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Introduction To Sensors & Actuators

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24 views17 pages

Introduction To Sensors & Actuators

Uploaded by

mojalefamogale178
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INTRODUCTION TO

SENSORS AND
ACTUATORS
LECTURE 2
OUTLINE

What is a Sensor
Need for a sensor
Sensors and Transducers
Difference between Sensors and Actuators
Characteristics of a Sensor
Classification of sensors measurands
Different types of
Types of Sensors
WHAT IS A SENSOR ?
A Sensor is a device that measures physical input from its
environment and convert it into data that can be interpreted by
either a human or a machine.
Physical input/quantity include temperature, pressure, etc…

WHAT IS A NEED FOR A SENSOR ?


For any system to interact with their environment , Sensors and
Actuators are needed.
Automation can’t be imagined without Sensors.
Sensors are embedded in our bodies, automobiles, phones,
cars, airplanes, radios , industrial plants and many other
applications.
SENSORS AND TRANSDUCERS
Transducers is a device that converts a signal from one
physical form to a corresponding signal having a different
physical form.
Physical form can be mechanical, thermal, magnetic,
electric, optical, chemical etc…
Sensors and Actuators are types of transducers. A Sensor is
an input transducer and an Actuator is an output transducer.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SENSORS & ACTUATORS
CHARACTERISTICS OF A SENSOR…
Sensors are characterized depending on the value of some
parameters. These characteristics include:

 Static characteristics: The properties of the system after all


transient effects have settled to their final or steady state.
 These include: Range, Span, Accuracy, precision,
sensitivity, linearity, hysteresis, resolution,
resproducibility, repeatability, repeatability, response
time etc.
 Dynamic characteristics: The properties of the system based
on transient response to an input.
DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS
The Sensor response to a variable input give rise to dynamic
characteristics.
The reason for dynamic characteristics is the presence of
energy storing elements.
Dynamic characteristics are determined by analyzing the
response of the sensor to a family of variable input waveforms:
are characterized depending on the value of some parameters.
These characteristics include:
 Impulse
 Step
 Ramp
 sinusoidal
CLASSIFICATION OF SENSORS…
Based on power source

Active Sensors: requires external excitation or a power signal.


E.g Thermocouple
 Passive Sensor: Do not require any external power signal and
directly generates output. E.g Thermistors

Based on means of detection used in sensors

Some means of detection are Electric, Biological, Chemical,


Radioactive etc.
CLASSIFICATION OF SENSORS
Based on conversion phenomenon
Some common phenomena are photoelectric,
thermoelectric, electromagnetic etc

Based on output
Analog Sensors: produces continuous output signal with
respect to quantity being measured. Example-Temperature and
light sensors.
Digital sensors: work with discrete or digital data. E.g Digital
Encoder, IR Sensors.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF MEASURERANDS
TYPES OF SENSORS
TEMPERATURE SENSOR

What is a Temperature sensor?


Types of Temperature sensor.
Application of Temperature Sensors.
Advantages of Temperature Sensors.
TEMPERATURE
Temperature is the most commonly measured
physical parameter. Whether we talk about Process
industry or be it laboratory.
So exact measurement is needed many applications
such as medical research lab, electrical and electronics
components.
TEMPERATURE IS A TEMPERATURE SENSOR ?
Temperature is a degree of
hotness or coldness of an
object or substance measured
on a definite scale such as
Fahreinhet, Celsius etc.
A Temperature sensor is an
electronic device that measures
the temperature of its
environment and converts the
temperature of its environment
and converts the input data into
electronic data to record or
monitor temperature changes.
TYPES OF TEMPERATURE SENSORS
CONTACT AND NON-CONTACT TEMPERATURE
SENSORS
Temperature sensors like
thermometer require direct
contact with physical objects that
is being monitored are called
temperature sensors.

Temperature sensors that


indirectly measures the
temperature of an object are
called non-contact temperature
sensor. E.g IR sensor
THERMOMETER
The name thermometer is a combination of two words: Thermo
which means heat, and meter which means to measure.
A thermometer is a device used to measure the temperature of
solids, liquid, and gas.

Solids liquid gas


Thermometer contains a liquid, which is mercury or alcohol in its glass
tube. When the liquid is heated it expands inside the narrow tube of the
thermometer.
It has a calibrated scale to indicate the temperature. Measured in F, K, C

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