a 15 V power
supply as shown in figure below. Calculate the current that flows through
N Neett
the diode.
N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. Solution:
l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a .
sa
assaa a dd asaa
s
The diode is forward biased and it is an ideal
a
one. Hence, it acts like a closed switch with no
a aaddaassaa
w w. P
. P
barrier voltage. Therefore, current that flows
w
w . P
. P
www w w
www
da

through the diode can be calculated using Ohm’s

V
law. V = IR ; I = ; = 5 ; = 3A
R

149. Consider an ideal junction diode. Find the value of current flowing through
Pa

N Neett
Solution:
N Ne tt
e
l a
l i
a .i. a i .i. a
The barrier potential of the diode is neglected as it is an ideal diode.
l la l l i
a .
assaa law,
aa d d s
a saa
aadd asaa
s
The value of current flowing through AB can be obtained by using Ohm’s
a a
w.

I = ; = .P
. P . P
. P
V 3−(−7) 10

w w w ; = ; 10 A = 10 mA
w through the Zener diode when the loadww
R 1 x 10 3
103
-2

w w w w
150. wwcurrent
Find the resistance is 1 KΩ.
ww

Use diode approximation.

Solution:

N Neett Voltage across AB is VZ = 9V

N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. a i.i.
Voltage drop across R = 15 - 9 = 6V
l la l a
l i
a .
assaa s saa s aa
s
Therefore, current through the resistor R,
I=
6
a
= 6 mA
ad daa ad
a a
d a
.P P
. the load resistor = V = 9V
1 x 103
Voltagew
w
across w
w. P
. P
w
wwthrough load resistor, 𝐼 = = ;w=w4.5wmA
wCurrent w 𝐿
AB
𝑉𝐴𝐵
𝑅𝐿
9
2 x 103
The current through the Zener diode,
Iz = I – IL = 6 mA – 4.5 mA = 1.5 mA

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XII STD. PHYSICS STUDY MATERIAL, DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS, 50

SRMHSS, KAVERIYAMPOONDI, TIRUVANNAMALAI

NN eett NN eett
RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed., C.C.A., P.G. TEACHER IN PHYSICS

lalai .i.151. Determine the wavelength of lightlemitted

al i
a .i. from LED which is made up of lalai.
assaa GaAsP semiconductor whose s
aad
colour of the light emittedda a aa energy gap is 1.875 eV. Mention theaassaa
s
forbidden
(Take h = 6.6 × 10 Js). aad
-34 d
Solution:
w w . P
. P w w .P.P
w
wEw= w; Therefore, 𝜆 = ; =
g
ℎ𝑐
𝜆
ℎ𝑐
𝐸𝑔
wwww
6.6 x 10−34 x 3 x 108
1.875 x 1.6 x 10−19
= 660 nm
The wavelength 660 nm corresponds to red colour light.

N Nee tInt a transistor connected in the commonNN eet configuration,

t
lalai.i.152.
l al ai .
i . base a 𝜶 =0.95 ,
l a
l i
a.

et
assaa s aa s aa
I mA . Calculate the values of and .
E= 𝟏
Solution: d da a s I I C B

dd aa s
α = ; I.P
IC
. Pa a . P
. Paa

.N
w ww = αI
C = 0.95 x
E 1 = 0.95 mA
w w w
wIw=wI + I ∴ I = I − I ; = 1 – 0.95 = 0.05 wwmAw
IB
E B C B C E

lai
153. In the circuit shown in the figure, the input voltage Vi is 20 V, VBE = 0 V and

N Neett N Neett
VCE = 0 V. What are the values of IB , IC , β? (March 2020)

l a
l i
a .i. Solution:
l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a .
sa
assaa aa aa
𝑉𝑖 20 V
; = 40𝜇A
I = =
B 𝑅𝐵
d da ass
500 kΩ
ddaass
. P
P aa [∴ V = 0V]
. P Paa
=. . BE
I = w
w w
w
𝑉𝐶𝐶 20 V
; = 5mA
wwww w
www
da

C 𝑅𝐶 4 kΩ
[∴ V = 0V] CE
IC 5 𝑚𝐴
β= = ; β = 125
Pa

IB 40𝜇A

NN ee tCalculate
t NNe e t t is to be used in a tuned-
l a
l i
a .i. collector oscillator which has a fixedlalainductance
154. the range of the variable
i .i. of 150 μH. The frequency lalai.
capacitor that

assaa band is from 500 kHz to 1500

a add aas saa
kHz.
aadd aasaa
s
w.

Solution:
w w . P
. P 1
ww . P
. P 1

wWhenw
wwfrequency is equal to 500 kHz
Resonant frequency, f = 0
2π√LC
www w
; On simplifying we get C =
4π2 f20 L
ww

1
C= ; = 676 pF
4 x 3.14 2 x (500 x 103 )2 x 150 x 10−6

N Neett When frequency is equal to 1500 kHz

NNeett
l a
l i
a .i. C=
l a
lai.i. ; = 75 pF
1
l a
l i
a .
assaa aa is 75 – 676 pF aa
4 x 3.14 2 x (1500 x 103 )2 x 150 x 10−6
a as
Therefore, the capacitor
dd s
range
d a
d s
a s
. P
. Pa a . P
. Paa
w ww w w
w
www www

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XII STD. PHYSICS STUDY MATERIAL, DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS, 51

SRMHSS, KAVERIYAMPOONDI, TIRUVANNAMALAI

NN eett NN e ett
RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed., C.C.A., P.G. TEACHER IN PHYSICS

lalai .i.155. What is the output Y in the followinglalacircuit,

i .i. when all the three inputs A, B, lalai.
assaa and C are first 0 and then 1? ss
Solution: aadda a aa
aad d aassaa
w w . P
. P w w .P.P
www wA B C X = A.B Y = ̅̅̅̅̅
X. C www w
0 0 0 0 1
1 1 1 1 0

NN ee tInt the combination of the following gates,NNwrite

e et tthe Boolean equation for
lalai.i. output Y in terms of inputs A and B.lalai.i.
156.
l a
l i
a.

et
assaa Solution:
The output at the 1st aadd a as saa
aad daassaa
. PP AND gate: A B
. AND gate: A̅ B̅
. P
. P

.N
The output atw w
the 2nd w w
www
The outputw ̅+A
at the OR gate: Y = A. B ̅. 𝐵 wwww

lai
157. Simplify the Boolean identity AC + ABC = AC

N Neett
Solution:
N Ne
Step 1: AC (1 + B) = AC.1 [OR law – 2]ett
l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a
Step 2: AC. 1 = AC [AND law – 2].i. l a
l i
a .
sa
assaa aas
Therefore, AC + ABC = AC
aa
Circuit Descriptiondd
aa
s
aaddaassaa
ww. P
.
Y=AC + ABC Y=AC P w
w . P
. P
w
www w
www
da

Thus the given statement is proved.

158. A transmitting antenna has a height of 40 m and the height of the receiving
Pa

N Neet t
antenna
e
is 30 m. What is the maximum distance
N N et tbetween them for line-of-

l a
l i
a .
i . sight communication? The radius of thei.earth
l a
la i. is 6.4×10 m. 6

l a
l i
a .
assaa aad da assaa
aad d aasaa
s
w.

ww . P
. P ww . P
. P
www
Solution:
w wwww
ww

The total distance d between the transmitting and receiving antennas will be
the sum of the individual distances of coverage.
N Neett N Ne tt
e
d = d1 + d2 ; = √2 Rh1 + √2Rh2 = √2R (√h1 + √h2 )
l a
l i
a .i. l a
lai .i. l a
l i
a .
assaa = √2 x 6.4 x 10 (√40 + √30) s ; =a
s ax 6.4 x 10 x √10(√4 + √3) s aa
s
6 √2 6

a ad da a ad
a a
d a
.PP
w10. (2 + 1.732)
= √2 x 6.4 x 10 (√4
7 + √ 3) ; = √2 x 64 x 10 ( 6
√4 + √ 3)
w. P
. P
d = 1.414w xw8 xw www
w w 3

d = 42.21 x 10 m; d = 42.21km
3
ww

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a .i. l a
l i
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XII STD. PHYSICS STUDY MATERIAL, DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS, 52

SRMHSS, KAVERIYAMPOONDI, TIRUVANNAMALAI

N Neett N Neett
RAJENDRAN M, M.Sc., B.Ed., C.C.A., P.G. TEACHER IN PHYSICS

lalai .i. a ai
EXERCISE lPROBLEM
l .i. l a
l i
a .
assaa 159. The given circuit has two aaddaas
ideal
saa
a ad
diodes connected as shown in figure below.
a
d s
a aa
s
Calculate thew
w . PP
. flowing through the resistance R www.
current .P P
w
Solution: w
w D is reverse biased so, it will block www
wDiode
1

1
the current and Diode D2 is forward biased, so it
will pass the current.
N Net t Current in the circuit is I = ; = N=Neet; t
e V 10 10

lalai.i. lR
a
l i
a .i.
2+2 4
l a
l i
a.

et
assaa 160. Four silicon diodes and aa aa
= 2.5A
I
d da as s d daass
. P Pa a a 10 Ω resistor are connected as
.has a resistance of 1Ω. Find the currentw shown
. PP
in a a
figure
. the

.N
w w ww
below. Each diode w
flows
w wthrough
w w
18Ω resistor.
Solution:
w w

lai
Diode D2 and D4 are forward biased while diodes

N Neett N Neett
D1 and D3 are reverse biased . Only current flowing
through the closed loop is EADCBFE. Consider the applied
l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a .i.
voltage is 4V. For silicon diode, Barrier voltage is 0.7 V.
l a
l i
a .
sa
assaa a
V = 2.6 V
addaasaa
s
Net circuit voltages = 4 – (0.7 + 0.7) = 4 – 1.4
aaddaassaa
w w. P
. P w
Total circuit resistance = 1 + 18 + 1 R = 20 Ω
w . P
. P
w w Current I = = ; = 0.13 A w
www
da

w∴wCircuit V
R
2.6
20

161. Determine the current flowing through 3Ω and 4Ω

Pa

N Neett N N ett
resistors of the circuit given below. Assume that diodes
e
l a
l i
a .i. D1 and D2 are ideal diodes.
Solution: l a
lai .i. l a
l i
a .
assaa aassaa a
Here diode D1 is forward biased (closed switch)
ad
ad aadd asaa
s
w.

and D2 is reverse biased (open switch)

ww. P
. P w
w . P
. P
So D1 conducts while D2 do not conduct the current.
w
www w
www
For ideal diode, there is no barrier voltage (i.e.) VB = 0
ww

Let ‘I’ be the current through D1, then by Ohm’s Kirchoff’s

voltage law,
2I + 4I = 12 (or) 6I = 12 or I = 2A

N Neett N Neett
Since D2 will not conduct, no current flows through diode D2
l a
l i
a .i. l a
lai.i. l a i
a .
Thus current flowing through 3Ω and 4Ω resistors of the circuit are 0 and 2 A
l
assaa Respectively.
aaddaasaa
s
ad
a a
d s
a aa
s
w
w .P. P w
w. P
. P
w
www w
www

N Neett N Nee tt
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l i
a .i. l a
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assaa as
a aa
s
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