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Lesson 06 - Continuity of A Function-1-1 - 2

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nahid.sarker.241
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Continuity of a Function

Ref. Textbook: Calculus (10th ed.) by Anton, Bivens and Davis


❑ Concept of Continuity
Intuitively, the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) can be described as a “continuous curve” if it has no
breaks or holes. Otherwise, the graph of 𝑓 𝑥 is called “discontinuous curve”.
For example, the flowing graphs of 𝑓(𝑥) are discontinuous.

Definition A function 𝑓(𝑥) is said to be continuous at 𝑥 = 𝑐 provided the following


conditions are satisfied:
I. 𝑓(𝑐) is defined.

II. lim 𝑓(𝑥) exists.


𝑥→𝑐

III. lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑐)


𝑥→𝑐
28 February 2023 Lesson 06: Continuity of a Function 1
Continuity of a Function
Ref. Textbook: Calculus (10th ed.) by Anton, Bivens and Davis
❑ Concept of Continuity
Example. Determine whether the following functions are continuous at 𝑥 = 2.

Solution.

For the function, 𝑓 𝑥 For the function, g 𝑥 For the function, ℎ 𝑥


1. 𝑓(2) is not defined 1. 𝑔 2 = 3 is defined 1. ℎ 2 = 4 is defined
𝑥 2 −4 𝑥 2 −4 𝑥 2 −4
2. lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim 2. lim 𝑔(𝑥) = lim 2. lim ℎ(𝑥) = lim
𝑥→2 𝑥→2 𝑥−2 𝑥→2 𝑥→2 𝑥−2 𝑥→2 𝑥→2 𝑥−2

= lim (𝑥 + 2) = 4 = lim (𝑥 + 2) = 4 = lim (𝑥 + 2) = 4


𝑥→2 𝑥→2 𝑥→2

3. lim 𝑓(𝑥) ≠ 𝑓(2) 3. lim 𝑔(𝑥) ≠ 𝑔(2) 3. lim ℎ(𝑥) = ℎ(2)


𝑥→2 𝑥→2 𝑥→2
∴ 𝑓(𝑥) is not continuous at ∴ g(𝑥) is not continuous at ∴ ℎ(𝑥) is continuous at
𝑥 = 2. 𝑥 = 2. 𝑥 = 2.
28 February 2023 Lesson 06: Continuity of a Function 2
Continuity of a Function
Ref. Textbook: Calculus (10th ed.) by Anton, Bivens and Davis
❑ Concept of Continuity
Example. Determine whether the following functions are continuous at 𝑥 = 2.

Solution.

28 February 2023 Lesson 06: Continuity of a Function 3


Continuity of a Function
Ref. Textbook: Calculus (10th ed.) by Anton, Bivens and Davis
❑ Exercise Set 1.5 H.W.
11–22 Find values of x, if any, at which 𝑓 is 29–30 Find a value of the constant 𝑘, if
not continuous. possible, that will make the function continuous
everywhere.

28 February 2023 Lesson 06: Continuity of a Function 4


Continuity of a Function
Ref. Textbook: Calculus (10th ed.) by Anton, Bivens and Davis
❑ Continuity of Trigonometric, Exponential, and Inverse Functions
Theorem If c is any number in the natural domain of the stated trigonometric function, then

𝑥 2 −1
Example. Find the limit lim cos .
𝑥→1 𝑥−1

Solution. 𝑥2 − 1 (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1)
lim cos = lim cos = lim cos(𝑥 + 1) = cos(2)
𝑥→1 𝑥−1 𝑥→1 𝑥−1 𝑥→1

Theorem

Example. lim tan 𝑥 = lim sin 𝑥


= lim
sin 𝑥
⋅
1
= lim
sin 𝑥
lim
1
=1
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥 ⋅ cos 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 cos 𝑥

sin(2𝜃) sin(2𝜃) sin(2𝜃) sin(𝑥)


lim = 2 lim = 2 lim = 2 lim =2
𝜃→0 𝜃 𝜃→0 2𝜃 2𝜃→0 2𝜃 𝑥→0 𝑥
28 February 2023 Lesson 06: Continuity of a Function 5
Continuity of a Function
Ref. Textbook: Calculus (10th ed.) by Anton, Bivens and Davis

Theorem (The Squeezing Theorem) Let 𝑓, 𝑔, and ℎ be functions satisfying 𝑔(𝑥) ≤ 𝑓(𝑥) ≤ ℎ(𝑥)
for all 𝑥 in some open interval containing the number 𝑐, with the possible exception that
the inequalities need not hold at 𝑐. If 𝑔 and ℎ have the same limit as 𝑥 approaches 𝑐, say

lim 𝑔(𝑥) = lim ℎ(𝑥) = 𝐿


𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐

then 𝑓 also has this limit as 𝑥 approaches 𝑐, that is, lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿
𝑥→𝑐
sin 𝑥
Example. Find the limit lim .
𝑥→0 𝑥
1 1
1 1 1 tan 𝑥 𝑥 1 𝑥
Solution. Let, 2
tan 𝑥 ≥
2
𝑥 ≥
2
sin 𝑥 ⇒ 2
1 ≥1 2
≥1⇒
cos 𝑥
≥
sin 𝑥
≥1
sin 𝑥 sin 𝑥
2 2
sin 𝑥 sin 𝑥 sin 𝑥
⇒ cos 𝑥 ≤ ≤ 1 ⇒ lim cos 𝑥 ≤ lim ≤ lim 1 ⇒ 1 ≤ lim ≤1
𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥→0 𝑥
sin 𝑥
Therefore, according to the Squeezing Theorem, lim =1
𝑥→0 𝑥

Graphs for the choice of inequalities:

28 February 2023 Lesson 06: Continuity of a Function 6


Continuity of a Function
Ref. Textbook: Calculus (10th ed.) by Anton, Bivens and Davis
❑ Exercise Set 1.6 H.W.
Find the following limits :

28 February 2023 Lesson 06: Continuity of a Function 7

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