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International Conference on Engineering for Sustainable World IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1378 (2019) 032074 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1378/3/032074

Thermal Conductivity of Nanofluids in Heat Transfer

Applications – A Review

U.K. Efemwenkiekie1, S.O. Oyedepo

1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
Corresponding Author; [email protected]

Abstract-
The subject of nanofluid have been a major topic of research due to its numerous
thermo-physical properties and several breakthroughs that have been recorded. Despite
this, other challenges have also ensued. In this work, efforts were made to review the
breakthrough, challenges that have been recorded in nanofluid applications as regards
thermal conductivity. Thermal conductivity is a significant criterion to consider when
dealing with heat transfer related works and several factors affect the performance of
this systems; factors such as temperature, nanoparticle size, the method of preparation
of nanofluid, volumetric loading, nanoparticle shape and base-fluid used. The result of
the review showed that despite the success recorded in enhancing of these systems; by
employing nanofluid to improve these systems there are still challenges that portends
from the use of nanoparticle. Hence the need for further researches to done in order to
address these issues

Key words: Heat transfer, thermal conductivity, nanofluid, volume fraction,

temperature

1. Introduction

In the last few decades heat transfer has witnessed tremendous growth, owing to the discovery
of nanofluid as stated by (Choi,1995) and better understanding of its application (Sidik, et al,
2018). Though, the use of nanofluid finds wide range of application in several fields of
engineering, heat transfer related area is at the forefront of the revolution as opinionated by
(Kulkarni, et al 2009), (Lee, 2014), etc. Nanofluid are fluids having a particle size between 1 to
100 nm, at this particle size, it possesses some intricate properties such enhanced thermal
conductivity, viscosity, thermal diffusivity, convective heat transfer coefficient etc. which are
vital to heat transfer processes. (Li, et al 2015) highlighted the methods for preparation of
nanofluid namely single step method and the two step method the former involves synthesizing
and dispersing at the same time avoiding the usual rigor of drying, storing and mixing with the
basefluid as stipulated by (Eastman et al., 2001) while in the two step method the nanoparticles
used are first dried by either chemical or physical method, the nano-scaled fluid are then
dispersed into the solution before magnetic force agitation and other processes are applied for
homogeneity. This method is the most used method, in nanofluid preparation and has wide
acceptance in the scientific environment, largely due to the ease in preparation and economic
importance of low cost.

However, the surfactants are used for the stability of nanoparticles, the aggregate formation are
due to high surface area and activity and strong van der Waals that exist between the

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International Conference on Engineering for Sustainable World IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1378 (2019) 032074 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1378/3/032074

nanoparticles (Yu and Xie 2012). Though particle clustering has often been reiterated has a
major factor that increases thermal conductivity of nanofluid. Hence, the reason while it been
considered during nanofluid preparation. As stated by (Das et al., 2007) due to the small size
of nanoparticle it reduces erosion, clogging, pumping power reduction, saves energy etc. The
ever-changing constant dynamics involving heat flow in heat transfer processes creating the
demand for new technologies; in responding to the apparent technological advancement in the
manufacturing, designs sector etc. have also culminated or led to the need of a more responsive
approach to improving the active ingredient in heat transfer processes, for more efficient
systems. The interest in the technology of nanofluid is strongly rooted in numerous attributes it
possesses such as thermal conductivity, viscosity, and other physical properties. One significant
property been thermal conductivity, due to the critical enhancement role it plays in heat transfer
applications thereby making nanofluid of great importance to industrial application (Pinto and
Fiorelli, 2016). Researches have shown that very small nanofluid composition applied to heat
transfer process can have significant impact on the overall thermal conductivity of the fluid and
the resulting measurement in terms of the improving the heat transfer capacity. Over the years,
a lot of researchers have done several works both on the experimental and numerical analysis
of the effect of nanofluid on heat transfer related system in a bid to optimize the efficiency of
this systems. Figure1 below carefully highlights the several factors affecting thermal
conductivity as regards nanofluids.

However, the results of the work done has brought about controversies in determining which of
the reports actually demonstrates the true behavior of the fluid when doped nanofluid. Several
authors have tried to report this, but the inconsistency in report creates the need for research to
be done in this area so as to validate these assertions (Keblinski et al., 2008). (Buongiorno et
al., 2009) investigated thermal conductivity in nanofluid, in the work they further buttress the
argument made by numerous researchers on the inconsistency of results been obtained in
relation to nanofluid. They used the effective medium theory regarding dispersed particle as
propounded by Maxwell over a century ago and of recent corroborated by Nan et al., 1997 and
discovered that it was in conformity with the data obtained experimentally i.e showing there
was no anomalous enhancement noticed as regards the thermal conductivity of the nanofluid
used for their test.

Furthermore, this paper seeks to review past work done on the nanofluid technology as regards
how thermal conductivity affects the outcome of these systems while also looking at the critical
factors affecting thermal conductivity such as size, shape, concentration, temperature, method
of preparation of nanofluid and basefluid (Tawfik, 2017).

2. Thermal Conductivity
It is primarily the degree to which a material, substance is able to conduct heat. This is denoted
by k. There are three (3) different modes in which heat is transferred between components be it
solids, liquids or gases through conduction, convection and radiation. Ability to conduct heat is
much easier than insulating it, under-listed are factors affecting thermal conductivity of a
nanoparticle.

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International Conference on Engineering for Sustainable World IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1378 (2019) 032074 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1378/3/032074

Thermal
Conduct
ivity

Temper Concent
ature ration

Thermal
Coductivity
in
Size nanofluid Shape

Prepara
Baseflui tion
d Techniq
ues

Figure1: Factors affecting Thermal Conductivity (Tawfik, 2017)

2.1 Temperature Influence on Thermal Conductivity

Several researchers have stated in their works that there is a direct proportionality between
temperature and thermal conductivity of the material as a rise in one connote and increase in
the other and vice versa. According to (Mirbagheri et al., 2018) in their work on new thermal
conductivity correlation with FMWCNT suspended in a binary base-fluid, stated that there was
progressive change in a temperature from 25 oC to 50 oC in relation with thermal conductivity
and argued that it largely due to the noticeable increment in kinetic energy. Also, at higher
temperature of the nanofluid thermal conductivity becomes largely visible and enhanced.

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International Conference on Engineering for Sustainable World IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1378 (2019) 032074 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1378/3/032074

Figure 2: Thermal conductivity and nanofluid/basefluid vs temperature/solid fraction

(Mirbagheri et al., 2018)
Heyhat and Irannezhad,(2018) used Ag nanofluid while trying investigating electrical and
thermal conductivity of water basefluid reported a change in thermal conductivity with
temperature, in the work a temperature range of 25 oC – 55 oC and the conclusion reached was
a linear increment of temperature with thermal conductivity. Similarly, Trinh et al., 2018
investigated thermal conductivity in Gr-CNT hybrid nanofluid by modification with several
functional groups such as hydroxyl and carboxyl, when a volume fraction of 0.07% was added
the thermal conductivity of the hybrid nanofluid was 18 at 30 oC and 50% at o 50 oC
respectively. Also, Keyvani et al., 2018 carried out an experimental work on thermal
conductivity in cerium oxide nanofluid in developing a new correlation and discovered that
within the range of temperature (25 oC- 50 oC) inspected there was a significant increase in
thermal conductivity with the temperature, supporting the assertion made by other researchers
that thermal conductivity and temperature are directly proportional each other. Won and Park
(2000) studied thermal flow in cooling system of a vehicle; in doing this a model was developed,
behavioural pattern of heat transfer characteristics can be predicted by inputting the relevant
information at the early stage. The result showed conformity with established results from
literature. The model provided a clear sight into the performance of vital heat transfer
characteristics such as pump delivery, size of radiator and thermostat. The test result further
suggested that the analytical tool can be relied on to give accurate results thus reducing the
dependency on test rig for analysis.
More so, (Pal, 2015) demonstrated the effects of atmospheric temperature on the performance
parameter such as thermal efficiency, distance covered, specific fuel consumption of the
automobile vehicle. The experiment was conducted in a car were and the readings of
atmospheric temperature and speed were calculated for a year, it was discovered that the
maximum mileage and thermal efficiency was attained in the month of March and the value of
mileage and thermal efficiency are 22.6 km/litre and 29.48% respectively at a speed of
1550rpm.
In addition, (Morad and Airajhi, 2014) investigated the effect of temperature on engine
parameter under Kuwait conditions, the author stated that engines are meant run a normal
temperature between 90 to 115oC if otherwise then there could be lot of possibility that could
have gone wrong. The authors noted that with constant operating temperature comes good
emission control, lower fuel consumption and better performance. Using a mix blend of
ethylene glycol and water at a ratio of 25% and 75% respectively due to their good thermal
conductivity property and antifreeze characteristic discovered that fan type A used with radiator
1 showed better cooling rate than other fan and radiator type as used in the experiment under
Kuwait condition.

Table1: Summary of other works were thermal conductivity is influenced by temperature

Authors Temperature Nanofluid/Basefluid Thermal Enhancement
(oC) conductivity
Vakili et al , 20-60 oC CuO - Yes
2017
Kumar and 30, 40, 50 oC CuO/water, CuO/EG 0.268,0.273,0.279 Yes
Sonawane, and TiO2/water,
2016 TiO2/EG

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International Conference on Engineering for Sustainable World IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1378 (2019) 032074 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1378/3/032074

Ramanujam 25 oC Toluene, Xylene, 0.129, 0.127, Yes

and Pattayil, Mesitylene, 0.136, 0.114
2017 Kerosene
Sundar et al., 20,30, 40, 50, Nano-diamond Variation with Yes
2016 60 oC concentration

2.2 Concentration Influence on Thermal Conductivity

One core parameter to examine when accessing thermal conductivity of nanofluid is

concentration, being that the volumetric loading of a composition of a nanofluid does impact
the behavior of the overall performance of the nanofluid, these was clearly stated by (Gan et al
2018) in their work thermal conductivity optimization in a solar collector using titanium
dioxide. In the work, a rise in thermal conductivity was noticed at higher volume fraction
showing a correlation, though the sonication time had little or no effect on the overall outcome.
Keyvani, et al., 2018 stated in their work thermal conductivity in cerium oxide and ethylene
glycol nanofluid that 0.25% nanoparticle culminated in to 4% increment in thermal conductivity
while an improvement of 2.8 and 4.8% was reported for 0.5 and 1% respectively solidifying the
claim of volumetric loading influence on thermal conductivity. Li et al., 2015 described the
relationship between thermal conductivity and volume fraction as that which is nonlinear owing
to the variation in thermal conductivity ratio and the concentration of the nanoparticle, as an
increase in thermal conductivity translates to a nonlinear increase in the volume fraction of
nanofluid. Also, (Heyhat and Irannezhad, 2018) studied enhancement of electrical and thermal
conductivities in water based nanofluid and acknowledge that though temperature and
concentration of particle influences both thermal and electrical conductivity of the nanofluid,
both factors can be said to have same impact of the thermal and electrical conductivity, however
particle concentration still holds more significance to temperature effect as regards to electrical
and thermal conductivity.
In addition to this, (Mahbubul et al., 2015) however stated that temperature increment in the
Al2O3 and R-134a showed linearly increment while pure basefluid (R-134a) showed and inverse
proportionality i.e. decrease with increasing temperature.

2.3 Effect of Shape, Size and Basefluid

Nanoparticle is a concept of nanotechnology playing host to several revelations of the factors

affecting the behavioural or performance attributes associated with it. Just as temperature and
concentration affect thermal conductivity so does the shape, size of nanofluid and the
preparation of nanofluid impacts on the overall outcome of this fluid when used in heat transfer
related processes. Over the years several researchers have worked on factors affecting the
thermal conductivity. (Senthilraja et al., 2017) studied the effect of using CuO nanofluid as
coolant in a four stroke engine, a particle size of 27nm was used and tested under different
conditions with variation in the volume concentration.

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International Conference on Engineering for Sustainable World IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1378 (2019) 032074 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1378/3/032074

Figure3: Effect of Nanoparticle shape on thermal conductivity of nanofluids (Senthilraja et

al., 2017)
Table2: Summary of other works were shape, size and basefluid influences thermal
conductivity
Ref Nanoparticle Size (nm) Shape Basefluid
Esfe and MgO Yes Water
Saedodin,
2015
Chandrasekar Al2O3 Yes Water
et al., 2010
Mintsa eta al., Al2O3/CuO Yes Water
2009

Murshed et TiO2 Yes Water

al., 2005
Teng eta al., Al2O3 Yes Water
2010

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International Conference on Engineering for Sustainable World IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1378 (2019) 032074 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1378/3/032074

Alawi et al., Al2O3/CuO/ZnO/SiO2 Yes Yes Distilled

2018 water
Maheshwary TiO2 Yes
et al., 2017
Sharifpur - Al2O3 Yes Glycerol
2017

3.0 Review on Effects of Thermal Conductivity of Nano-Fluids in Heat Transfer

Applications

In this section the relevant works done as relating to the role played by thermal conductivity to
nanofluid is considered. According to (Ranjbarzadeh et al., 2019) in the work stability and
thermal conductivity of silica nanofluid stated that stability was achieved in the period of six
months the fluid was studied after preparation, a temperature range between 25-55oC with a
volumetric loading of 0.1-3%, the result of the work showed maximum thermal conductivity
was attained at 55oC with an enhancement of 38.2% while a deviation of 2.72% was proposed
from the correlation developed. (Li et al., 2016) investigated silicon carbide nanofluid in order
to determine the thermo-physical relations in an operating car, using a volume concentration of
0.5% with varying temperature of range of 10oC to 50 oC and discovered that the optimum
thermal conductivity of 53.81% was achieved at 0.5% vol. conc. and at a temperature of 50 oC.
Also, Oliveira and Filho (2014) conducted a study on coolant in a radiator, with a nanoparticle
size of 80 nm and 10 nm silver (Ag) nanofluid and employing the two-step method nanofluid
preparation method ran the experiment under the following conditions 0.1and 0.3% vol. con.,
inlet temperature of 25 oC and 45 oC. The result showed and enhancement of 18% and 5% in
thermal conductivity for both concentration of nanofluid respectively. Furthermore, Jadar et al.,
2016 studied aluminum- multi walled carbon nanotubes in a radiator setup, in a bid to know it
effect on the automobile component that is how its influences dissipation of heat and then
reported a 12.26% improvement resulting in weight reduction in the new design.

According to Narella et al.,( 2014) stated that heat transfer process can be improved upon by
either means of active or passive means of enhancement. Using solar collector nanoparticles
were dispersed into the collector so as to increase the rate of heat transfer. In a bid to see
significant increase in the rate of heat transfer nanofluid was used as opposed to conventional
fluid. This can be done either by using conduction or convection heat transfer. (Sharahi et al.,
2010) investigated thermal performance of flat shaped heat pipes using nanofluid the
performance of using nonofluid in cylindrical heat pipes were studied. The velocity profile,
temperature distribution, pressure were obtained using nanofluid as the working fluid for flat
heat pipes. Due to the addition of nanofluid there was a decrease in thermal resistance and an
increase in maximum load capacity. The existence of an optimum level of nanoparticle
concentration level and wick thickness in maximizing heat capacity of flat shaped heat was
established. (Husseina et al., 2014) studied A review of forced convection heat transfer
                     
numerical method computations, simulations and found that most of them are in agreement with
the results of experimental work. Many of the studies report enhancements in the heat transfer
                       

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International Conference on Engineering for Sustainable World IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1378 (2019) 032074 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1378/3/032074

particle size indicated an increase in the heat transfer enhancement when compared to values
obtained with a larger size. And mathematically reiterated the Nusselt and convective heat
transfer coefficient transfer as:

 
 = 
and  = 


Nu is Nusselt number, h is heat transfer coefficient, k is thermal conductivity, Tw and Tf are the
wall and fluid temperature respectively.

Voon, (2015) did a study on a car radiator using nanofluid as coolant and reported that an
increase in thermal conductivity & viscosity is directly proportional to the concentration of
nanofluid used, the experiment was done using hot wire method and the result showed an
improvement in thermal conductivity by 0.5 to 20%.
Ref Nanofluid Base-fluid Conditions Enhancement
Nirnjalkuma and Al2O3 Water 0.25% and 0.5% vol. Yes
Gopal (2015) con., temp. 35oC to
59oC
Hasanuzzaman Al, A2lO3, and Water 2% Yes
et al., (2011) TiO2
Este et al., MWCNTs-SiC Water  !- 0.55% " @50 o$  !!*
(2018) #!$ ! '$ + <!*
improvement,
Senthilraja et al., CuO Water  !$ $ #*$ Better exhaust
(2017) size 27 nm, emission control of
8.6%, 15.1% and
21.1% respectively
Bhimani et al., TiO2 Water  -1%, mf=-120 @1% vol. conc.
(2013) lpm 45% enhancement
achieved attributed
to the increase in
effective thermal
conductivity
o o
Sarkar and Cu, SiC, Al2O3 Ethylene "< C, 90 C, mf! Improved
Tarodiya, (2013) and TiO2 glycol and kg/s performance
water
Asadi (2018) MWCNT-ZnO Oil  #!- 1%, "  !- Heat transfer
55 oC, coefficient
enhancement by
42%
Sathish and AgNO3 Water  !-0.2%, An increment in
Manivel (2016) vol. conc. Beyond
0.2 resulted in a
decline in the heat
transfer
performance

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International Conference on Engineering for Sustainable World IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1378 (2019) 032074 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1378/3/032074

Shivade and TiO2 Water -0.3%, "!!-75 Low vol. conc.

o
Bhangale (2016) C, mf-600 lph, Addition result in
enhancement of
heat transfer
performance
Hamad (2016) CuO, TiO2 EG, water  !-5%, @5% vol. conc.
55% enhancement
and radiator
efficiency was
increased by 47%
Wani and Ravi MgO water mf!-9 lpm Average heat
(2017) transfer was
enhanced by 40-
70%
Devireddy et al., TiO2 EG, water  -0.5%, @0.5% heat
(2016) >?Q  [\]$ transfer rate was
^[-15000 improved by 35%,
Hussein et al., TiO2, SiO2 Water  -#*$ # -8 lpm, Nu attained
o
(2014) "]-80 C optimum value at
11 and 22.5%for
both fluids used
respectively
Ali et al., (2015) MgO Water  ]-0.12*$ _- Optimum
16 lpm enhancement
picked at 0.12%

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International Conference on Engineering for Sustainable World IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1378 (2019) 032074 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1378/3/032074

Fig4: show a test rig of automotive radiator (Morad and Alrajhi, 2014)

4.0 CONCLUSION

The continuous efforts by different researchers aimed at investigating effect of nanofluid on

heat transfer related systems, seeking to optimize the systems leading to reduction in component
size, cost and even fuel consumption. This works is an inclusive review of some of the numerous
works done and how they relate to thermal conductivity. Several factors affecting thermal
conductivity were reviewed with the aim of identifying the successes recorded, possible
challenges etc. the factors considered are as follows: effect of temperature, size, shape, basefluid
and volume concentration were critically examined and the outcome and findings from the
numerous researches that worked extensive on this subject carefully highlighted. Though, other
factors that could affect nanofluid such as viscosity, specific heat capacity, mass flow rate etc.
were not covered in this review paper as our interest was tailored towards thermal conductivity.

Acknowledgements
The authors wish to acknowledge the financial support offered by Covenant University in
actualization of this research work for publication.

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International Conference on Engineering for Sustainable World IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1378 (2019) 032074 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1378/3/032074

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