Chapter 1

Data Communication Networks

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 Chapter 1
Applications
 Most people know about the Internet (a
computer network) through applications
 World Wide Web
 Email
 Online Social Network
 Streaming Audio Video
 File Sharing
g
 Instant Messaging
 …

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Example of an application

A multimedia application including video

video-conferencing
conferencing

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Application Protocol
 URL
 Uniform resource locater
 http://www cs princeton edu/~llp/index
http://www.cs.princeton.edu/ llp/index.html
html
 HTTP
 Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
 TCP
 Transmission Control Protocol
 17 messages for one URL request
 6 to find the IP (Internet Protocol) address
 3 for connection establishment of TCP
 4 for HTTP request and acknowledgement
 Request: I got your request and I will send the data
 Reply: Here is the data you requested; I got the data
 4 messages for tearing down TCP connection

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 Chapter 1
Requirements
 Application Programmer
 List the services that his application needs: delay
bounded delivery of data
 Network Designer
 Design a cost-effective network with sharable
resources
 N t
Network
k Provider
P id
 List the characteristics of a system that is easy to
manage

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 Chapter 1
Connectivity
 Need
N d to
t understand
d t d th the
following terminologies
 Scale
 Link
 Nodes
 Point-to-point
 Multiple access
 Switched Network
 Circuit Switched
 Packet Switched
 Packet, message
 Store-and-forward

(a) Point-to-point
(b) Multiple access

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 Chapter 1
Connectivity
 T
Terminologies
i l i ((contd.)
td )
 Cloud
 Hosts
(a)
 S it h
Switches
 internetwork
 Router/gateway
 Host to host connectivity
Host-to-host
 Address
 Routing
 Unicast/broadcast/multicast

(b)

(a) A switched network

(b) Interconnection of networks

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Support for Common Services
 Logical Channels
 Application-to-Application communication path or a
pipe

Process communicating over an

abstract channel

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Common Communication Patterns
 Client/Server
 Two types of communication channel
 Request/Reply Channels
 Message
g Stream Channels

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Reliability
 Network should hide the errors
 Bits are lost
 Bit errors (1 to a 0, and vice versa)
 Burst errors – several consecutive errors
 Packets are lost (Congestion)
 Links and Node failures
 M
Messages are d
delayed
l d
 Messages are delivered out-of-order
 Thi d parties
Third ti eavesdrop
d

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 Chapter 1
Network Architecture

Example
a peo of a layered
aye ed network
et o system
syste

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 Chapter 1
Network Architecture

Layered system with alternative abstractions available at a given layer

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Protocols
 Protocol defines the interfaces between the
layers in the same system and with the layers of
peer system
 Building blocks of a network architecture
 Each protocol object has two different interfaces
 service interface: operations on this protocol
 peer-to-peer interface: messages exchanged with
peer
 T
Term “protocol”
“ t l” is
i overloaded
l d d
 specification of peer-to-peer interface
 module that implements this interface

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 Chapter 1
Interfaces

Service and Peer Interfaces

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 Chapter 1
Protocols
 Protocol Specification: prose, pseudo-code, state
transition diagram
g
 Interoperable: when two or more protocols that
implement
p the specification
p accurately
y
 IETF: Internet Engineering Task Force

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 Chapter 1
Encapsulation

High-level messages are encapsulated inside of low-level messages

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OSI Architecture

The OSI 7-layer Model

OSI – Open Systems Interconnection

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 Chapter 1
OSI Model . . .

Encapsulation: A packet (header and data) at level 7 is

encapsulated in a packet at level 6. The whole packet
at level 6 is encapsulated in a packet at level 5, and so
on.

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 Chapter 1
Pop Up Question in OSI – Q1

No. of •a)3
a)3
layers in a
computer •b)7
b)7

No. of •a)2
)
la ers in a
layers
Router •b)3
)
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 Chapter 1
Pop Up Question in OSI – Q1

No. of •a)3
a)3
layers in a
computer •b)7
b)7

No. of •a)2
)
la ers in a
layers
Router •b)3
)
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 Chapter 1
Description of Layers
 Physical Layer
 Handles the transmission of raw bits over a communication link
 Converts bits into electronic signals (Encoding) for outgoing
messages
 Converts electronic signals into bits for incoming messages
 This layer manages the interface between the computer and the
network medium (coax, twisted pair, etc.)
 This layer tells the driver software for the MAU (media attachment
unit, ex. network interface cards (NICs, modems, etc.)) what needs to
be sent across the medium
 The p
physical
y layer
y is responsible
p for movements of individual bits ((Data rate))
from one hop (node) to the next.

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Chapter 1
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 Chapter 1
Description of Layers
 Data Link Layer
 Collects a stream of bits into a larger aggregate called a frame
 Network adaptor along with device driver in OS implement the
protocol in this layer
 Frames are actually delivered to hosts
 Handles special data frames (packets) between the Network
layer and the Physical layer
 At the receiving end, this layer packages raw data from the
physical layer into data frames for delivery to the Network layer
 At the sending end this layer handles conversion of data into raw
formats that can be handled by the Physical Layer
 I l
Implements t reliability
li bilit by
b
 Error Control
 Flow Control
 Access Control

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Chapter 1
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 Chapter 1
Description of Layers
 Network Layer
 Handles routing among nodes within a packet-switched network
 Unit of data exchangedg between nodes in this layer
y is called a
packet
 Handles addressing messages for delivery, as well as translating

logical
g network addresses and names into their p physical
y
counterparts
 Responsible for deciding how to route transmissions between

computers
p
 This layer also handles the decisions needed to get data from one

point to the next point along a network path

 This layer also handles packet switching and network congestion

control
The lower three layers are implemented on all network nodes

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Chapter 1
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 Chapter 1
Description of Layers
 Transport Layer
 Implements a process-to-process channel
 Unit of data exchanges in this layer is called a message/segments
 Manages the transmission of data across a network
 Manages the flow of data between parties by segmenting long
data streams into smaller data chunks (based on allowed “packet”
size for a given transmission medium)
 Reassembles chunks into their original sequence at the receiving
end
 Provides acknowledgements of successful transmissions and
requests
q resends for p
packets which arrive with errors
 The transport layer is responsible for the delivery
of a message from one process to another.

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 Chapter 1
Pop up Question – Q2
 Match the following:
1) MAC Address : Network layer
(Machine/Physical)
2) IP/Logical Address : Transport layer
3) Port Address : Data Link layer

MAC – Medium Access Control

IP – Internet Protocol

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 Chapter 1
Pop up Question – Q2 (ANS)
 Match the following:
1) MAC Address [48 bits] : Data Link
(Machine/Physical)
2) IP(Logical Address) [32/128 bits]: Network
3) Port Address [16 bits] : Transport

LLC – Logical Link Control

MAC – Medium
M di A
Access CControl
t l
Data link layer has 2 sub layers: LLC, MAC

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 Chapter 1
Description of Layers
 Session Layer
 Enables two networked resources to hold ongoing
communications (called a session) across a network
 Applications on either end of the session are able to exchange

data for the duration of the session (Network Dialog Controller)

This layer is:
 Responsible for initiating, maintaining and terminating sessions

 Responsible for security and access control to session

information (via session participant identification)
 Responsible for synchronization services, and for checkpoint

services

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 Chapter 1
Description of Layers
 Presentation Layer
 Concerned about the format of data exchanged between peers
 Manages data-format information for networked communications
(the network’s translator)
 For outgoing messages, it converts data into a generic format for
network transmission; for incoming messages, it converts data
from the generic network format to a format that the receiving
application can understand
 This layer is also responsible for certain protocol conversions,
data encryption/decryption, or data compression/decompression
 A special software facility called a “redirector” operates at this
layer to determine if a request is network related or not and
forward network-related requests to an appropriate network
resource

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 Chapter 1
Description of Layers
 Application Layer
 Responsible for providing services to users
 Provides set of user interfaces for sending and receiving
applications to the network
 Defines application services – Message handling, Directory
services, File access and management services, etc

The transport layer and the higher layers typically run only on end-
hosts and not on the intermediate switches and routers

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 Chapter 1
Summary

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 Chapter 1
Pop Up Question – Q3
 Two layers do error recovery, one at lower
level and another at higher level:
 Physical & Presentation
 Data Link & Transport
 Network & Application
 M t h the
Match th ffollowing:
ll i
 Bits : Transport
 Frames : Network
 Packets : Data Link
 Segments: Physical
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 Chapter 1
Pop Up Question – Q3 (Ans)
 Two layers do error recovery, one at lower
level and another at higher level:
 Physical & Presentation
 Data Link & Transport
 Network & Application
 M t h the
Match th ffollowing:
ll i
 Bits : Physical
 Frames : Data Link
 Packets : Network
 Segments: Transport
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 Chapter 1
Internet Architecture

Alternative view of the

Internet architecture. The
Internet Protocol Graph “N t
“Network”
k” llayer shown
h h
here
is sometimes referred to as
the “sub-network” or “link”
layer
layer.

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 Chapter 1
Internet Architecture
 Defined by IETF
 Three main features
 Does not imply strict layering. The application is free to bypass
the defined transport layers and to directly use IP or other
underlying
y g networks
 An hour-glass shape – wide at the top, narrow in the middle and
wide at the bottom. IP serves as the focal point for the
architecture
 In order for a new protocol to be officially included in the
architecture, there needs to be both a protocol specification and
at least one ((and preferably
y two)) representative implementations
of the specification

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 Chapter 1
TCP/IP Model

• Because TCP/IP was developed earlier than the OSI 7-

layer mode,
mode it does not have 7 layers but only 4 layers

FTP, SMTP, Telnet, HTTP,…

TCP, UDP
IP, ARP, ICMP
Sub Network Interface

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 Chapter 1
Layer of Models

TCP/IP 4-layers
4l OSI 7-layers

Application

Transport

Network

Network Interface

39 39
Application Layer

Chapter 1
• Application layer protocols define the rules when
implementing specific network applications
• Rely on the underlying layers to provide accurate and
efficient data delivery
• Typical protocols:
• FTP – File Transfer Protocol
• For file transfer
• Telnet – Remote terminal protocol
• For remote login on any other computer on the network
• SMTP – Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
• For mail transfer
• HTTP – Hypertext Transfer Protocol
• For
F W Webb browsing
b i

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 Chapter 1
Transport Layer

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 Chapter 1
TCP and UDP
TCP – Transmission Control Protocol
• TCP is a connection-oriented
connection oriented protocol
• Does not mean it has a physical connection between sender
and receiver
• TCP provides the function to allow a connection virtually
exists – also called virtual circuit
• TCP provides the functions:
• Dividing a chunk of data into segments (sender)
• Reassembly segments into the original chunk (reciever)
• Provide
P id further
f th the
th functions
f ti suchh as reordering
d i andd ddata
t
resend
• Offeringg a reliable byte-stream
y deliveryy service

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 Chapter 1
Network Layer

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 Chapter 1
Network Addresses and Subnets
• A header is added to each segment in the Network
layer
Total
T t l
Length

Time to Protocol Header

Live CheckSum
IP Source Address
Destination Address
Segment
Segment

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 Chapter 1
Subnetwork Layer

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 Chapter 1
Difference
 OSI: Open Systems  TCP/IP: Transport
Interconnection. Control
 It was developed by Protocol/Internet
ISO as a first step Protocol.
toward international  TCP is used in
standardization of the connection with IP
protocol used in and operates
p at the
various layers. transport layer.
 It deals with  IP is the set of
connecting open convention used to
system.. pass packets from
one host
h t to
t another.
th
46
 Chapter 1
Difference
 OSI makes the  TCP/IP does not
distinction between originally
g y clearly
y
services, interfaces, distinguish between
and protocol. services, interface,
 The OSI model was and protocol.
devised before the  TCP/IP model was
protocols
t l were j tad
just description
i ti off
invented. It can be the existing protocols.
made to work in The model and the
diverse protocol fit perfectly.
heterogeneous
g
networks.
47
Difference

Chapter 1
(continue)
 The OSI model  The TCP/IP model
supports
pp both has onlyy one mode in
connectionless and the network layer
connection-oriented (connectionless) but
communication in the supports both modes
network layer, but in the transport layer,
only connection
connection- giving the user
oriented choice.
communication in the
transport layer.

48
Difference

Chapter 1
(continue)
 OSI emphasis on  TCP/IP treats
providing
p g a reliable reliabilityy as an end to
data transfer service, end Problem. The
Each layer of the OSI transport layer
model detects and handles all error
handles errors, all detection and
data transmitted recovery it was
recovery,
includes checksums. checksums,
The transport layer acknowledgments,
checks source- and timeouts to
destination reliability. control transmissions
and provides end-to-
end verification. 49
Difference

Chapter 1
(continue)
 Host on OSI  TCP/IP hosts
implementations
p do participate
p p in most
not handle network network protocols.
operations.

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 Chapter 1
Review Questions . . .
 Match the following to one or more layers of the
OSI model:
a Route determination
a.
b. Flow control
c. Interface to transmission media
d. Provides access for the end user
 Match the following to one or more layers of the
OSl model:
a. Communicates directly with user's application
program
b. Error correction and retransmission
c. Mechanical, electrical, and functional interface
d. Responsibility for carrying frames between adjacent
nodes

51 51
 Chapter 1
Review Questions . . .
 Match
M t h the
th following
f ll i to
t one or more layers
l off the
th OSI
model:
a. Reliable process-to-process message delivery
b Ro
b. Route
te selection
c. Defines frames
d. Provides user services such as e-mail and file transfer
e. Transmission
T i i off bit stream
t across physical
h i l medium di
 Match the following to one or more layers of the OSI
model:
a Format and code conversion services
a.
b. Establishes, manages, and terminates sessions
c. Ensures reliable transmission of data
d L
d. Log-in
i andd llog-outt procedures
d
e. Provides independence from differences in data
representation

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