Module D1-b

Introduction to Distribution Systems

(Continued)
Example: Determine Vs required to hold V5=11 kV (L-L)

• 1 segment = 1000 ft
• Need to use table to get impedance of each section
• All lines use 4 AWG conductors
• System is 3 phase
Load data is as follows:

bus 1: 120+j30 kVA

bus 2: 80+j20 kVA
bus 3: 40+j5 kVA
bus 4: 12,000+j4000 ohms/phase (Y)
bus 5: 10+j2 kVA
Basic algorithm for problem solution:
1. i=5
2. Find Ii (current flowing into bus i)
Ii=Ii+1+Isi
If constant power load, Isi=(Si/Vi)*
If constant Z load, Isi=Vi/Zi
3. Find Vi-1=Vi+Ii(Zi-1,i)
4. i=i-1, if not done, go to 2
Note: powers are per phase (or pu) and
voltages are L-N (or pu)
We normally use L-N voltage as reference. This time
we will use L-L voltage as reference. Our choice will
only affect the angles in our calculations.

11000  30
V5   6350  30
3
  10  j 2  3 
   10 
 S   3 
I5       0.4021  j 0.3533 A
 V   635030 
 
 
V 4  V 5  I 5  Z 45
 6350  30  0.4021  j.35332.65  j 0.175
 6352.3  30.002
 V 4 LL  11002.44  .002
V 4 6352.3  30.002
IS 4    0.33318  j 0.37575
Z4 12000  j 4000
I 4  I 5  IS 4  0.4021  j 0.3533  0.33318  j 0.37575
 0.7353  j 0.7291
V 3  V 4  I 4  Z 34
 6352.3  30.002 0.7353  j 0.72912.12  j 0.14 
 6354.46  30.006
 V 3LL 11006.25 .006
 40  j 5  3
 10
IS 3  3 
1.6859  j1.2765
6354.4630.006
I 3  I 4  IS 3  0.7353  j 0.7291  1.6859  j1.2765 
 2.4212  j 2.0055
V 2  V 3  I 3  Z 23  6354.46  30.006
 2.4212  j 2.0055 1.59  j 0.105
 6359.44  30.0106
 V 2 LL  11014.88  .0106
 80  j 20  3
   10
IS 2   3   3.10674  j 3.00506
6359.4430.0106
I 2  I 3  IS 2  2.4212  j 2.0055 
 3.10674  j 3.00506 
 5.5299  j 5.0106 
V 1  V 2  I 2  Z12
 6359.44  30.0106  5.5299  j5.0106 0.53  j 0.035
 6363.36  30.0158
 V 1LL  11021.66  .0158
 120  j 30  3
   10
IS1   
3
 4.6568  j 4.50523
6363.3630.0158
I1  I 2  IS1  5.5279  j5.0106   4.6568  j 4.50523
 10.1847  j 9.5158
VSRC  V 1  I1  ZS1
 6363.36  30.0158  10.1847  j 9.51581.06  j 0.07 
 6377.97  30.0372
 VSRC , LL  11046.98  .0372

I SRC  I1

 
PSRC  PIN  3 Re VSRC )( I SRC   Re  6377.97  30.037210.1847  j9.5158* 
 
 3 Re86,613.79  j 20025.28  3(86,613.79)  259,841.4 watts
Losses :
I 5  R 45  .7592
2

I 4 2  R34  2.273
I 3  R 23  15.716
2

I 2  R12  29.502
2

I1  RS1  205.935
2

TOTAL  3(254.19)  762.57  PLOSS

Efficiency   :
PIN  PLOSS
  100%
PIN
259814 .4  762.57
  100%  99.71%
259814 .4
regulation %reg :
VLL , SRC  VLL ,5
%reg   100%
VLL , SRC
11046.98  11000
%reg   100%  0.425%
11046.98
 Two Port Networks

A two-port network is a linear network having two

pairs of terminals: input and output.

It can contain any of the following components:

• R, L, C
• Transformers But it cannot contain
• Op-amps independent sources.
• Dependent sources
 Two Port Networks

We may use two-ports to describe a number of

different types of circuits including:
• Transistor circuits
• Transformers
• Transmission lines
• Distribution lines
Two ports are attractive because, no matter how
complex what is inside the box, we may describe it
with only four parameters! There are six “4-parameter
sets” as given on the next slide.
Two Port Networks

a-parameters and ABCD

parameters are the same
except in ABCD, we
reverse the direction of the
current I2.
 Two Port Networks
Given two-port equations, each different set of
parameters may be determined, one parameter at a
time, according to the following procedure:
1. Pull out the equation containing the parameter of
interest;
2. Solve the equation for the parameter of interest.
3. Set to zero the current or voltage necessary to
eliminate the remaining parameter from the
equation.
 Example
Consider the Y-parameters.  I   y y  V 
I    y
1 11 12 1

 2   21 y22  V2 
Let’s determine y21.
Step1: Pull out the equation containing the parameter
of interest: I y V y V
2 21 1 22 2

Step2: Solve the equation for parameter of interest:

I 2  y22V2
y21 
V1
Step3: Set to zero the current or voltage necessary to
eliminate the remaining parameter from the equation:
I2
y21 
V1 V 0
2
 Your turn
Consider the Y-parameters.  I   y y  V 
I    y
1 11 12 1

 2   21 y22  V2 
Let’s determine y11.
Step1: Pull out the equation containing the parameter
of interest:

Step2: Solve the equation for parameter of interest:

Step3: Set to zero the current or voltage necessary to

eliminate the remaining parameter from the equation:
 Your turn
Consider the Y-parameters.  I   y y  V 
I    y
1 11 12 1

 2   21 y22  V2 
Let’s determine y11.
Step1: Pull out the equation containing the parameter
of interest: I y V y V
1 11 1 12 2

Step2: Solve the equation for parameter of interest:

I1  y12V2
y11 
V1
Step3: Set to zero the current or voltage necessary to
eliminate the remaining parameter from the equation:
I1
y11 
V1 V 0
2
 Another example
Consider the Z-parameters. V   z z   I 
V    z
1 11 12 1

 2   21 z22   I 2 
Let’s determine z11.
Step1: Pull out the equation containing the parameter
of interest: V z I z I
1 11 1 12 2

Step2: Solve the equation for parameter of interest:

V1  z12 I 2
z11 
I1
Step3: Set to zero the current or voltage necessary to
eliminate the remaining parameter from the equation:
V1
z11 
I1 I2 0
 Conclusion
Repeated application of this procedure results in following relations:

Question1: What does it mean to set a voltage to 0?

Short the two terminals across which that voltage appears!
Question2: What does it mean to set a current to 0?
Open the branch through which that current flows!
Question1: What does it mean to set a voltage to 0?
Short the two terminals across which that voltage appears!
How to obtain parameters: example 1.

I1 2Ω I2

V1 1Ω 3Ω V2

I1 2Ω I2
I2
y21  V1 1Ω 3Ω V2
V1 V 0
2

2Ω
I1 I2 V1
 2
I2 V2  0

V1 1Ω V2 I2 1
   y21
V1 V2  0
2
Question1: What does it mean to set a voltage to 0?
Short the two terminals across which that voltage appears!
How to obtain parameters: example 1.
2Ω I2
I1

V1 1Ω 3Ω V2

I1 2Ω I2
I1
y11  V1 1Ω 3Ω V2
V1 V 0
2

2Ω
I1 I2 V1 2(1)

I1 V2  0
3
V1 1Ω V2 I1 3
   y11
V1 V2  0
2
Question1: What does it mean to set a voltage to 0?
Short the two terminals across which that voltage appears!
How to obtain parameters: example 1.
I1 2Ω I2

V1 1Ω 3Ω V2

I1 2Ω I2
I1
y12  V1 1Ω 3Ω V2
V2 V1  0

2Ω
I1 I2 V2
 2
I1 V1  0
V1 3Ω V2 I1 1
   y12
V2 V1  0
2
Question1: What does it mean to set a voltage to 0?
Short the two terminals across which that voltage appears!
How to obtain parameters: example 1.
I1 2Ω I2

V1 1Ω 3Ω V2

I1 2Ω I2
I2
y22  V1 1Ω 3Ω V2
V2 V1  0

2Ω
I1 I2
V2 2(3) 6
 
I2 V1  0
5 5
V1 3Ω V2
I2 5
   y22
V2 V1  0
6
 Summary
How to obtain parameters: example 1.
3 1 
 I1   y11 y12  V1 
I    y  I1   2 2  V1 
 2   21 y22  V2   I    1  
 2  5  V2 
 2 6 
Aside (to connect to previous work): Recall Y-bus construction:
(1) off-diagonal Y-bus elements are negated admittances of lines
connecting buses corresponding to Y-bus row/column nums.
1/2
(2) diagonal Y-bus elements are sum
Bus Bus 2
of all admittances connected to bus 1
with corresponding bus num. 1 1/3
3/2=y1s+1/2y1s=1
Y-bus: see next slide to
5/6=y2s+1/2y2s=2/6=1/3 see if network is same!!!
 Summary
How to obtain parameters: example 1.
The original network

I1 2Ω I2

V1 1Ω 3Ω V2

Are they the same? The Y-bus resulting from

the two-port calculations
1/2
Ω
Note the numbers in the top
Bus Bus 2
network are impedances whereas 1

the numbers in the bottom 1

Ω
1/3
Ω

network are admittances.

Question2: What does it mean to set a current to 0?
Open the branch through which that current flows!
How to obtain parameters: example 2.
3Ω j2Ω
I1 I2

V1   z11 z12   I1 

V    z
V1 V2
z22   I 2 
-j4Ω

 2   21
V1
z11   3  j4 The series combination of the
I1 3Ω and the –j4Ω impedances.
V1  z11I1  z12 I 2 I2 0

V1
z12    j4 The voltage across and current
I2 through the –j4Ω impedance.
I1  0

V2 The voltage across and current

z21    j4
V2  z21I1  z22 I 2 I1 I2 0
through the –j4Ω impedance.

V2 j2  j4
z22   The series combination of the
I2 I1  0
  j2 j2Ω and the –j4Ω impedances.
 a-parameters and ABCD parameters
The “a-parameters” (also called “transmission parameters”
and “ABCD parameters”) are useful for analysis of dist ccts
because they provide the ability to compute input voltage
and current as a function of output voltage and current.
a-parameters ABCD-parameters

V1   a11 a12  V2  V1   A B  V2 

 I   a  I   I   C D   I 
 1   21 22   2 
a  1   2
The ABCD parameters are the same except for the direction of I2.
The a-parameters are more common in circuit theory, including
electronic cct design; the ABCD parameters are common in power.
 ABCD parameters

(a)

(b)

(c)

Strong suggestion before final exam: Prove that above 3 matrices

indeed give ABCD parameters for the given configuration.
 ABCD parameters

Below, I have done (b) for you. You should

first do (a) (it is easiest) and then do (c). One
of these is likely to be on the exam.
 ABCD parameters – Cascading connections
I1a I2a I1b I2b

V1a V2a V1b V2b

a b
V1a   Aa Ba  V2 a  V1b   Ab Bb  V2b 
 I   C Da   I 2 a   I   C Db   I 2b 
 1a   a  1b   b
Ta Tb
These are the same, i.e.,

V2 a  V1b  …so let’s substitute RHS of right

I   I  expression in for RHS vector of left
 2 a   1b  expression…

V1a   Aa Ba   Aa Ba  V2b  V2b 

 I   C Da  Ca     TaTb  
 1a   a Da   I 2b   I 2b 
Ta Tb
 ABCD parameters – Cascading connections
I1a I2a I1b I2b

V1a V2a V1b V2b

a b
V1a   Aa Ba   Aa Ba  V2 a  V2 a 
 I   C Da  Ca     TaTb  
 1a   a Da   I 2 a   I 2a 
Ta Ta
So cascaded two-ports may be assessed from output (on
the right) to input (on the left) by using the product of
their individual ABCD parameters. Nice .
We are now in position to re-work our voltage regulation
problem on the 5-bus distribution feeder…see next slide.
Do this in preparation for exam as well.
 Work Problem a: Work Problem c:
 Compute I5  Compute IS2 and then I2
 Get ABCD parameters  Get ABCD parameters
 Compute [ V3 I4]T  Compute [V1 I2]T
Work Problem b: Work Problem d:
 Compute IS3 and then I3  Compute IS1 and then I1
 Get ABCD parameters  Get ABCD parameters
 Compute [V2 I3]T  Compute [VSRC I1]T