Journal of Macromolecular Science, Part B

Physics

ISSN: 0022-2348 (Print) 1525-609X (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/lmsb20

The Effect of Paraffinic Oil and Aromatic Oil on the

Crosslinks and Physical Properties of Butyl Rubber

Xiaopeng Li, Shan Tan, Guangyong Liu, Martin Hoch & Shugao Zhao

To cite this article: Xiaopeng Li, Shan Tan, Guangyong Liu, Martin Hoch & Shugao
Zhao (2016) The Effect of Paraffinic Oil and Aromatic Oil on the Crosslinks and Physical
Properties of Butyl Rubber, Journal of Macromolecular Science, Part B, 55:5, 494-502, DOI:
10.1080/00222348.2016.1169576

To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222348.2016.1169576

Accepted author version posted online: 23

Mar 2016.

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 JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCEÒ , PART B: PHYSICS
2016, VOL. 55, NO. 5, 494–502
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222348.2016.1169576

The Effect of Paraffinic Oil and Aromatic Oil on the Crosslinks

and Physical Properties of Butyl Rubber
Xiaopeng Lia,b, Shan Tana, Guangyong Liua, Martin Hochc, and Shugao Zhaoa
a
Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-
Plastics, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, People’s Republic of China; bThe 11th Research Institute of
the Sixth Academy of CASC, Xi’an, China; cLANXESS Chemical (China) Co., Ltd., Shanghai, People’s Republic of
China
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ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY

Butyl rubber (also known as isobutylene-isoprene rubber, IIR) Received 17 June 2014
compounds were prepared with paraffinic oil (PO) and aromatic oil Accepted 18 February 2016
(AO) to study the effect of the two kinds of processing oil on the KEYWORDS
crosslinks and physical properties of the IIR. The effect of processing oil aromatic oil; butyl rubber;
on performance was studied by Mooney viscosity, differential scanning paraffinic oil; performance;
calorimetry (DSC), equilibrium swelling, mechanical and extraction swelling; Tg
experiments. The results showed that the Mooney viscosity of the PO
blend was lower than that of the AO/IIR blend and the Tg of the PO
blend was obviously lower than the pure IIR but the Tg of the AO blend
had no change compared with pure IIR. In addition, according to the
equilibrium swelling test, the average molecular weights between
crosslinks of the vulcanizates which contained the processing oils were
higher than that of pure IIR, with the average molecular weight
between crosslinks of the AO blend, the highest, being 40.3% higher
than that of the PO blend. The extraction experiments indicated that
part of the processing oil could be extracted and the extracted part of
AO was higher than that of the PO. Overall the PO was better than AO
for acting as a processing oil for IIR.

Introduction
In the rubber industry, paraffinic and aromatic oils have been very important additives that
can reduce viscosity, increase the processability, enhance the elastomeric performance, result
in better filler dispersion, lower the glass temperature transition, and result in low hardness
and temperature resistance.[1–4] Addition of processing oil causes lowering of the cohesive
forces between the polymer chains and, hence, increases the chain mobility.[5]
PO and AO are derived from crude oil. PO consists of straight and branched-chain satu-
rated hydrocarbons while AO contains unsaturated, aromatic hydrocarbons.[6] AO also
often contains heteroatoms, such as nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. The presence of heteroa-
toms influences the solubility of the aromatic oil by introducing polarity to the otherwise

CONTACT Xiaopeng Li [email protected] Key Laboratory of Rubber-lastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong

Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-lastics, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, People’s Republic of China.
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this article can be found online at www.tandfonline.com/lmsb.
© 2016 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
 JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCEÒ , PART B: PHYSICS 495

nonpolar hydrocarbon oil structure.[7] In addition, the aromatic oil can cause devulcaniza-
tion and depolymerization at high temperature.[8] The heteroatoms can react with free radi-
cals and reduce the crosslinking efficiency of the peroxide. As a result the crosslinks density
of the rubber would be decreased. Since the physical and mechanical properties are closely
associated with the crosslinks density, they would also be decreased.[9]
At present, we know of only one paper that has reported the effect of processing oil on the
crosslinks density by an independent method.[9] The authors used the torque to characterize the
crosslinks density change, as determined by a moving die rheometer (MDR). However, this
method is only suited for non-filler systems. Thus an independent method to study the effect of
processing oil on crosslinks density is necessary for filled elastomers. Proton multiple-quantum
(MQ) NMR, equilibrium swelling experiments, mechanical experiments and amorphous phase
orientation measurements under strain by wide-angle X-ray diffraction are the methods often
adopted to study the crosslinks density of rubber.[10] Although some of the previously men-
tioned techniques give some extra information about the structure of the network, equilibrium
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swelling experiments have been most widely used in rubber science and technology. The theo-
retical background of equilibrium swelling is based on the elastic response of rubber chains to
the osmotic stress of the solvents, it is directly related to the relationship between the rubber vol-
ume fraction at swelling equilibrium to the average molecular weight between crosslinks. Thus,
the average molecular weight between crosslinks can be determined in a simple way, even
though swelling experiments must be conducted and analyzed very precisely.[11]
Isobutylene-isoprene rubber (IIR) is one of the most important synthetic rubbers because
of its low gas permeability, high resistance to heat and vapor, high resistance to chemicals,
etc. Thus, IIR is often used in inner tubes and protective clothing. However, some shortcom-
ing exist, such as low elasticity and hard processability. So processing oil has often been used
to improve the processability.
In this study, the IIR compounds which contained PO or AO were prepared to study the
influence of the processing oil on the compound’s performance, in particular, the effect of
processing oil on the crosslinks density was examined.

Experimental
Materials
Butyl 301, with 1.85% (mol%) unsaturation and the Mooney viscosity (ML(1C8)125 C) of
51, was supplied by Lanxess Chemical Co., Ltd. (Belgium). Carbon black N330 was pur-
chased from Shanghai Cabot Chemical Co., Ltd. (China). The paraffinic oil was purchased
from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Beijing Co., Ltd. (China). The aromatic oil (Vivatec
500), zinc oxide and stearic acid (SA) were supplied by Lanxess Chemical Co., Ltd. (Ger-
many). The accelerator, 2,20 -dibenzothiazole disulfide (MBTS), and sulfur (S) were pur-
chased from Rhein Chemic GmbH (Germany). Dichloromethane and cyclohexane,
analytically pure, were purchased from Tianjin Kemiou Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (China).

Sample preparation
IIR (100 phr) was blended with N330 (50 phr), N330 (50 phr) plus PO (20 phr) or N330
(50 phr) plus AO (20 phr) by an internal mixer (Shanghai Kechuang Rubber Plastic
 496 X. LI ET AL.

Mechanical Equipment Co., Ltd.). The internal mixing parameters were initial temperature
80 C, rotor speed 70 r/min, fill factor 0.75. Subsequently, zinc oxide (5 phr), SA (1 phr),
MBTS (1.35 phr), and S (0.65 phr) were blended with a carbon black masterbatch on a two-
roll mill (F160 mm, Shanghai Light Industry Machinery Institute, China) with a roller spac-
ing of 0.6 mm. The rubber compounds were vulcanized by using a compression molding
press (JiaXin Electronic Equipment Technology (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd., China) for the curing
time of T90 (as determined by a MDR, MDR 2000, Alpha Technology Co., Ltd., USA) at a
pressure of 15 MPa and a temperature of 165 C.

Characterization
Mooney viscosity
The Mooney viscosity before crosslinking was measured by using a MV2000 (Alpha Tech-
nology Co., Ltd., USA) according to ASTM D 2084 and ASTM D 1646 [ML (1C4)100 C].
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Glass transition temperature (Tg)

The Tg of the rubber compounds, after crosslinking, were determined by a DSC-204F1 calo-
rimeter (NETZSCH Group, Germany). Data were recorded in the temperature range
¡100 C to 20 C at a heating rate of 10 K/min. The nitrogen flow was 150 mL/min.

Average molecular weights between crosslinks (Mc )

The average molecular weights between crosslinks were determined by an equilibrium swell-
ing test. A small circular sample was cut from the vulcanizates with a mass of approximately
1 g and diameter of approximately 1 cm. The sample was immersed in cyclohexane in a test
tube and the weight of the sample measured at intervals of 24 h. Before the weight was mea-
sured, the excess cyclohexane on the sample surface was removed by filter paper. The equi-
librium was considered reached when the weight change of the sample between adjacent
weighing was less than 0.01 g, In addition, after each weighing the solvent was poured out
and fresh cyclohexane was added into the test tube. After the final swelling measurement,
the sample was withdrawn from the test tube and dried until constant weight. Subsequently,
the average molecular weight between crosslinks was calculated by the Flory–Rehner equa-
tion (Eq. 1).[12]
1
rp .1 ¡ ’2 /Vs .f2 3 ¡ 0:5f2 /
ln.1 ¡ f2 / C f2 C xf2 C
2
D0 (1)
Mc

where rp is the density of the IIR, 0.92 g/cm3; f is the functionality of the crosslinks,
(assumed f D 4); Vs is the molar volume of the solvent, 84.16 mol/mL; F2 is the volume
fraction of the rubber after the swelling and x is the Flory–Huggins interaction parameter
between the solvent (cyclohexane) and IIR; x was calculated from Eq. (2).[13]

V2
x D xH C .d1 ¡ d2 /2 (2)
RT

xH is the enthalpy contribution to the interaction, (the empirical value was 0.35), V2 is the
molar volume of solvent with the units of mL/mol, R is the gas constant with the units of
 JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCEÒ , PART B: PHYSICS 497

J/molK, T is the absolute temperature with the units of K, d1 is the one-dimensional solubil-
ity parameter of IIR with units of MPa1/2 and d2 is the one-dimensional solubility parameter
of the processing oil with units of MPa1/2. The d1 value for IIR is 17.2 MPa1/2 and the d2
value for cyclohexane is 16.9 MPa1/2. Thus, the value of the interaction parameter x
between IIR and cyclohexane at 30 C was 0.35. The volume fraction of the rubber after the
swelling, considering the 50 phr of carbon black filling, was calculated from Eq. (3).[14]

w1 .1 ¡ a/ 6 rp
f2 D (3)
w1 .1 ¡ a/ 6 rp C w1 a 6 rf C .w2 ¡ w1 / 6 rs

where w1 is constant weight of the sample after drying with units of g and the w2 is weight of
the sample after swelling with units of g. a is the mass fraction of the carbon black in the
unswollen sample; rp is the density of the IIR with the value of 0.92 g/cm3, rf is the density
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of the carbon black with the value of 0.38 g/cm3 and rs is the density of the solvent with the
value of 0.78 g/cm3.

Mechanical properties
The mechanical properties of all vulcanizates were measured at 25 C according to ASTM
D638 with a Zwick/Roell 2005 electronic tensile tester (Zwick, Germany).

Extraction resistance
The extraction resistance experiment adopted static extraction. The weight of the sample was
measured before immersion into DCM. DCM was used to do the extraction experiments
because the swelling volume of IIR in DCM was less than 50%, so the mass fraction of non-
crosslinking components and low molecular weight substances which could be extracted
would be less and the PO and AO could be dissolved into the DCM. The other experimental
procedure was similar to the equilibrium swelling test, measuring the weight every 24 hours
until equilibrium.

Results and discussion

The effect of processing oil on the rubber compound mooney viscosity
Figure 1 shows the Mooney viscosity experiment results. The rubber compound which con-
tained PO had the lowest Mooney viscosity value, while the Mooney viscosity of the AO
blend was slightly greater but considerably less than that of the blank one. The lowering of
the viscosity was due to the processing oils reducing the interaction between the rubber mac-
romolecules, resulting in the movement of the segments becoming much easier.[15] Thus the
Mooney viscosity of the rubber compound which contained processing oil was lower than
the blank one. In addition, the reason for the Mooney viscosity disparity of the two process-
ing oils was the interactions between the processing oil and IIR. According to Eq. (2), the
intensity of the interaction could be calculated. The d2 value for PO and AO are 16.6 MPa 1/
2 and 18.4 MPa 1/2, respectively, while the d1 value for IIR is 17.2 (MPa) 1/2 [7,16]. The inter-
action between the processing oil and IIR is inversely proportional to the square of the differ-
ence of the solubility parameters (d2 ¡ d1)2, with the values for IIR with PO and AO being
0.36 MPa 1/2 and 1.44 MPa, 1/2 respectively. The attractive interaction between PO and IIR
 498 X. LI ET AL.
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Figure 1. Mooney viscosity test results for the rubber compounds.

was thus much stronger than that for the AO. Namely, PO was more miscible than AO in
IIR. So the movement of the segments of IIR with PO became easier than those of IR with
AO. Consequently, the Mooney viscosity of the PO/IIR blend was lower than that of the
AO/IIR blend.

The effect of processing oil on the rubber compound glass transition temperature (Tg)
The DSC curves of the rubber compounds before cross-linking are shown in Fig. 2; the solid
line corresponds to the compound which contained AO (Tg was ¡64.5 C) while dashed line
corresponds to pure IIR (Tg was ¡65.0 C) and the dotted line is for the PO/IIR (Tg was
¡71.2 C). The Tg of the rubber compound which contained AO had almost no change com-
pared with the pure IIR. However, the Tg of the PO/IIR dropped significantly. According to
the preceding part of the text, the PO had greater miscibility with the IIR, so the molecules
of PO could be randomly arranged between the IIR macromolecular chains. The interaction

Figure 2. DSC curves of the rubber compounds.

 JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCEÒ , PART B: PHYSICS 499

between the IIR macromolecular chains was reduced, the movement of their segments
became much easier and they could move at a lower temperature; thus the Tg of the com-
pound dropped significantly. However, the miscibility between AO and IIR was weaker than
for the PO/IIR blend; the AO formed numerous tiny oil droplets by itself.[17] These domains
would hinder the movement of the segments. In addition, the AO could surround and sepa-
rate the rubber macromolecules, enlarging the distance between the macromolecules and
improving the mobility.[18] We suggest the reason why the Tg of the AO/IIR blend had no
change is that both of the mentioned interactions could happen, but they would be counter-
acting and the mobility of the segments of AO/IIR blend remained nearly same as for the
pure IIR.

The effect of processing oil on the average molecular weight between crosslinks
The equilibrium swelling test was used to determine the effect of processing oil on the aver-
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age molecular weight between crosslinks. The results can be seen in Table 1. The results
showed that the average molecular weight between crosslinks of the vulcanizates increased
after filling with the processing oil, namely the crosslinking density of the vulcanizates
decreased. The decreasing degree of the AO/IIR blend was more serious than the PO/IIR
blend. The reason causing this may involve two factors: chemical crosslinks and physical
crosslinks. The crosslinks density determined by the equilibrium swelling test includes both
chemical crosslinks and physical crosslinks.[19] When the PO was added, the rubber was
diluted, the movement of the segments became easier and the density of the entanglements
decreased, particularly when the PO was added, so the physical crosslinks density caused by
the entanglements decreased. In addition, the chemical crosslinks density would also be
affected by the PO. When the PO was added, the concentration of vulcanizing agents was
diluted and the IIR molecules were more separated. The influence of both would be to
reduce the chemical crosslinks density. Hence, for the PO/IIR blend, the crosslinks density
decreased as a result of both the physical and chemical crosslinks density. For the AO/IIR,
both the chemical crosslinks and physical crosslinks density also decreased, causing a
decrease in the overall crosslink density. However, the AO usually contained a small amount
of heteroatoms which could react with the free radicals produced by the accelerant. 9 Thus
the amount of the accelerant which could take part in the vulcanization decreased, resulting
in the density of chemical crosslinks being reduced, so the crosslinks density of the AO/IIR
blend decreased more than for PO/IIR.

The effect of processing oil on the stress–strain behavior of the vulcanizates

Figure 3 shows the stress–strain curves of the vulcanizates; when the strain was small (under
50%, inset), the tensile modulus of the vulcanizate which contained PO was smaller than the

Table 1. The average molecular weight between crosslinks

IIR PO/IIR AO/IIR

w1 (g) 0.972 0.821 0.784

W2 (g) 3.852 3.758 4.290
F2 0.137 0.120 0.101
Mc /g/mol 5919 7808 10954
 500 X. LI ET AL.
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Figure 3. Stress–strain curves of the vulcanizates.

pure IIR due to its plasticizing effect. Because the PO could decrease the interaction between
the macromolecules and had a lubrication action, during the stretching the rubber chains
moved easier. So the tensile modulus of the compound which contained PO was lower than
that of pure IIR. In addition, at small strain, there was a point of intersection between the
PO curve (solid curve) and the AO curve (dotted curve). When the strain was smaller than
the strain where the intersection point was located, the tensile modulus of the PO/IIR blend
was less than that of the AO/IIR blend. The reason for this we considered to be that at the
early stage of strain, the plasticizer effect occupied the major role on the strain–stress behav-
ior; the interaction between PO and IIR was stronger than IIR with AO, as mentioned ear-
lier, the plasticizer effect of PO was better than that of AO, so the tensile modulus of PO/IIR
blend was lower than AO/IIR blend. However, with the increase of strain, the strain–stress
behavior was controlled by the density of crosslinking of the vulcanizates. For the vulcani-
zates with higher crosslink density, the stress at a given elongation should be higher.2 The
elongation at 300% was selected to characterize the crosslink densities of the vulcanizates.
The IIR had the highest s (300%) and the s (300%) of the PO/IIR blend was higher than
that of the AO/IIR blend, so the crosslinks density of the IIR was highest and the crosslinks
density of AO/IIR was lowest; this was consistent with the crosslinks density calculated from
the equilibrium swelling tests. Finally, the tensile strength of pure IIR was highest, the PO/
IIR blend took second place and the AO/IIR was lowest. The reason for this, we believe, is
very complex; we suppose it involves such factors as the interaction between the processing
oil and IIR, the crosslinks density of the vulcanizates, the carbon black dispersion, etc. At
present we cannot explain it satisfactorily.

Extraction resistance of the processing oil

As shown in Table 2, the extracted part of AO/IIR was approximately equal to the extracted
part of the pure IIR plus the initial proportion of AO, an indication that nearly all of the
added AO could be extracted. Only approximately 0.2% AO could not be extracted by
DCM. The major amount of this part was believed to be the AO that reacted with the
 JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCEÒ , PART B: PHYSICS 501

Table 2. Extraction Data of vulcanizates with dichloromethane as extractant.

Sample IIR PO/IIR AO/IIR

Initial proportion of processing oil (%) 0 11.24 11.24

Extracted part (%) 2.56 12.27 13.60

accelerant. However, the extracted part of PO/IIR was slightly lower than that for AO/IIR.
The result illustrated that the extraction resistance of PO was superior to AO. The reason,
we suggest, was that the interaction between IIR and PO was stronger than the IIR with AO.
However only a small amount of PO could not be extracted. Thus the IIR which contains
either of the processing oils should not be used in an environment in which non-polar or
slightly polar solvents exist.
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Conclusions
For the same processing oil content, the Mooney viscosity of the IIR compound which con-
tained the PO was lower than that with AO. According to the DSC test, the Tg of PO/IIR
was obviously lower than that with AO, but the Tg of AO/IIR had no change compared with
pure IIR. The equilibrium swelling test indicated that the processing oils increased the aver-
age molecular weight between crosslinks with the average molecular weight between cross-
links of AO/IIR being higher than that of PO/IIR, namely the crosslinks density of AO/IIR
being lower than that of PO/IIR. The stress–strain curves also could reflect the crosslinks
density variation with the added processing oil; the tensile strength of PO/IIR was higher
than that of AO/IIR indicating a higher crosslinks density. The result was the same as the
equilibrium swelling test. Extraction experiments indicated the extraction resistance of the
PO was only slightly superior to the AO in IIR, with nearly all of the oil extracted in both
cases. Thus, IIR which contains a processing oil should not be used in an environment in
which non-polar or slightly polar solvents exist. In summary, the PO was more suited as a
processing oil for IIR than the AO.

Acknowledgment
We thank Qingdao University of Science & Technology and LANXESS Deutschland GmbH for giving
us the opportunity to carry out this work and LANXESS for permission to publish this article.

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