Q-What is Interpersonal communication?

A strong bond between two or more people refers to interpersonal

relationship. Attraction between individuals brings them close to each
other and eventually results in a strong interpersonal relationship.

Forms of Interpersonal:

relationship An interpersonal relationship can develop between any of

the following: ▪ Individuals working together in the same organization. ▪
People working in the same team. ▪ Relationship between a man and a
woman (Love, Marriage). ▪ Relationship with immediate family members
and relatives. ▪ Relationship of a child with his parents. ▪ Relationship
between friends. Relationship can also develop in a group (Relationship
of students with their teacher, relationship of a religious guru with his
disciples and so on)

Stages in an interpersonal relationship:

It takes time for a relationship to grow and pass the test of time. There are
two possibilities in a relationship:

1. Possibility - 1: Two people might start a relationship as mere strangers.

They get to know each other slowly and become emotionally and
mentally attached to their partners gradually. Such relationships often
lead to lasting commitments where individuals decide to be with each
other until death separates them.

2. Possibility - 2: Two people might start off well but soon face problems.
Troubles in relationship start when people have different opinions, views
and fail to reach to a mutually acceptable solution. In such cases
individuals decide to move on from a relationship for a fresh start.

According to famous psychologist George Levinger, every relationship

goes through following five stages.

1. First Stage – Acquaintance Acquaintance refers to knowing each other.

To start relationship individuals need to know each other well. Two
individuals might meet at some place and instantly hit it off. People feel
attracted to each other and decide to enter into a relationship. Common
friends, social gatherings, same organizations also help people meet,
break the ice, get acquainted with each other and start a relationship.

2. Second Stage – The Build up Stage This is the stage when the
relationship actually grows. Individuals are no longer strangers and start
trusting each other. Individuals must be compatible with each other for
the relationship to continue for a longer period of time. Individuals with
similar interests and backgrounds tend to gel with each other more as
compared to individuals from diverse backgrounds and different
objectives. The build up stage in a relationship is often characterized by
two individuals coming close, being passionate and feeling for each other.
3. Third Stage – Continuation Stage This is the stage when relationship
blossoms into lasting commitments. It is when people after knowing each
other well decide to be in each other’s company and tie the knot. Trust
and transparency is essential for the charm to stay in relationship forever.

4. Fourth Stage – Deterioration Not all relationships pass through this

stage. Lack of compatibility, trust, love and care often lead to
misunderstandings and serious troubles in relationship. Individuals
sometimes find it extremely difficult to adjust with each other and
eventually decide to bring their relationship to an end. Compromise is an
integral part of every relationship.Individuals failing to compromise with
each other find it difficult to take the relationship to the next level.

5. Fifth Stage – The Termination Stage The fifth and the last stage is the
end of a relationship. Relationship terminates due to any of the following
reasons ▪ Death of any one partner ▪ Divorce ▪ Separation

An ideal relationship results in lasting commitments and marriages

whereas there are some relationships which do start on a positive note
but end abruptly.

Q-What are factors effection interpersonal relationship?

Factors affecting Interpersonal Relationship

Interpersonal relationship refers to individuals with similar tastes and

mindsets entering into an association. Individuals who share identical
goals and interests enter into an interpersonal relationship. It is essential
for individuals in a relationship to get along well. factors affecting
interpersonal relationship:

1. Compatibility Two individuals in a relationship must be compatible with

each other. There should be no scope of conflicts and misunderstandings
in a relationship. Individuals from similar backgrounds and similar goals in
life do extremely well in relationships. People with different aims,
attitudes, thought processes find it difficult to adjust and hence fail to
carry the relationship to the next level.

2. Communication Communication plays a pivotal role in all types of

relationships whether it is personal or professional. Feelings must be
expressed and reciprocated in relationships. Individuals need to
communicate with each other effectively for better understanding. Do
not stay mum as it leads to problems and misunderstandings. Two people
in love must interact with each other on a regular basis through various
modes of communication such as telephone, emails, letters (though
exchanging letter is now considered an outdated form of
communication). Staying in touch is essential for the love to grow
especially in long distance relationships where individuals can’t meet
quite often. In professional relationships as well, colleagues must
communicate well for a better bonding. Sit with your co workers and
discuss issues face to face to reach to a mutually acceptable solution. The
recipient must understand what the sender intends to communicate and
vice a versa. Clarity of thoughts is essential in relationships.

3. Honesty Be honest in relationships. Do not lie or hide things from your

partner. Remember every problem has a solution. Think before you speak.
Transparency is important in relationships.

4. Stay calm Do not overreact on petty things in relationships. Stay calm.

Be a little more adjusting. Be the first one to say “Sorry”. It will solve half
of your problems.

5. Forgiving An individual needs to be a little more forgiving in

relationships. Do not drag issues unnecessarily. Fighting over small issues
is foolish and makes the situation all the more worse.
6. Smile As they say “Smile is a curve that makes everything staright.”
Flash your smile more often. It works. Take care of your facial expressions
while interacting with the other person.

7. Time Time plays an important role in relationships. Individuals in love

must spend adequate time to know each other better. Frustrations arise
when people do not have time to meet or interact with each other. Even in
organization, individuals must spend quality time with their co workers to
strengthen the bond amongst themselves. Married couples must take
time out for each other for the charm to stay in relationship forever. Make
the other person feel important. Appreciate your partner whenever
he/she does something for you. Praise him/her in front of others. Every
relationship needs time and an individual’s effort to grow. Sit with your
partner and try to sort out the differences amicably. Don’t be too rigid.

Q-How to Improve Interpersonal Relationship at Workplace ?

An association between individuals working together in the same

organization is called interpersonal relationship. An individual spends
around seven to eight hours at his workplace and it is practically not
possible for him to work all alone. One needs people to talk to and discuss
various issues at the workplace. Research says productivity increases
manifold when individuals work in groups as compared to an individual
working alone. Employees must get along well for a healthy ambience at
the workplace. Let us go through various ways of improving interpersonal
relationships at workplace:

▪ Employees must communicate with each other effectively for a healthy

relationship. Remember a problem shared is a problem halved.

▪ Interact with your co workers more often. Discussions must be on an

open platform where every individual has the liberty to express his/her
views and opinions. Written mode of communication is one of the
effective ways of communicating at the workplace.

Make sure your emails are self explanatory and do mark a cc to all related
employees. Ignoring any of your co-workers might hurt him and spoil your
relationship with the indivividual concerned. Avoid hiding things from
your fellow workers.
▪ Even employees from a different team can be your friends. Talk to them.
Greet them with a smile and a “Hi” whenever you meet them. An
individual must not take things to heart at workplace. ▪ Team leaders and
supervisors should conduct morning meetings with their team members.
Do not make the meeting too formal. The employees should be allowed to
bring their coffee mugs. Let them interact with each other. Morning
meetings go a long way in breaking the ice among employees and
improving interpersonal relationships at workplace. ▪ Do not favour any
employee just because he is your relative or you know him personally.
Favouritism spoils the relationship between superiors and subordinates. ▪
Take your team out for lunch, picnics or get together once in a while. Let
the employees bring their families as well. Ask your team members to
exchange contact numbers amongst themselves for them to interact with
each other even after work. ▪ Greet your colleagues on their birthdays or
anniversaries. Send them a nice e-card and do ask for a treat. Such small
initiatives go a long way in strengthening the bond among fellow workers.
Important festivals must be celebrated at workplace for employees to
come closer to each other. ▪ Individuals should be motivated to work in
teams. Work must be equally allocated to team members to expect the
best out of them. No employee should be overburdened. People working
in teams are friendlier and adjust with each other better. ▪ One needs to
be a little more adjusting and compromising at the workplace. Don’t
expect everything to be done just the way you like it. You will have all
types of people around. Avoid fighting over petty things. Do not always
look at the negative side of things. Accept people as they are. It is
essential to look at the positive side of an individual. Being flexible at
work always helps. ▪ Avoid being jealous. Leave your ego behind the
moment you enter the workplace. Appreciate if someone has performed
exceptionally well. Remember only hard work and nothing else pays in
the long run. ▪ Stand by your colleagues when needed. It is only you who
can create a healthy atmosphere at the workplace.

Q-What is the role of Communication in interpersonal relationship?

Communication is said to be the basis of every interpersonal relationship.

Infact effective communication is the key to a healthy and long lasting
relationship. If individuals do not communicate with each other
effectively, problems are bound to come.

Communication plays a pivotal role in reducing misunderstandings and

eventually strengthens the bond among individuals. A relationship loses
its charm if individuals do not express and reciprocate their feelings
through various modes of communication. A healthy interaction is
essential for a healthy relationship. It is not always an individual needs to
talk to express his /her feelings. Feelings can be expressed through non
verbal modes of communication as well. Your body movements, gestures,
facial expressions, hand movements communicate something or the
other. Make sure you do not make faces at anyone. You should look happy
and contented for the other person toenjoy your presence. Do not always
look sad and irritated. Eye movements also have an important role to play
in relationships. One can make out whether you are angry, unhappy or
frustrated through your eyes only.

Take care of your tone and pitch as well. Make sure you are not too loud
or too soft. Being loud might hurt the other person. Speak softly in a
convincing way. The other person must be able to understand what you
intend to communicate.

Choice of words is important in relationships. Think twice before you

speak. Remember one wrong word can change the meaning of an entire
conversation. The other person might misinterpret you and spoil the
relationship. Be crisp. Express your feelings clearly. Do not try to confuse
the other person. Being straightforward helps you in relationships.

An individual must interact with the other person regularly for the
relationship to grow and reach to the next level. Speaking over the phone.
SMSing are ways of communicating and staying in touch especially in long
distance relationships where individuals hardly meet.

Be polite. Never ever shout on your partner even if he has done

something wrong. Discuss issues and try to sort out your differences
amicably. Abusing, fighting, criticizing spoil the relationship and in
adverse cases might end it as well. Being rude is a crime in relationships.
Try to understand the other person’s point of view as well. Be a patient
listener. Unless you listen carefully, you will never be able to
communicate effectively.

Individuals can also communicate through emails. If you do not get the
time to call your partner regularly, drop him/her a mail. The other person
would feel happy and important. Emails are also an effective mode of
communication at workplace. For better relations at workplace, try to
communicate through written modes of communication. Be careful about
the mail body and make sure they are self explanatory. Using capital
letters in emails is considered to be rude and loud. Do not share any
information with any of your fellow workers verbally. Mark him a mail and
do keep your Boss in the loop. All the related employees must be marked
a cc as well. If discussed orally, the other person might refuse later on,
creating problems for you.

Q-What are Basic leader-ship skills?

Leadership is a process whereby an Individual influences a group of

Individuals to achieve a common goal. Leadership is that which pulls
together people with diverse talents, backgrounds, experiences and
Interests ,encourages them to step up to responsibility and continued
achievement and treats them as full scale partners

IMPORTANCE OF A GOOD LEADERSHIP SKILLS

Goodleadership skills comprise more than one or two traits, and there is
more to leadership than just knowing the technical aspects of how to
manage a team. Effective leaders are many things: determined, ethical,
innovative, passionate, kind, curious, focused, confident, collaborative,
courageous, wise and empowering.

• Effective leaders have the ability to communicate well, motivate their

team, handle and delegate responsibilities, listen to feedback, and have
the flexibility to solve problems in an ever-changing workplace.
Employers seek these skills in the candidates they hire for leadership
roles. Provide a vision
 • Establish Effective Organizational Structure and Communication
Protocols. ... • Be an Effective Role Model. ... • Inspire and Motivate. ... •
Delegate and Empower. ... • Effective Time Management. • Leading his
team to achieve a common goal

Q-What is advanced Leadership Skills(ALS)?

Advanced Leadership Skills is a practical, hands-on program that enables

the front line leader to not only apply existing knowledge and skills and
learn new skills but to achieve higher productivity, ensure clearer
communications, resolve conflicts effectively, build and retain strong
teams, and to understand and lead change. Advanced leadership skills
helps in the following ways: 1.Build A High Performance Team. 2.Build
Trust And Increase Productivity. 3.Help Employees Adapt To Change.
4.Facilitate Conflict Resolution Solutions. 5.Enhance Work Relationships.
6.Develop Negotiating And Problem Solving Skills. 7.Help Team Members
Adapt To Change. 8.Move Team Members From Achieving Effective To
Exceptional Results.

Q-What is team building? Importance of building high performance team

Team Building for work teams -Emphasize the importance of each team
member's contribution and demonstrate how all of their jobs operate
together to move the entire team closer to its goal. Delegate problem-
solving tasks to the team. Let the team work on creative solutions
together. Facilitate communication.

The formal definition of team-building includes:

1.aligning around goals.

2.building effective working relationships.

3.reducing team members' role ambiguity.

4.finding solutions to team problems.

5 Objectives of Team Building: How To Bring Your Employees Together-

Acquaint and Establish Connections. Getting to know each other in the
workplace is one goal of team building. ...-Encourage Communication and
Teamwork. ...-Improve Morale and Engagement. ...-Foster Innovation and
Creativity. ...-Build Trust and Team Bonds.

Q-What is the team building process?

As we talk about the stages of group formation, it is important to mention

a number of things. A team leader ought to follow these steps or stages of
team building to ensure maximum productivity and internal
communication. –

Set a Mission: Every team member should have a clear understanding of

their collective goal.

Commitment: Every team member should be motivated enough to invest

their time, energy, and attention into the collective goal.

Clear the Three R’s: Clearly explain the Rules, Responsibilities, and Roles

to every team member.

Clear Communication: Maintain regular intergroup communication to

make your team aware of the decision-making and objectives.

Q-What is Time management?

Time Management contributes to the best possible use of time. It is a

concept that deals with the effective management of time. It means the
practice of using the available time in a useful and effective way,
especially in work.An individual who organises tasks and duties according
to the scheduled timings becomes more disciplined, organised and
efficient. Time management provides an opportunity to prioritize tasks on
the basis of their importance and make the best use of important limited
resources; enhances an individual’s knowledge and skills to perform
constructively; and promotes delegation of responsibilities. It contributes
in enhancing happiness and success of those individuals who strictly
follow time management. They balance their personal and professional
life without any type of stress because stress is a personal response to a
situation, which can be changed through time management.

Now, it is evident that time management empowers an individual and

enables her/him to:

Assign specific time slots to desired activities as per their importance

and priority;
Delegate responsibilities to team members;
Properly utilise the time through SMART strategy; and
Manage the allocated time effectively so that important activities can
be completed in specific time.

In view of the above, time management incorporates:

Planning for Effective Time Management:It is necessary for an

individual to Plan her/his day in advance and prepare a To-Do List to
achieve the targets. In this regard, prioritize and note down the
tasks/activities on the basis of their importance against the time that
is allocated for each task/activity. Top Priority should be assigned to
the most important work for that particular day, followed by those
which are less important. In a disciplined manner, complete the
important tasks. It is to be noted that one must not begin any new
task, unless there is an emergency, and ensure that tasks have been
completed without any discrepancy.
Prioritizing Tasks on the Basis of their Importance :In the next stage,
prioritize the tasks on the basis of their importance for the planned
day. Here, a clear understanding about the difference between
important and urgent tasks is necessary. Clearly mark the number and
date against each task in a weekly planner. Hence, tasks should be
managed and performed based on priority.
Delegation of Responsibilities to Team Members:For effective time
management in an organisation, an employee should learn to say "NO"
for extra work, which s/he can’t perform in given time. S/he need not
do everything on her/ his own when there are other members in the
team as well. Thus, an employee should not accept or try to perform
an activity that is difficult/impossible to complete within a stipulated
time. The team leader must delegate roles and responsibilities as per
 capacity and specialisation of employees, which will save time and
enhance productivity.
Setting Goals to achieve Success:To achieve the desired goals in an
organisation, team leader should identify and set goals and targets
and involve team members in the decision. In this context, s/he has to
ensure that targets are realistic and achievable.
Setting Deadlines to achieve the Targets:The next important stage is
setting deadlines to complete the tasks within the stipulated time
frame. For this purpose, team leader not only fixes deadlines but also
motivates employees to strive hard to try to complete the task ahead
of the deadlines. For every person setting deadlines in To-Do List, it is
necessary to complete the assignment at the right time. Marking
deadlines in a planner against the important tasks contributes
effectively in efficient performance.
Monitoring to Ensure Completion of Tasks in Allocated Time :Team
Leader ensures that tasks are completed in the allocated time. As
delay disturbs the chain, therefore it is necessary to complete work as
early as possible. It is worth mentioning that we all are human beings
who need some personal time also to attend personal calls, check
emails, etc. so it is advisable to fix deadlines accordingly.

Q-What are consequesces of wasting time and benifits of time

management?

Wasting time involves not only using the time inappropriately but
inadequately also, which leads to its under-utilisation, un-utilisation or
even wrong utilisation. In this context, there can be no exact objective
analysis of what a time waster is. A particular activity, for example dance
practice may be a time waster for a scientist, but not for a dancer. A time
wasting activity, which is deliberate, imposed or borne in ignorance can
be dysfunctional, which is having negative consequences for the goal in
view. As time is the most precious resource therefore, individuals as well
organisations have to pay a heavy price for its wastage in terms of
squandering away of financial resources, non achievement of goals,
dissatisfaction of the beneficiaries of a project and lowering of discipline
and decorum. To conclude, time is considered wasted in the following
conditions: a) When productivity is less than the usual standards. b) When
benefits accruing from a particular slice of time are less than anticipated.
c) When satisfaction is meagre and below expectation. d) When a Project
or effort results in loss, conflict or damage to the goodwill of a person or
organisation.

i) Consequences of Wasting Time:

Consequences of wasting time or failing to manage time effectively leads

to following undesirable circumstances:

a) An individual misses deadlines, which affects productivity and

reputation.b) A poor professional reputation affects health and career. c)
It causes higher stress levels, which affects health, job performance, and
relationships. d) Inefficient work flow, which affects the coordination and
productivity. e) Results in poor quality of work, which affects the output.
f) Spending less quality time with family affects relationships and all
round development of children. After a clear understanding about the
consequences of wasting time, now we will discuss the benefits of
effective time management in the next part of this Section.

ii) Benefits of Time Management are as follows:

Inculcates the habit of Punctuality and Discipline :

An individual learns to make judicious use of time. S/he prepares a To-Do

List and jot down important tasks, which s/he has to complete as per
priority on a particular day against the specific time slots. It provides a
clear direction to an individual/employee to focus on completion of task
within stipulated time, which inculcates the habit of punctuality and
discipline.

Builds Confidence and Boosts an individual's Morale :When an

individual/employee efficiently accomplishes the given task within the
stipulated time frame, it makes her/him popular amongst peers. It is
evident that such individuals create a special place for them and
become the centre of attention everywhere, which builds confidence
and boosts their morale.
Encourages to Prioritize important Tasks :The techniques of time
management enable an individual/employee to prioritize important
tasks at the workplace and in personal life. For completing the
 assigned task within the stipulated time, one has to say no to
unimportant tasks and everything that comes her/his way.
Develops Organisational Skills :An individual/employee becomes more
organised due to time management. For example, s/he keeps the
frequently used items such as important files, folders, stationery etc.
at a proper place, which saves time and energy, and avoids distraction.
Thus, time management paves the way to enhance focus, productivity
and efficiency of individuals. They keep their work stations, shelves,
meeting area clean and well organised; and develop organisational
skills.
Improves skills of Forecasting and Planning:Effective time
management contributes in better planning and forecasting.
Individuals/ employees who learn career planning know exactly where
they stand five years from now. The team leader in an organisation can
improve its productivity, if s/he can forecast and anticipates major
issues and challenges that may affect the efficiency and productivity;
and find out their solutions. In this regard, implementation of
necessary changes in the system on the basis of forecasting and
planning is the result of effective time management.

Q-What is the 5 Stages of Team Development and Team Building Process?

Now that we have the basic idea of the stages of team building let’s delve
deeper into the process and learn the 5 stages of team development.

What are the 5 stages of team development?

Well, Bruce Wayne Tuckman, a researcher, had published four stages of

development all teams move through over time as a way to improve teamwork
and help companies become more efficient.

These four stages are –Forming, Storming,Norming,Performing

Forming – the Nascent Stages of Team Development

This is the Forming is the first stage of group development where the team
leaders introduce the team members to each other. The team leader has to
highlight each person’s skills and background to the rest of the team. Further,
the members are also briefed about the project details and given the
opportunity to organize their responsibilities.
The team formation stages are as follows –

A team intro meeting: If you manage a project, you will need team members

with various skill-set to achieve the project goal. In this stage, you will have to

introduce the team members to each other and explain the team matrix and

the production/delivery process.

A skill-set review: In this team formation stage, the project manager has to

introduce the team to the skills that everyone brings to the table, like

development, web design, marketing, or product knowledge. This will help all

team members to know whom to approach for specific answers and guidance.

A project and outcomes overview: Your team members need to know what’s

expected out of them to meet the project goal and how they fit into the big

picture.

A project timeline: Finally, debrief your team about the project timeline and

tell them how much time they have to work on the project. Making the timeline

accessible to everyone helps in this case. You can also break the project into

smaller parts and assign timelines to each one.

Q-What are the techniques of time management?

Effective time management is based on the following techniques:

a) Set SMART Goals. b) Plan for best utilisation of time and resources. c)
Set realistic and achievable targets for yourself and team members. d)
Prioritize tasks in the to-do list on the basis of clear understanding of
difference between urgent and important work. e) Prepare a To-Do List on
the basis of Priorities. f) Properly follow 80/20 Principle to ensure
completion of task within the stipulated time frame. g) Stay focused to
attain optimum excellence in performance. h) Do it to a Finish – do not
overburden yourself or your team members and perform until it is done
to a finish. i) Sound self-management – be disciplined, organised and
punctual to achieve the planned targets.

Q-What is Mnemonics?

The ability to hear, understand, and remember information is a critical part of

learning. Some people use mnemonics (pronounced “nih-ma-nics”) to help
them remember important things. Mnemonics (sometimes called “mnemonic
devices”) are learning tools or techniques that help a person learn and recall
information. Mnemonics make remembering information easier by assiociating
the information with something else that is meaningful to the person trying to
remember it.

Types of Mnemonics

There are many different types of mnemonics. Mnemonics can be auditory (i.e.,
they are presented in words or sounds that can be heard), visual (i.e., they are
depicted in images that can be seen), or kinesthetic (i.e., they are provided in a
format that can be touched). Here are some often-used mnemonics:

Acronyms – Acronym mnemonics use the first letter of each word in a list to
make one word. For example, the Great Lakes in North American are Huron,
Ontario, Michigan, Erie, and Superior. You can remember the five lakes
using the word “HOMES” (which is made from the first letter of each of the
Great Lakes).
Phrase or Expression Mnemonics – With this type of mnemonic, use the
first letter of each word in a list to form a new phrase or expression. For
example, to remember the names and order of the planets (Mercury, Venus,
Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune), you might think of the
sentence, “My Very Educated Mother Just Served Us Noodles.”
Music or Songs – Songs can be simple and sung to familiar tunes or they can
be more elaborate. For example, some people have developed songs to
help them remember all 118 elements of the Periodic Table or all of the
United States Presidents in order.
Spelling Mnemonics – Spelling mnemonics can help you remember how to
spell difficult words or which spelling to use for homophones (words that
sound the same but have different meanings and spellings). For example,
“rhythm helps your two hips move” can help a student remember how to
spell “rhythm,” and remembering that “a principal is your pal” will help you
remember when to use “principal” (the person) instead of “principle” (the
belief).
 Poems – Rhyming poems, or poems that can be recited in a singsong
manner, are usually easier to remember. For example, in order to remember
when to use “ei” or “ie” in spelling, many students learned this poem… i
before e, except after c, or when sounded as “a,” as in “neighbor” and
“weigh.”
Kinesthetic Mnemonics – Kinesthetic mnemonics rely on movement or
touch to help us remember information. For example, to remember which
months have 31 days in them, you can touch the knuckles and spaces
between the knuckles of your fist while reciting the months in order...
January (31), February, March (31), April, May (31), June, July (31)… then
start over… August (31), September, October (31), November, December
(31).
Number Sequences – You can use phrases and sentences to remember
sequences of numbers. In this type of mnemonic, the number of letters in
each word of the phrase or sentence corresponds to a number in the
sequence. For example, to remember the first seven numbers after the
decimal in the mathematical constant, pi, think of the sentence, “May I
have a large container of coffee?” (The number of letters in each word are
3.1415926.)

Not all mnemonics work for all people. The mnemonic that works best for you
will depend on your experiences, your personality, and a host of other factors.
Mnemonics should make it easier to remember information – not harder. If a
mnemonic takes more effort to remember than the information it is supposed
to help you remember, then don’t use it. For more information about the
related topic of Auditory Memory, see Handy Handout #331, “Helpful
Strategies for Auditory Memory.”

Q-What is the importance of Body language in Public speaking?

When a person takes to a podium to address an audience, they communicate

not just with their voice but also with facial expressions, posture, eye contact,
and hand gestures. Body language is a crucial lesson for children learning
public speaking. Body language is an essential part of public speaking, and this
needs to be practiced from a young age.

Help your child understand that even when a speaker is equipped with the
right words, the wrong body language can hamper your presentation. On the
other hand, even if they could not write the best speech ever, body language
and gestures can change the game.
Here are some critical body language tips for public speaking –

1. Eye-Contact:Making direct eye-contact with the audience is essential for

keeping your audience engaged and connected with you. Especially when
answering a question from a member of the audience, maintaining eye-contact
helps convey sincerity and credibility. A good speaker can convey their
confidence and authority with the help of eye-contact.

2. Facial Expressions:Words evoke the right emotions when accompanied by

the right facial expressions. Audiences universally understand emotions such
as anger, fear, disgust, happiness, sadness, and surprise through facial
expressions. Expressing yourself with a smile can make your audience more
comfortable and amiable.

3. Head Movements:Body movements in public speaking are not limited to

hand gestures or body postures. Your head's position can also convey a lot
about your attitude or mindset to your audience. Tilting your head can express
interest, lowering your head can mean fatigue, and turning your head away
from the audience can convey nervousness.

4. Hand Gestures:We cannot emphasize enough the importance of gestures in

public speaking. There are various ways in which a speaker can use their hands
to complement or reinforce the message they are making. Excessive hand
gestures can be distracting but including some hand gestures with your speech
helps your audience remember what you say.

5. Body Posture:Public speaking gestures and body language may not have the
desired impact in the absence of the right body posture. A rigid posture shows
nervousness or tension, while a slouching stance means laziness or
indifference. Maintain a relaxed but alert posture on-stage to convey the right
impression to your audience.

6. Breathing:Controlling your breath is an important body language tip for

public speaking. Maintaining relaxed breathing helps keep the mind clear and
lends power to the voice. Slow breathing and tactical pauses in the speech will
help in emphasizing the right points.

Parents looking for body language tips for public speaking in children should
try to inculcate good body language practices in themselves as well. Children
take a cue from their parents and follow their example. Experienced speakers
use a variety of non-verbal communication methods to make an impression on
their audiences. A confident body language is vital for any public speaking
activity. So whether your child wants to participate in storytelling, debates,
elocutions or a model united nations – using the right body language can help
them do better for sure.

Q4. Differentiate NOTICE from CIRCULAR

A notice and a circular are both forms of communication, but they serve
different purposes and have distinct characteristics:

Notice:

1. Purpose: A notice is used to inform or announce something to a specific

group of people.
2. Audience: It is directed towards a targeted audience, such as employees,
students, or members of an organization.
3. Format: Notices are typically brief, to-the-point, and contain essential
information like dates, events, or instructions.
4. Distribution: They are usually displayed in common areas or sent directly to
the intended recipients.

Circular:

1. Purpose: A circular is a broader form of communication that disseminates

information to a larger audience.
2. Audience: It is often meant for a wider group, such as all employees in a
company, all students in a school, or members of a community.
3. Format: Circulars are more detailed than notices and may include multiple
topics, announcements, or updates.
4. Distribution: They are circulated through various channels like emails,
newsletters, or posted on websites.

In essence, a notice is more targeted and concise, while a circular is broader in

scope and provides more detailed information to a larger audience.

Q5. Differentiate team from group.

Ans. Here's a breakdown of the differences between a team and a group:

Team:

1. Purpose: A team is formed with a specific objective or goal in mind, often

requiring collaboration and coordination among members to achieve that
goal.
2. Interdependence: Team members have interdependent roles, meaning they
rely on each other's contributions to accomplish tasks and reach
objectives.
3. Synergy: Effective teams often exhibit synergy, where the combined effort
of the team leads to results that are greater than the sum of individual
efforts.
4. Leadership: Teams may have a designated leader or coordinator who helps
facilitate teamwork, communication, and decision-making.
5. Accountability: Team members are accountable not just for their individual
tasks but also for the overall team's performance and outcomes.

Group:

1. Purpose: A group can be a collection of individuals with a common interest,

affiliation, or purpose, but they may not necessarily have a shared goal or
task to accomplish.
2. Independence: Group members may work independently on their tasks or
projects without strong interdependence or collaboration with other
members.
3. Individual Focus: The focus in a group is often on individual contributions
rather than collective teamwork or synergy.
4. Leadership: Groups may or may not have a formal leader, and leadership
roles may be more fluid or situational.
5. Accountability: While individuals in a group are responsible for their tasks,
there may be less emphasis on collective accountability for group
outcomes compared to a team.

In summary, a team is characterized by shared goals, interdependence,

collaboration, synergy, and collective accountability, while a group may have
common interests or affiliations but may not necessarily work together
towards a specific goal or exhibit strong interdependence.

Q.What is email (electronic mail)?

Email (electronic mail) is the exchange of computer-stored messages from one

user to one or more recipients via the internet. Emails are a fast, inexpensive
and accessible way to communicate for business or personal use. Users can
send emails from anywhere as long as they have an internet connection, which
is typically provided by an internet service provider.

The main components of an email message:-

A mail message transfer agent is software that transfers emails between the
computers of a sender and a recipient. No two email addresses can be
identical, as each complete address must be unique.

Typically, an email message consists of two main components: header and

body.

Header

Each email message comes with a header that's structured into various fields.
These fields contain important information regarding the sender and the
recipients). However, the content of the email header varies, depending on the
email system being used.

Typically, an email header contains the following information:

◦ Subject. This provides a summary of the message topic and is displayed

in a separate line above the message body. For example, a subject line
might say "Company mission statement" or "Employee Stock Purchase
Plan."

Sender (From). This field is the sender's email address. A display name can also
be shown instead if it's associated with the email address. Most email clients
fill out this field automatically.

◦ Date and time received (On). This field shows the local time and date when the
message was composed. It's a mandatory header field that's filled
automatically by most email clients.

◦ Reply-to. If a user clicks on the Reply button, this field automatically

populates the message with the sender's email address, which now becomes
the "recipient."

◦ Recipient (To). This field shows the first and last name of the email recipient,
as configured by the sender.

◦ Recipient email address. This is the email address of the recipient or where
the message was sent.

◦ Carbon copy (CC). The carbon copy. field includes the email addresses of the
people who need to receive the email but aren't expected to reply. When a
person presses Reply All, all of the CC addresses receive the response.
◦ Blind carbon copy (BCC). If a sender doesn't want their recipient to find out
who else received the email, they could use the BCC field to enter those
addresses. The addresses in the BCC list don't receive responses when
someone presses Reply All.

Attachments. This field contains any files that are attached to the message.

Body:-

This is the content of the email. It may contain anything the user wishes to
send, including text, videos or file attachments. Depending on the email client
used, the email body can be formatted in either plain text or HTML. While plain
text messages can't contain special formatting or multimedia elements, HTML
emails enable special formatting and inclusion of multimedia options within
the body of the message. The message body may also include signatures or
automatically generated text that the sender's email system inserts.

Advantages of email:-

Email is a fast, reliable and portable way of communicating with others. The
following are some common benefits of using email for both personal and
professional purposes:

◦ Cost-effectiveness. There are various free email services available to

individuals and organizations. Once a user is online, there are no additional
charges for the service.

◦ Flexibility. Email provides users with a nonurgent communication process that

enables them to send a response when it's convenient for them. This also
encourages users to communicate regardless of their different schedules or
time zones.

◦ Easy access. If the user has access to the internet, then email can be accessed
from anywhere at any time.

◦ Speed and simplicity. Emails are quick and easy to compose, with information
and contacts readily available. They can also be exchanged quickly with
minimal lag time.

◦ Mass delivery. Email makes it possible and easy to send one message to large
groups of people.
◦ Message filtering. Email enables users to filter and categorize their messages.
This can prevent the visibility of unwanted emails, such as spam and junk mail,
while also making it easier to find specific messages when they're needed.

Message storage and retrieval. Email exchanges can be saved and searched for
easy retrieval. This enables users to keep important conversations,
confirmations or instructions in their records and quickly retrieve them if
necessary.

Barriers in Communication:-

Barriers in communication can create hurdles in conveying messages

effectively. Here are some common barriers:

1. Physical Barriers: These include distance, noise, poor lighting, and physical
obstructions that make it difficult to hear or see the message clearly.
2. Language Barriers: Differences in language or jargon can lead to
misunderstandings, especially in multicultural or international settings.
3. Psychological Barriers: These include prejudices, biases, emotions, and
attitudes that affect how a message is perceived or interpreted.
4. Cultural Barriers: Variations in customs, beliefs, values, and norms can lead
to misinterpretations or conflicts in communication.
5. Semantic Barriers: Differences in meanings of words or symbols can cause
confusion or miscommunication.
6. Technological Barriers: Issues with communication tools or platforms, such
as poor connectivity, can disrupt the flow of communication.
7. Organizational Barriers: Hierarchical structures, complex procedures, lack
of feedback mechanisms, and unclear roles can hinder effective
communication within an organization.
8. Personal Barriers: These include factors like poor listening skills, lack of
empathy, ego clashes, and unwillingness to communicate openly.

Process of Communication

The process of communication consists of the following steps or stages:

(i) Message:

This is the background step to the process of communication; which, by

forming

the subject matter of communication necessitates the start of a

communication

process. The message might be a factor an idea, or a request or a suggestion, or

an order or a grievance.

(ii) Sender:

The actual process of communication is initiated at the hands of the sender;

who takes steps to send the message to the recipient.

(iii) Encoding:

Encoding means giving a form and meaning to the message through expressing

it into – words, symbol, gestures, graph, drawings etc.

(iv) Medium:

It refers to the method or channel, through which the message is to be

conveyed

to the recipient. For example, an oral communication might be made through a

peon or over the telephone etc.; while a written communication might be

routed through a letter or a notice displayed on the notice board etc.

(v) Recipient (or the Receiver):

Technically, a communication is complete, only when it comes to the

knowledge

of the intended person i.e. the recipient or the receiver.

(vi) Decoding:

Decoding means the interpretation of the message by the recipient – with a

view to getting the meaning of the message, as per the intentions of the sender.

It is at this stage in the communication process, that communication is

philosophically defined as, ‘the transmission of understanding.’

Q.What do you mean by the term barrier?

A barrier refers to something that blocks or hinders progress, movement, or
communication. It can be a physical object, a situation, or a condition that
makes it difficult for something to happen smoothly or easily.

Q. What do you mean by Variable Communication?

Variable communication refers to the exchange of information or messages

that can change in various ways. In this context, "variable" means something
that is not constant but can vary or be different. Variable communication can
include different modes like verbal, non-verbal, written, or visual, and it can
also vary in tone, style, or content depending on the situation, audience, or
purpose.

Q-What is Goal Setting?

Goal setting

Goal setting is a process where you decide on specific objectives or targets you
want to achieve. It involves:

1. Identifying Goals: Figuring out what you want to accomplish, whether in

your personal life, career, or any other area.
2. Making Goals Specific: Clearly defining your goals with details like what,
when, where, why, and how.
3. Setting Measurable Targets: Creating measurable criteria to track your
progress towards your goals.
4. Setting Achievable Goals: Ensuring that your goals are realistic and
attainable based on your resources and abilities.
5. Setting Relevant Goals: Aligning your goals with your values, priorities, and
long-term objectives.
6. Setting Time-Bound Goals: Establishing deadlines or timeframes to
complete your goals, which adds a sense of urgency and accountability.
7. Monitoring and Adjusting: Regularly reviewing your progress, making any
necessary adjustments, and staying motivated to achieve your goals.

Q. What are the techniques in personality development in easy words and

points?

Ans. Here are some techniques for personality development explained in easy
words and points:

1. Self-Awareness:
Understand your strengths and weaknesses.
 Know your values, beliefs, and goals.
Reflect on your actions and thoughts regularly.
2. Goal Setting:
Set specific and achievable goals.
Break big goals into smaller steps.
Track your progress and celebrate achievements.
3. Positive Thinking:
Focus on the good things in life.
Practice gratitude and optimism.
Replace negative thoughts with positive ones.
4. Communication Skills:
Listen actively to others.
Express yourself clearly and confidently.
Practice effective speaking and writing.
5. Emotional Intelligence:
Recognize and manage your emotions.
Show empathy towards others.
Develop resilience in facing challenges.
6. Stress Management:
Practice relaxation techniques like deep breathing.
Manage your time effectively.
Engage in activities that bring you joy and relaxation.
7. Continuous Learning:
Read books, articles, and blogs.
Attend workshops and seminars.
Learn new skills related to your interests or career.
8. Social Skills:
Build strong relationships.
Work well in teams and resolve conflicts peacefully.
Network and connect with people in your field.
9. Self-Care:
Prioritize your physical and mental health.
Get regular exercise and enough sleep.
Take breaks and engage in activities you enjoy.
10. Feedback and Improvement:
Seek feedback from others and be open to constructive criticism.
Use feedback to make positive changes.
Set goals for self-improvement based on feedback.