6 th Semester

Er. Bilove Moktan

1
 Chapter 2

Quantity of Waste Water

2
Importance from Exam Point of View
▪ Carries 4-8 marks

▪ Theory + Num

3
 Quantity of Sewage
▪ To design sewer quantity of wastewater or sewage that will
flow through the sewer must be known.

▪ If quantity of wastewater is underestimated, wastewater will

be overflow on the streets and unsanitary conditions will be
created.

▪ Similarly,. overestimate of wastewater quantity may cause

uneconomical section and self-cleansing velocity may not be
obtained.

▪ The wastewater may be classified into the following

categories:

1. Sanitary sewage or Dry weather Flow (DWF)

2. Storm sewage or wet Weather Flow (WWF)

 Sources of Sanitary Sewage
1. Public Water Supply
2. Private Water Supply
3. Infiltration of Ground Water
4. Unauthorized Entrance
 Sources of Sewage
1. Public water supply: Water supplied by
municipality or relevant water works department to
the public for domestic use, to the industries,
commercial places and public places (hospital,
cinema hall etc. becomes sources of sanitary sewage.
However, all of the supplied water do not convert in to
wastewater.
2. Private water supply: Water drawn from wells,
tube wells, borings, lakes, canals etc. by individual
houses or industries or commercial or public places
also becomes part of sanitary sewage. Similarly, water
supplied by water venders like tanker suppliers etc.
also becomes part of sanitary sewage.
 Sources of Sewage
3. Infiltration of ground water: Infiltration of
ground water from leaky joints is also sources of
sanitary sewage. It depends on condition of sewer
joints, material of sewer, soil properties, position of
ground water and depth of sewer.
4. Unauthorized entrance: Unauthorized entrance
of rainwater in sewers lines through several sewer
appurtenances and from household level also
contribute to sanitary sewage. Similarly,
Unauthorized connections made by people also
contribute sanitary sewage.
 Factors affecting Sanitary sewage
1 . Rate of water supply: It is obvious that the quantity of
wastewater produced is directly proportional to the rate of
water supply. The quantity of wastewater will be some less
than the total quantity of water supplied as there will be some
losses in cooking, evaporation, lawn sprinkling, fire fighting
etc. However, private source of water supply can increases the
quantity of wastewater. Nearly 70% to 80% of water supplied
to the public converts into wastewater.

2. Population growth: The quantity of sanitary sewage is

directly depends upon the population. As the population
increases the quantity of sanitary sewage also increase. Like as
water supply project, sewerage project should be designed for
future population and there is need to predict future
population for design year to be in safe design.
 Factors affecting Sanitary sewage
3. Types of area served: The quantity of wastewater produced directly
depends upon the types of area served. The area may be residential,
industrial, commercial etc. The wastewater coming from residential area
depends upon the rate of water supply and population if there is no
infiltration of water in sewer and no private sources of supply. The
wastewater produced from residential area may be assumed to be 70-
80% of the water supplied. The amount of wastewater from industrial
and commercial area depends upon process, nature and types of the
industries.

4. Ground water infiltration: Ground water or sub soil water may

infiltrate in to the sewers through the leaky joints, broken pipes etc.
Infiltration increases the quantity of sewage while ex-filtration (leakage
from sewer) decreases the quantity of sewage. Position of sewer lines
against ground water table decides infiltration or ex-filtration. The
quantity depends on condition of sewer joints, workmanship, size of
sewer, length of sewer through infiltration prone zone, material of
sewer, soil properties and position.
 Factors affecting Sanitary sewage
5. Unauthorized connections: Unauthorized connections
not registered in municipal system increases quantity of
wastewater. Similarly, unauthorized entrance of storm water
can also increase quantity of sewage in separate systems.
Determination of Quantity of Sanitary
Sewage
 Dry Weather Flow (DWF)
Total Population = Population density x Area

Total quantity of water supply = Total population x rate of

water supply (lpcd)

Generally, Quantity of Sanitary Sewage is taken as 70 – 90 % of total

water supplied to the town/city.

Quantity of average sanitary sewage = 80 % of total

quantity of water supplied
 Peak factor (f)
▪ Maximum sanitary sewage is called peak flow and for
design of sewer lines peak flow should be taken.
▪ The multiplying factor used to convert average
sanitary sewage into peak flow is as peak factor, which
is generally taken between 2 to 4 for larger and
smaller sewer respectively.
▪ Peak Factor = 2 -4 (taken as 3)

Maximum Quantity of Sanitary Sewage

=
Peak Factor x Average Sanitary Sewage
 Storm Water or Wet Weather Flow
(WWF)
Storm water consists of runoff available from roofs,
yards, pavements and open spaces during rainfall.
When rainfall takes place a part of it infiltrates or
percolates in to the ground, a part is evaporated in the
atmosphere and the remaining part overflows as
storm water.
Its source is precipitation and its quantity is very large
as compared to sanitary sewage.
Methods of determination of Quantity
of Storm Water
1. Rational Method
2. Empirical Method
Determination of Quantity of WWF
1. Rational Method
Storm water or WWF can be calculated by subtracting losses
due to evaporation, absorption, transpiration, percolation etc.
from total rainfall.

𝑪𝒙𝑰𝒙𝑨
𝑸𝒔𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒎 =
𝟑𝟔𝟎
Where;

C = Overall runoff coefficient

I = Intensity of rainfall (mm/hr)
A = Area of catchment (hectares)
Q = Runoff or stormwater flow in 𝑚3 /s
 Runoff Coefficient (C)
▪ The whole quantity of rainwater that fall over the ground
does not reach the sewer line.

▪ After rainfall, a portion of it percolates in the ground, a

portion evaporates' a portion is stored in ponds, and
ditches and remaining reaches to the drains and sewers as
runoff.

▪ The runoff or storm water flow depends upon the mainly

on characteristics of ground surface as porosity' wetness,
ground cover etc.

▪ If the ground is relatively impervious more run off takes

place.
 Runoff Coefficient (C)
A given catchment area may consist of various types of surfaces for
which different runoff coefficient are applicable; then overall runoff
coefficient C should be used.
𝐶1 𝑥 𝐴1 +𝐶2 𝑥 𝐴2 +𝐶3 𝑥 𝐴3+ 𝐶4 𝑥 𝐴4 +..……
Overall runoff coefficient(C) =
𝐴1 +𝐴2 +𝐴3 +𝐴4 +⋯………….
 Rainfall Intensity (I)
▪ Rainfall intensity can be estimated from
rainfall record of the area.
▪ However, rainfall intensity depends upon
frequency and duration of the storm.
▪ There are several empirical formulas to
calculate rainfall intensity. However, in all of
these formulas rainfall intensity is inversely
proportional to duration of rainfall (t).
 Rainfall Intensity
a) The empirical formula given by British Ministry of Health
is given by:

760
I= (for storm duration of 5 – 20 min)
𝑡+10
1020
I= (for storm duration of 20 – 100 min)
𝑡+10
Where;

I = rainfall intensity in mm/hr

t = duration storm in minutes or time of concentration

 Rainfall Intensity (I)
b. General formula (US Ministry of Health):

𝟐𝟓.𝟒 𝒙 𝒂
I=
𝒕+𝒃
Where;

I = rainfall intensity in mm/hr

t = duration of storm in minutes or time of concentration

a, b =constant
 Rainfall Intensity (I)
According to US Ministry of Health values of
the constants are :

Duration of Value of a Value of b

Storm
5 to 20 30 10
minutes
20 to 100 40 20
minutes
 Catchment Area (A)
▪ Catchment area is an area of land that collects water after
rainfall, typically bounded by hills.

▪ Water flows down into these areas and collects into the
sewer line.
 Limitations of Rational Method
▪ Applicable only for small catchment area
( < 400 ha)
▪ It is difficult to determine C, so value of C is
assume so that accurate results cannot be
obtained.
▪ It does not consider the wetness of the soil.
▪ It does not consider the shape and slope of
catchment area.
 Time of Concentration
▪ Time of concentration is defined as the longest time
that will be required for a drop of water to flow from
the farther point of the drainage area to the point of
concentration (i.e. the point at which runoff is being
estimated).
▪ In other words, the time taken for the maximum
runoff rate to develop is known as the time of
concentration.
▪ It is the time required from which entire drainage
area contribute to the runoff. This is sum of time of
entry and time of flow.
Time of Concentration
 Time of Concentration
1. Time of entry: This is the time taken for rain water to run
over roof and pavement to reach the sewer.

2. Time of flow: The time required to flow water in to the

sewer.

Therefore, time of concentration

𝑡𝑐 = 𝑡𝑒 + 𝑡𝑓
Where;

𝑡𝑒 = time of entry

𝑡𝑓 = time of flow
Numericals
Numericals
Numericals
THANK YOU