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Lect 4

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25 views

Lect 4

Uploaded by

sundersingh19972001
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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4.

Basis and dimension

Definition

If V is any vector space and S = {v1, v2, . . . , vn}


is a set of vectors in V , then S is called a
basis for V if the following two conditions
hold:

(a) S is linearly independent

(b) S spans V

Theorem

Let S = {v1, v2, . . . , vn} be a subset of a


vector space V . Then S is a basis for V iff
each v ∈ V can be uniquely expressed as a
linear combination of vectors in S.

1
Theorem

If a vector space V is spanned by a finite


set of vectors S, then S contains a basis for
V.

2
Example:

S = { (2, −3, 5), (8, −12, 20), (1, 0, −2), (0, 2, −1),

(7, 2, 0) }
can be shown to span R3.

3
Theorem

Let S be a set containing n vectors that


spans the vector space V . Let T be a lin-
early independent set of m vectors in V .
We have:
(a) m ≤ n
(b) ∃ U ⊆ S containing n − m vectors such
that T ∪ U spans V .

4
Corollary

Let the vector space V have a finite basis.


Then every basis of V contains the same
number of vectors.

5
Definition

A nonzero vector space V is called finite


dimensional if it contains a finite set of
vectors {v1, v2, . . . , vn} that forms a basis.
If no such set exists, V is called infinite
dimensional. The number of vectors in a
basis is called the dimension. In addition,
the zero vector space is regarded as finite
dimensional.

Examples

• The vector spaces Fn and Pn(F) are


both finite dimensional.

• The vector space of all real valued func-


tions defined on (−∞, ∞) is infinite di-
mensional.

6
Corollary

Let V be a vector space with dimension n.

(a) Any finite spanning set for V contains


at least n vectors, and a spanning set
that contains n vectors is a basis.

(b) Any linearly independent subset of V


that contains n vectors is a basis.

(c) Every linearly independent subset of V


can be extended to a basis.

7
Theorem

If W is a subspace of a finite dimensional


vector space V , then dim(W ) ≤ dim(V );
moreover, if dim(W ) = dim(V ), then W =
V.

Corollary

If W is a subspace of a finite dimensional


vector space V , then any basis of W can
be extended to a basis of V .
8
Quiz
True or false?

(a) The zero vector space has no basis.

(b) Every vector space that is spanned by


a finite set has a basis.

(c) Every vector space has a finite basis.

(d) A vector space cannot have more than


one basis.

(e) If a vector space has a finite basis, then


the number of vectors in every basis is the
same.
9
(f) Suppose that V is a finite dimensional
vector space, S1 is a linearly independent
subset of V , and S2 is a subset of V that
spans V . Then S1 cannot contain more
vectors than S2.

(g) If S spans the vector space V , then


every vector in V can be written as a linear
combination of vectors in S in only one way.

(h) Every subspace of a finite dimensional


vector space is finite dimensional.

(i) If V is an n dimensional vector space,


then V has exactly one subspace with di-
mension 0 and one with dimension n.

(j) If V is an n dimensional vector space,


and if S is a subset of V with n vectors,
then S is linearly independent if and only if
S spans V .
10

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