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Delta Mod

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25 views

Delta Mod

Uploaded by

21ECF031 PONMANIKANDAN P
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Digital Communication - Delta Modulation

The sampling rate of a signal should be higher than the Nyquist rate, to achieve better sampling. If this
sampling interval in Dif f erential PCM is reduced considerably, the sampleto- sample amplitude
dif f erence is very small, as if the dif f erence is 1-bit quant izat ion, then the step- size will be very small
i.e., Δ delta.

Delta Modulation
The type of modulation, where the sampling rate is much higher and in which the stepsize af ter
quantization is of a smaller value Δ, such a modulation is termed as delt a modulat ion.

Features of Delta Modulation


Following are some of the f eatures of delta modulation.

An over- sampled input is taken to make f ull use of the signal correlation.

The quantization design is simple.

The input sequence is much higher than the Nyquist rate.

The quality is moderate.

The design of the modulator and the demodulator is simple.

The stair- case approximation of output wavef orm.

The step- size is very small, i.e., Δ delta.

The bit rate can be decided by the user.

This involves simpler implementation.

Delta Modulation is a simplified f orm of DPCM technique, also viewed as 1-bit DPCM scheme. As the
sampling interval is reduced, the signal correlation will be higher.

Delta Modulator
The Delta Modulator comprises of a 1- bit quantizer and a delay circuit along with two summer circuits.
Following is the block diagram of a delta modulator.
The predictor circuit in DPCM is replaced by a simple delay circuit in DM.

From the above diagram, we have the notations as −

x(nTs ) = over sampled input


ep (nTs ) = summer output and quantizer input
eq (nTs ) = quantizer output = v(nTs )
x̂(nTs ) = output of delay circuit
u(nTs ) = input of delay circuit

Using these notations, now we shall try to figure out the process of delta modulation.

ep (nTs ) = x(nTs ) − x̂(nTs )

- - - - - - - - - equation 1

= x(nTs ) − u([n − 1]Ts )

= x(nTs ) − [x̂[[n − 1]Ts ]


+ v[[n − 1]Ts ]]

- - - - - - - - - equation 2

Further,

v(nTs ) = eq (nTs ) = S. sig. [ep (nTs )]


- - - - - - - - - equation 3

u(nTs ) = x̂(nTs ) + eq (nTs )

Where,

x̂(nTs ) = the previous value of the delay circuit


eq (nTs ) = quantizer output = v(nTs )

Hence,

u(nTs ) = u([n − 1]Ts ) + v(nTs )

- - - - - - - - - equation 4

Which means,

T he present input of t he delay unit

= T hepreviousoutputofthedelayunit+ thepresentquantizeroutput

Assuming zero condition of Accumulation,

n
u(nTs ) = S ∑ sig[ep (jTs )]
j=1

n
Accumulat ed version of DM out put = ∑ v(j Ts )
j=1

- - - - - - - - - equation 5

Now, note that

x̂(nTs ) = u([n − 1]Ts )


n−1
= ∑ v(jTs )
j=1

- - - - - - - - - equation 6

Delay unit output is an Accumulator output lagging by one sample.

From equations 5 & 6, we get a possible structure f or the demodulator.

A Stair- case approximated wavef orm will be the output of the delta modulator with the step- size as
delta (Δ). The output quality of the wavef orm is moderate.
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Delta Demodulator
The delta demodulator comprises of a low pass filter, a summer, and a delay circuit. The predictor
circuit is eliminated here and hence no assumed input is given to the demodulator.

Following is the diagram f or delta demodulator.

From the above diagram, we have the notations as −

v̂ (nTs ) is the input sample


û(nTs ) is the summer output
x̄(nTs ) is the delayed output

A binary sequence will be given as an input to the demodulator. The stair- case approximated output is
given to the LPF.

Low pass filter is used f or many reasons, but the prominent reason is noise elimination f or out- of -
band signals. The step- size error that may occur at the transmitter is called granular noise, which is
eliminated here. If there is no noise present, then the modulator output equals the demodulator input.

Advantages of DM Over DPCM

1- bit quantizer

Very easy design of the modulator and the demodulator


However, there exists some noise in DM.

Slope Over load distortion (when Δ is small)

Granular noise (when Δ is large)

Adaptive Delta Modulation ADM


In digital modulation, we have come across certain problem of determining the step- size, which
influences the quality of the output wave.

A larger step- size is needed in the steep slope of modulating signal and a smaller stepsize is needed
where the message has a small slope. The minute details get missed in the process. So, it would be
better if we can control the adjustment of step- size, according to our requirement in order to obtain
the sampling in a desired f ashion. This is the concept of Adapt ive Delt a Modulat ion.

Following is the block diagram of Adaptive delta modulator.

The gain of the voltage controlled amplifier is adjusted by the output signal f rom the sampler. The
amplifier gain determines the step- size and both are proportional.

ADM quantizes the dif f erence between the value of the current sample and the predicted value of the
next sample. It uses a variable step height to predict the next values, f or the f aithf ul reproduction of
the f ast varying values.

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