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19 views6 pages

ND - Assignment2 - Roshan Kumar Thapa

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sw.dvbimal
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Master of Information Technology (MIT)

September Intake 2023


Second Semester

Assignment 2
Network Design (CSC 5620)

Submitted By: Submitted To:


Roshan Kumar Thapa Dr. Pradip Paudyal

Submitted for the partial fulfillment of the assignment Network Design (MIT)

Date: 20th May 2024


Large-Scale IP Networks with Interior Gateway Protocols

Introduction

Large-scale IP networks are complex systems that require efficient routing protocols to
ensure smooth data transmission and network performance. Interior Gateway Protocols
(IGPs) are crucial for routing within such large, autonomous systems. This guide will
provide an overview of large-scale IP networks, the role of IGPs, and the most
commonly used IGPs: OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) and IS-IS (Intermediate System
to Intermediate System).

Large-Scale IP Networks

1. Definition and Characteristics

• Large-scale IP networks cover extensive geographical areas and support


numerous devices and applications.

• They are often found in enterprise networks, data centers, and service
provider networks.

• Key characteristics include high scalability, redundancy, fault tolerance,


and optimized performance.

2. Challenges

• Scalability: Managing a vast number of nodes and connections.

• Complexity: Handling diverse network requirements and


configurations.

• Performance: Ensuring low latency and high throughput.

• Reliability: Maintaining consistent connectivity and quick recovery


from failures.

Interior Gateway Protocols (IGPs)

1. Purpose of IGPs

• IGPs are used for routing within a single autonomous system (AS).
• They manage the exchange of routing information and maintain routing
tables to determine the best paths for data packets.

2. Types of IGPs

• The two main IGPs for large-scale IP networks are OSPF and IS-IS.

OSPF (Open Shortest Path First)

1. Overview

• OSPF is a link-state routing protocol standardized by the IETF.

• It is designed for efficiency and scalability in large IP networks.

2. Key Features

• Hierarchical Routing: Uses areas to optimize and simplify routing.

• Fast Convergence: Quickly updates routing tables in response to


network changes.

• Scalability: Supports large networks with thousands of routes.

• Load Balancing: Distributes traffic evenly across multiple paths.

• Security: Supports authentication of routing updates.

3. Operation

• OSPF routers exchange link-state advertisements (LSAs) to build a link-


state database.

• The database is used to construct a complete map of the network


topology.

• The Shortest Path First (SPF) algorithm computes the best paths.

4. Advantages

• Efficient use of network resources.

• Rapid adaptation to changes.


• Flexibility in design with the use of areas.

5. Disadvantages

• Complexity in configuration and management.

• Higher CPU and memory usage compared to simpler protocols like RIP.

IS-IS (Intermediate System to Intermediate System)

1. Overview

• IS-IS is another link-state routing protocol, developed by ISO for use in


CLNS networks but adapted for IP.

• It is highly scalable and suitable for large, complex networks.

2. Key Features

• Scalability: Efficiently handles large networks.

• Flexibility: Can be used in both IP and non-IP networks.

• Fast Convergence: Quickly updates routes to reflect changes.

• Area-Based Segmentation: Organizes networks into areas for


optimized routing.

3. Operation

• IS-IS routers exchange link-state packets (LSPs) to build a link-state


database.

• The database is used to create a complete network map.

• The SPF algorithm is applied to compute optimal routes.

4. Advantages

• High scalability and flexibility.

• Less CPU intensive than OSPF for large-scale networks.

• Simplified configuration for large deployments.


5. Disadvantages

• Less common than OSPF, leading to potential interoperability issues.

• Requires expertise for proper configuration and management.

Comparison of OSPF and IS-IS

Feature OSPF IS-IS

Standardization IETF ISO

Network Layer IP IP, CLNS

Areas with Level 1/Level 2


Hierarchical Design Areas with ABRs routers

Convergence Speed Fast Very Fast

Scalability High Very High

Configuration
Complexity Moderate to High Moderate

CPU/Memory Usage Higher Lower for large networks

Widely used in enterprise Common in service provider


Use in Practice networks networks

Conclusion

For large-scale IP networks, choosing the right IGP is crucial for maintaining
performance, scalability, and reliability. OSPF and IS-IS both offer robust features
suitable for complex environments. The choice between them often depends on specific
network requirements, existing infrastructure, and administrative expertise. Proper
implementation and management of these protocols ensure efficient routing and
optimal network performance.

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