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14 views

U1 - Task 3 - RamayoCesar

Uploaded by

cesar ramayo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Universidad Politécnica De Yucatán

Filters And Amplifiers

Fifht Quarter

Adrian Puerto Piña

Unit 1 Task 3

Ramayo Cardoso César Pastor

Date: May 26, 2023


1. Define a Linear Amplifier

A linear amplifier is a device that amplifies the input signal such that the output signal is a scaled
version of the input, maintaining the same waveform shape. The relationship between the input
and output is given by the equation output=gain(input)(output), where the gain is a proportionality
constant.

2. Define a Voltage Linear Amplifier

A voltage linear amplifier amplifies the input voltage and produces an output voltage. The
principal elements include:

• Input Resistance (𝑅𝑖): Resistance seen by the input source.

• Voltage Gain (𝐴𝑜𝑐): Ratio of output voltage to input voltage when no load is connected.

• Output Resistance (𝑅𝑜): Resistance seen by the load connected to the amplifier.

Formula for the Output Voltage (𝑣𝑂)

3. Explain Formula 1.2

Formula 1.2 is used to find the voltage at the input of the


amplifier (𝑣𝐼) by applying the voltage divider rule at the input
port. This formula shows how the input voltage is attenuated by
the input resistance of the amplifier and the source resistance.
4. Explain Formula 1.3

Formula 1.3 gives the overall gain from the source voltage (𝑣𝑆) to the load voltage (𝑣𝑂). This
equation combines the attenuation at the input port, the amplification inside the amplifier, and the
attenuation at the output port.

5. Explain in Detail the Solution of Example 1.1

Example 1.1 calculates the overall gain and loading effects of an amplifier with specific
resistances:

6. Origin of Loading

Loading occurs because the amplifier's input and output resistances cause voltage drops. At the
input, 𝑅𝑖 draws current, causing a voltage drop across 𝑅𝑠. At the output, 𝑅𝑜 causes a voltage drop
across 𝑅𝐿. These drops reduce the overall gain from the ideal 𝐴𝑜𝑐.

7. Define a Current Linear Amplifier

A current linear amplifier amplifies the input current and produces an output current. Principal
elements include:

• Input Resistance (𝑅𝑖)

• Current Gain (𝐴𝑠𝑐)

• Output Resistance (𝑅𝑜)


8. Define a Transconductance Linear Amplifier

A transconductance amplifier converts an input voltage into an output current. Principal elements
include:

• Input Resistance (𝑅𝑖)

• Transconductance Gain (𝐴𝑔)

• Output Resistance (𝑅𝑜)

9. Define a Transresistance Linear Amplifier

A transresistance amplifier converts an input current into an output voltage. Principal elements
include:

• Input Resistance (𝑅𝑖Ri)

• Transresistance Gain (𝐴𝑚Am)

• Output Resistance (𝑅𝑜Ro)

10. Summary of the video Op-Amp (Operational Amplifier)


Operational amplifiers (op-amps) are essential components in electronics, used for amplifying
weak signals, such as those from microphones, to levels sufficient to drive output devices
effectively. Initially constructed from discrete components, op-amps are now typically available
as integrated circuits, simplifying their use in various applications. These versatile voltage
amplifying devices are designed to perform a range of mathematical operations with minimal
adjustments, making them a foundational element in electronic systems.
Op-amps possess a high gain and are capable of amplifying the voltage difference between their
input terminals. However, their internal gain is limited by the power supply level, meaning they
can only amplify the voltage up to the power supply's maximum. They can be packaged in pairs
or quartets, featuring two input terminals (inverting and non-
inverting) and one output terminal. When powered by dual supply
arrangements, op-amps allow the output voltage to swing both above
and below zero volts.

One significant application of op-amps is as voltage comparators. By utilizing their high gain to
compare input voltages, they can produce a square wave output limited by the power supply
voltage. This operation is achieved by adjusting the voltage of the inverting input to compare with
the input voltage. Op-amps can also function as differential amplifiers and comparators, with their
circuit design guided by certain fundamental rules. An ideal op-amp has infinite input impedance
and zero input currents, but in reality, there are input leakage currents ranging from a few picoamps
to a few milliamps. In circuits with negative feedback, an ideal op-amp adjusts its output voltage
to eliminate any voltage difference between its inputs, a principle that aids in understanding and
analyzing op-amp circuits, such as voltage buffers.

Voltage buffers, for example, can power up loads without affecting voltage ratios. Op-amps are
also used as non-inverting amplifiers, where their configuration and analysis, including gain
calculation and output for sine wave inputs, are well-defined. Additionally, inverting amplifiers
feature a feedback path from the output to the inverting input, with the gain determined by the ratio
of the feedback resistor to the input resistor. This configuration allows the op-amp to amplify and
invert the input signal, and the gain can be adjusted as needed.
In short, op-amps are crucial in both simple and complex electronic circuits, providing the
necessary amplification and signal conditioning for a wide range of applications. Upcoming
discussions on practical applications will further explore these versatile components and invite
user feedback for deeper engagement.

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