INTRODUCTION TO

PLCS
LECTURE 4
 OUTLINE

➢Review of PLC Basics

➢Introduction to IEC 61131 Standards
➢PLC layout and ladder logic
INTRODUCTION TO PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLERS
(PLCS)
 PLC BASICS
Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs)
are specialized industrial devices for interfacing to and controlling analog and
digital devices. They are designed with a small instruction set suitable for
industrial control applications' can therefore be seen as a miniature industrial
grade computer that contains hardware and software capable of being
programmed to perform control functions.
Input
is usually from switches such as push buttons controlled by machine operators or
position sensors.
Outputs
include lamps, solenoid valves, and motors, with the input–output interfacing
done within the controller. A simple programming language used with a PLC is
called ladder logic or ladder programming.
 PLC BASICS CONT…
Before the advent of PLCs, one of the means of controlling machines and industrial processes was
using:
o Power Relays.
o Control Relays.
Disadvantages of Relays in control systems:-
▪ Complexity
▪ Costly
▪ Hardwiring
▪ Logistical nightmare
▪ Not easy to modify
▪ Troubleshooting problems
▪ Strict maintenance
 PLC BASICS CONT…
➢ PLC was first introduced in the late 1960’s by General Motors
Corporation. The main goal was to eliminate the high costs
associated with inflexible relay-controlled systems.
➢ First commercial & successful Programmable Logic Controllers
was designed and developed by Modicon as a relay replacer for
General Motors.
➢ Earlier, it was a machine with thousands of electronic parts.
➢ Later, in the late 1970’s the microprocessor became reality, and
greatly enhanced the role of PLC permitting it to evolve from
simply relay to the sophisticated system as it is today.
 PLC BASICS CONT…
Advantages of PLCs:
1. Cost effective for controlling complex systems.
2. Flexible and can be reapplied to control other systems
quickly and easily.
3. Computational abilities allow more sophisticated control.
4. Trouble shooting aids make programming easier and
reduce downtime.
5. Reliable components make these likely to operate for
years before failure.
6. Rugged and designed to withstand severe environmental
conditions (vibrations, temperature, humidity, and noise).
 PLC BASICS CONT…
Disadvantages of PLCs:
1. Most PLCs manufactures offer only closed architectures
for their products.
2. PLC devices are proprietary, which means that part of
software of one manufacturer can’t be used in combination
with parts of another manufacturer.
3. Set up and training costs could be high.
4. Design and costs are subject to the limitations imposed by
semiconductor systems.
 PLC BASICS CONT…
Applications of PLCs:
1. Usually used in automated system.
2. PLC controller is usually the central part of a process
control system.
3. Used to run more complex processes.
4. It is possible to connect more PLC controllers to a central
computer.
INTRODUCTION TO PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC
CONTROLLERS (PLCS)
 IEC 61131 STANDARDS
The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide
organization for standardization comprising all national electrotechnical
committees (IEC National Committees). It promotes international co-operation
on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic
fields.
→It also publishes International Standards.
→It collaborates closely with the International Organization for Standardization
(ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by agreement between the two
organizations' 61131 is an IEC standard for programmable logic
controllers. It was known as IEC 1131 before the change in numbering system
by IEC.
→It is divided into several parts: General Information, Equipment
Requirements and Tests, Programming Languages, User Guidelines, etc .
 IEC 61131 STANDARDS
Benefits of Standard:
1. Reduced waste of human resources (in training,
debugging, maintenance and consultancy).
2. Creating a focus to problem solving via software reusability (reduced application
investment and supplier
dependency).
3. Reduced misunderstandings and errors.
4. Programming techniques usable in more
environments (general industrial control).
5. Combining harmoniously different components from
different locations, companies or projects.
6. Increased connectivity (investment protection).
 IEC 61131 STANDARDS
Part 1 General information:
contains general definitions and typical functional features which distinguish a PLC from other
systems.
Part 2 Equipment requirements and tests:
defines the electrical , mechanical and functional demands of the devices as well as
corresponding qualification tests.
Part 3 Programming language:
Here the PLC programming languages widely used through out the world have been coordinated
into harmonized and feature oriented version.
Part 4 User guidelines:
The fourth part is intended as a guide to help the PLC customer in all project phases of
automation.
Part 5 Messaging service specification:
The last part is concerned with communication between PLCs from different manufacturers with
each other and with other devices.
 IEC 61131 STANDARDS
IEC 61131-3 defines, for each of the most used programming languages,
major fields of application, syntactic and semantic rules, simple but
complete basic sets of programming elements, applicable tests and means
by which manufacturers may expand or adapt those basic sets to their
own programmable controller implementations.
→IEC 1131-3 is the first real endeavor to standardize programming
languages for industrial automation.
→Under the IEC 61131-3 standard, PLCs can be programmed using
standards-based programming languages.
IEC 61131-3 sees itself as a guideline for PLC programming, not a rigid
set of rules.
→The standard provides a benchmark which allows both customers and
manufacturers to assess how closely each programming system keeps to
the standard. i.e. complies with IEC 61131-3.
 IEC 61131 STANDARDS
Programming languages for programmable control systems:
i. Ladder diagram (LD) → graphical
ii. Function block diagram (FBD) → graphical
iii. Structured text (ST) → textual
iv. Instruction list (IL) → textual
v. Sequential function chart (SFC)
➢ Structured Text (ST) is similar to the Pascal programming
language.
➢ Instruction list (IL) is similar to assembly language.
➢ Sequential function chart (SFC) has elements to organize
programs for sequential and parallel control processing.
 IEC 61131 STANDARDS

Goals and benefits of IEC 61131-3 for manufacturers and

users :
i. Convenience and security with variables and data types
ii. Blocks with extended capabilities
iii. PLC configuration with run-time behavior
iv. Uniform programming languages
v. Structured PLC programs
vi. Trend towards open programming systems
INTRODUCTION TO PLC ACHITECTURE
INTRODUCTION TO PLC ACHITECTURE
INTRODUCTION TO PLC ACHITECTURE
INTRODUCTION TO PLC ACHITECTURE
INTRODUCTION TO PLC ACHITECTURE
INTRODUCTION TO PLC ACHITECTURE
INTRODUCTION TO PLC ACHITECTURE
INTRODUCTION TO PLC ACHITECTURE
INTRODUCTION TO PLC ACHITECTURE
 INTRODUCTION TO PLC ACHITECTURE
CPU 1214C DC/DC/DC (6ES7 214-1AG31-0XB0)
INTRODUCTION TO PLC ACHITECTURE
 INTRODUCTION TO PLC SIGNALS
PLCs typically process two types of signals: digital signals and analog signals.

Digital signals:
Digital signals are either "on" or "off" and are represented by binary values of 1 or 0. These
signals are used to represent discrete events or states, such as whether a switch is open or
closed, whether a sensor has detected an object, or whether a motor is running or not.
Digital signals are processed by digital input and output modules in the PLC.

Analog signals:
Analog signals are continuous signals that vary over a range of values, such as voltage,
current, temperature, pressure, or flow rate. Analog signals are represented by a range of
values between two limits, such as 0-10V or 4-20mA. Analog signals are processed by
analog input and output modules in the PLC, which convert the continuous signal into a
digital value that can be processed by the PLC's CPU.

PLCs also process other types of signals, such as high-speed pulse signals, serial
communication signals, and network communication signals, depending on the specific
application and requirements.
INTRODUCTION TO LOGIC GATES

LOGIC GATES

 AND Operation
 OR Operation
 NOT Operation
 NOR operation
 NAND operation
INTRODUCTION TO LOGIC GATES
AND GATE
INTRODUCTION TO LOGIC GATES
OR GATE
INTRODUCTION TO LOGIC GATES
NOT GATE
INTRODUCTION TO LOGIC GATES
NAND GATE
INTRODUCTION TO LOGIC GATES
NOR GATE
INTRODUCTION TO LOGIC GATES
INTRODUCTION TO PLC LAYOUT AND LADDER LOGIC
 PLC LAYOUT AND LADDER LOGIC
➢ The purpose of a PLC program is to control the state of outputs based on
the current condition of the inputs.
➢ Ladder logic is the main programming method used for PLCs.
→Ladder logic has been developed to mimic relay logic.
→ It is the first and still most popular programming language used with
PLCs.
➢ In order to control a process we try to design the logical continuity from
input to output of program.
➢ Ladder logic (LD) is a graphical representation of a PLC
program using symbols such as coil or contact used in relay
logic diagram.
PLC LAYOUT AND LADDER LOGIC
PLC LAYOUT AND LADDER LOGIC
PLC LAYOUT AND LADDER LOGIC
PLC LAYOUT AND LADDER LOGIC
PLC LAYOUT AND LADDER LOGIC
PLC LAYOUT AND LADDER LOGIC
PLC LAYOUT AND LADDER LOGIC
BASIC GATES
PLC LAYOUT AND LADDER LOGIC
BASIC GATES
PLC LAYOUT AND LADDER LOGIC
BASIC GATES
PLC LAYOUT AND LADDER LOGIC
BASIC GATES
PLC LAYOUT AND LADDER LOGIC
BASIC GATES
PLC LAYOUT AND LADDER LOGIC
BASIC GATES
PLC LAYOUT AND LADDER LOGIC
BASIC GATES
PLC LAYOUT AND LADDER LOGIC
BASIC GATES
PLC LAYOUT AND LADDER LOGIC
BASIC GATES
END