Scribd
Upload
17 views

Copy Fault Calculation

Uploaded by

Aung Myat
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
17 views

Copy Fault Calculation

Uploaded by

Aung Myat
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 9

Table of Contents

[hide]
 Apparent Impedance General Equation
 One-Ended Impedance-Based Fault Location Methods
 Step-by-Step Calculation
 References

Impedance-based fault location is widely used throughout the power transmission and
distribution industry. In fact, for most numerical relays, one-ended impedance-based
fault location always comes as a standard feature.

Why?

It is because most numerical relays can measure voltages and currents.

In our previous article, we presented the derivation of the impedance equations using
symmetrical fault analysis. We showed that the impedance to fault can be calculated in
terms of the measured voltages and currents. The following table summarizes the
apparent impedance equation for different fault types.
Table 1. Impedance Equations for Different Fault Types

In this article, we will present one-ended impedance-based fault location methods


commonly used in the industry. Basic principles will be laid-out and a step-by-step
calculation will be presented. The voltages and currents, and all other necessary
information to be used throughout the calculation process will be based on a simple
ETAP model.

Apparent Impedance General Equation


One-ended impedance-based fault location methods are based on the analysis of the
network as shown in figure 1.
Figure 1. Transmission Network

As with how we derived the apparent impedance equations for different fault types, the
derivation of the general equation for one-ended impedance-based fault location is
pretty straightforward.

The derivation is based on Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL).

The general equation for the impedance-based fault location as shown above is actually
the apparent impedance seen by the relay. As discussed in our previous article “Distance
Relaying Fundamentals | What is Apparent Impedance?“, apparent impedance is the
impedance calculated in terms of the measured voltages and currents. In the above
equation, the measured voltage and current are represented by ‘VR‘ and ‘IR‘, respectively.
Notice that the apparent impedance seen by the relay is the sum of the line impedance
and fault resistance. The objective here is to solve for ‘m‘ which is the per-unit distance
to fault i.e. the distance to the fault divided by the total line length. With the available
information on the positive-sequence impedance of the line, ‘Z‘, the challenge is to find
the value of the fault resistance ‘RF‘ and the current ‘IF‘ or to find a way to eliminate them
from the equation. In the following section, the two most basic one-ended impedance-
based fault location methods are discussed.

One-Ended Impedance-Based Fault


Location Methods
Simple Reactance Method
The Simple Reactance method, as the name suggests, considers only the reactance in
the impedance calculation. This is done by assuming that the fault currents ‘IF‘ and ‘IR‘ are
in-phase, and taking only the imaginary component of the whole equation thus
eliminating the fault resistance term.

From the above equation, with fault currents ‘IF‘ and ‘IR‘ in-phase, the resistance term is a
real quantity. Taking the imaginary a component and solving for ‘m‘,

Simple as it is but the Simple Reactance method suffers when fault currents ‘IF‘ and
‘IR‘ are not in-phase. This happens due to system load.

Takagi Method
The Takagi method improves upon the Simple Reactance method by considering the
load current. In this method, the load current (pre-fault condition) is subtracted from the
fault current ‘IR‘ such that the resulting quantity is approximately equal to and in-phase
with ‘IF‘. We will call this quantity ‘IF_sup‘.

By multiplying the KVL equation by the conjugate of ‘IF_sup‘, the resistance term becomes
a real value.

Taking the imaginary a component and solving for ‘m‘,

The Takagi method may have improved upon the Simple Reactance method however, it
requires the pre-fault information in addition to the fault data. In most numerical relays,
if not all, pre-fault information is readily available.
The success of the Takagi method lies in the assumption that load currents stay
relatively constant before and during a fault.

Step-by-Step Calculation
We will start the calculation process by creating a system model using ETAP software
where faults will be simulated. The fault information from the simulation will be used in
the fault location calculation.

Transmission Line Impedance Parameters:


R1 = 3.72723 ohms
X1 = 20.6122 ohms
R0 = 13.5151 ohms
X0 = 62.0961 ohms
From this network, a single line-to-ground fault at Bus2 will be simulated. The voltages
and currents at Bus1 will be used to represent ‘VR‘ and ‘IR‘, respectively.
As discussed in our previous article “Distance Relaying Fundamentals | What is Apparent
Impedance?“,
it is very important to identify the fault type prior to conducting
apparent impedance calculations.

In manual calculations, the choice of the equation for an A-ground fault will depend on
the available information. Based on Table 1, for an A-ground fault, the following
equation will be used.

From the above equation and the fault information from the simulation, the relay
measured values, ‘VR‘ and ‘IR‘, are determined.
In solving for ‘IR‘, the zero-sequence current, ‘3I0‘, is equal to the current ‘IRA‘ since a radial
system without load was utilized as the network model. This was done to simplify the
calculation process. However, in actual systems, it should be noted that ‘3I0‘ may have a
different value from the measured current ‘IRA‘.

From the transmission line model, we will use the positive sequence impedance.

Now that we have ‘VR‘, ‘IR‘, and ‘Z‘, we ready to solve the fault location using the methods
that we have discussed.

Fault Location Solution Using the Simple


Reactance Method
Using the equation for Simple Reactance method to solve for ‘m‘,
By multiplying ‘m‘ by the transmission line length of 50 km, we can get the estimated
fault location of 50.02 km.

Fault Location Solution Using the Takagi Method


The first step in this method is to calculate the superposition current, ‘IF_sup‘.

Since we used an unloaded network in our simulation, ‘IF_sup‘ is equal to ‘IR‘. Solving for m,

By multiplying ‘m‘ by the transmission line length of 50 km, we can get the estimated
fault location of 50.01 km.

At this point, we have shown the step-by-step fault location calculation of the two most
basic methods. There are other impedance-based methods available and choosing from
among these depends on the system conditions and fault scenarios. If you are
interested in learning more, the following references should help you dive deep into
fault location topics.

References
[1] Das, Swagata & Santoso, Surya & Gaikwad, Anish & Patel, Mahendra, “Impedance-
based Fault Location in Transmission Networks: Theory and Application,” IEEE Access. 2.
1-1. 10.1109/ACCESS.2014.2323353, January 2014.
[2] F. Calero, “Distance Elements: Linking Theory with Testing,” Schweitzer Engineering
Laboratories, Inc., August 2009.
[3] K. Zimmerman, and D. Costello, “Impedance-Based Fault Location
Experience,” Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories, Inc., July 2010.
[4] M. Ibrahim, “Case Studies Related to Overhead Transmission-Line System
Disturbances,” in Disturbance Analysis for Power Systems, IEEE, 2012, pp.461-570, DOI:
10.1002/9781118172094.ch6.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, it is shown that this project which is the development of underground cable fault
detector using Arduino will help to unravel many common issues confronted by worker that need
to detect underground cable fault. Other than that, the aim of this project is to make it easier to
detect underground cable fault location. By doing this study, underground cable fault detector
using Arduino has been built and tried. To recognize the issues leading to the project
development, various publications has been examined before the development of the project.
Numerous procedures are required to make the project into a reality. To refine the project, past
research was also inspected on developed underground cable fault detector. Other than that,
block diagrams were built to supply the project workflows and forms. The flowchart was
moreover organized in realistic representation to pick up a more prominent understanding of the
project. Before the real circuit was built, the diagram was drawn up to simulate the circuit and to
test. In order to guarantee that the project accomplished the required outcomes, the code was also
coded and checked on. Besides, certain components were inspected to meet the study's targets
and goals. Finally, the outcomes of the improvement of program and equipment were displayed.

You might also like