微積分 MA1001-A 上課筆記（精簡版）

2019.01.07.

Ching-hsiao Arthur Cheng 鄭經斅

5.9 Hyperbolic Functions
Definition 5.68: Hyperbolic Functions
The hyperbolic functions sinh, cosh, tanh, coth, sech and csch are defined by

ex ´ e´x ex + e´x sinh x

sinh x = , cosh x = , tanh x = ,
2 2 cosh x
1 1 1
coth x = , sech x = , csch x = .
tanh x cosh x sinh x

Motivation: The Euler identity provides the following relation

eix = cos x + i sin x @x P R. (5.9.1)

This implies that

eix ´ e´ix eix + e´ix
sin x = and cos x = @x P R.
2i 2
For a complex number z = x + iy, where x, y P R, define sin z and cos z by
eiz ´ e´iz ei(x+iy) ´ e´i(x+iy) e´y eix ´ ey e´ix
sin z = = ” , (5.9.2a)
2i 2i 2i
eiz + e´iz ei(x+iy) + e´i(x+iy) e´y eix + ey e´ix
cos z = = ” . (5.9.2b)
2 2 2
Then on the imaginary axis, we have
e´y ´ ey e´y + ey
sin(iy) = = i sinh y and cos(iy) = = cosh y @y P R. (5.9.3)
2i 2
The hyperbolic functions, roughly speaking, can be viewed as trigonometric functions on
the imaginary axis (by ignoring i in the output).
We also note that by definition, for z = x + iy with x, y P R,
e´2y e2ix ´ 2 + e2y e´2ix e´2y e2ix + 2 + e2y e´2ix
sin2 z + cos2 z = + = 1.
´4 4
Moreover, if z1 , z2 are complex numbers,

cos z1 cos z2 ´ sin z1 sin z2

eiz1 + e´iz1 eiz2 + e´iz2 eiz1 ´ e´iz1 eiz2 ´ e´iz2
= ¨ ´ ¨
2 2 2i 2i
ei(z1 +z2 ) + ei(z1 ´z2 ) + ei(z2 ´z1 ) + e´i(z1 +z2 ) ei(z1 +z2 ) ´ ei(z1 ´z2 ) ´ ei(z2 ´z1 ) + e´i(z1 +z2 )
= +
4 4
i(z1 +z2 ) i(z1 +z2 )
e +e
= = cos(z1 + z2 ) .
2
The above computations show that trigonometric identities are still valid even for complex
arguments.

‚ The graph of hyperbolic functions

Theorem 5.69: Hyperbolic identities

1. cosh2 x ´ sinh2 x = 1; 2. tanh2 x + sech 2 x = 1;

3. coth2 x ´ csch 2 x = 1;

4. sinh(x ˘ y) = sinh x cosh y ˘ sinh y cosh x;

5. cosh(x ˘ y) = cosh x cosh y ˘ sinh x sinh y;

´1 + cosh(2x) 1 + cosh(2x)
6. sinh2 = ; cosh2 x = ;
2 2
7. sinh(2x) = 2 sinh x cosh x; cosh(2x) = cosh2 x + sinh2 x.
Remark 5.70. By the definition (5.9.2), one can easily check that sin2 z + cos2 z = 1 for
all complex z and this further implies that

1 = sin2 (iy) + cos2 (iy) = (i sinh y)2 + cosh2 y = cosh2 y ´ sinh2 y @y P R.

All the other hyperbolic identities can be memorized/derived in the same way.

Theorem 5.71: Differentiation and integration of hyperbolic functions

ż
d
1. sinh x = cosh x; cosh x dx = sinh x + C;
dx
ż
d
2. cosh x = sinh x; sinh x dx = cosh x + C;
dx
ż
d
3. tanh x = sech 2 x; sech 2 x dx = tanh x + C;
dx
ż
d
4. coth x = ´ csch 2 x; csch 2 x dx = ´ coth x + C;
dx
ż
d
5. sech x = ´ sech x tanh x; sech x tanh x dx = ´ sech x + C;
dx
ż
d
6. csch x = ´ csch x coth x; csch x coth x dx = csch x + C;
dx
ż
7. tanh x dx = ln cosh x + C;
ż
8. sech x dx = 2 arctan ex + C.

Proof. We only prove 7 and 8. By Theorem ??, it is easy to see that

d
sinh x cosh x
ż ż ż
dx
tanh x dx = dx = dx = ln cosh x + C ,
cosh x cosh x

so we focus on 8.
du
Let u = ex . Then du = ex dx or equivalently, = dx; thus
u
ż ż ż
2 du 2
sech x dx = ´1
¨ = 2
du = 2 arctan u + C = 2 arctan ex + C . ˝
u+u u u +1
 d
Remark 5.72. Assuming that one knows that f (ix) = if 1 (ix) (that is, the rule of
dx
d
differentiation f (ax) = af 1 (ax) can also be applied for complex a), we have
dx

d d sinh x 1 d sin(ix) 1
tanh x = = = tan(ix) = sec2 (ix)
dx dx cosh x i dx cos(ix) i
1 1
= = 2 = cosh2 x .
cos (ix)
2
cosh x

All the other derivatives of hyperbolic functions can be memorized/derived in the same way.

‚ Inverse hyperbolic functions

Similar to inverse trigonometric functions, we can also talk about the inverse function of
hyperbolic functions. Note that

1´1
sinh : (´8, 8) ÝÝÑ (´8, 8) ,
onto
1´1
tanh : (´8, 8) ÝÝÑ (´1, 1) ,
onto

while

cosh : (´8, 8) Ñ [1, 8) is onto but not one-to-one ,

sech : (´8, 8) Ñ (0, 1] is onto but not one-to-one .

We first find the inverse function of sinh and tanh.

ex ´ e´x
1. Let y = sinh x = . Then e2x ´ 2yex ´ 1 = 0; thus by the fact that ex ą 0,
2
a
x 2y + 4y 2 + 4 a
e = = y + y2 + 1
2
a
which further implies that x = ln(y + y 2 + 1). Therefore,
?
sinh´1 x = ln(x + x2 + 1) @x P R.

ex ´ e´x 1 1+y
2. Let y = tanh x = x ´x
. Then e2x (1 ´ y) = 1 + y; thus x = ln . Therefore,
e +e 2 1´y

1 1+x
tanh´1 x = ln @ x P (´1, 1) .
2 1´x
 1´1
To find the inverse of cosh, we note that cosh : [0, 8) ÝÝÑ [1, 8). Let x ě 0 and
onto
ex + e´x
y = cosh x = . Then e2x ´ 2yex + 1 = 0 which implies that
2
a
ex = y + y2 ´ 1 .

As a consequence,
?
cosh´1 x = ln(x + x2 ´ 1) @ x P [1, 8) .
1
Since sech x = , we find that
cosh x

(1 c ) ?
1 1 1 + 1 ´ x2
sech ´1 x = cosh´1 = ln + ´ 1 = ln .
x x x2 x

We summarize these inverse hyperbolic functions in the following

Theorem 5.73
?
1. sinh´1 x = ln(x + x2 + 1) @ x P R.
?
2. cosh´1 x = ln(x + x2 ´ 1) @ x P [1, 8).
1 1+x
3. tanh´1 x = ln @ x P (´1, 1).
2 1´x
?
´1 1 + 1 ´ x2
4. sech x = ln @ x P (0, 1].
x

‚ Differentiation and integration of inverse hyperbolic functions

Theorem 5.74
ż
d 1 dx
1. sinh´1 x = ? 2 ; ? = sinh´1 x + C;
dx x +1 x2 + 1
ż
d 1 dx
2. cosh´1 x = ? 2 ; ? = cosh´1 x + C;
dx x ´1 x2 ´ 1
ż
d 1 dx
3. tanh´1 x = ; = tanh´1 x + C.
dx 1 ´ x2 1 ´ x2
Proof. By the chain rule,
d 1 d ? 1
sinh´1 x = ? (x + x2 + 1) = ? 2 ,
dx x + x + 1 dx
2 x +1
d 1 d ? 1
cosh´1 x = ? (x + x 2 ´ 1) = ? ,
dx x + x2 ´ 1 dx x2 ´ 1
as well as
d 1[ 1 1 ] 1
tanh´1 x = + = . ˝
dx 2 1+x 1´x 1 ´ x2
ż
dx
Example 5.75. Find the indefinite integral ? , where a ą 0.
x a2 ´ x2
First we use trigonometric substitution x = a cos u to compute the integral. Since
dx = ´a sin u du, we have
´a sin u
ż ż ż
dx 1 1
? = du = ´ sec u du = ´ ln | sec u + tan u| + C
2
x a ´x 2 a cos u ¨ a sin u a a
?
1 a+ a ´x 2 2
= ´ ln +C.
a |x|

Now we use hyperbolic functions substitution to compute the integral. Let x = a sech u
(we note that when using this substitution, we have already restrict ourself to the case
x ą 0). Then dx = ´a sech u tanh u du; thus

´a sech u tanh u sech u tanh

ż ż ż
dx 1
? = a du = ´ a du
x a2 ´ x 2 a sech u a2 ´ a2 sech 2 u a sech u 1 ´ sech 2 u
sech u tanh u
ż ż
1 1 1
=´ ?
2
du = ´ du = ´ u + C
a sech u a tanh u
2 a a
b
x 2
1 ´1 x 1 1 + 1 ´ a2
= sech + C = ln x +C
a a a a
?
1 a + a2 ´ x 2
= ´ ln +C.
a x