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334csm Chapter3 Exercise Solution

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334csm Chapter3 Exercise Solution

Uploaded by

saraalshreef609
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 3 (Graphics Output Primitives) Exercise Solutions

LINE AND CIRCLE DRAWING ALGORITHM (DDA, BRESENHAM, MIDPOINT)

EXERCISE 1:
Consider the line from (0,0) to (3,3). Use DDA algorithm to find the co-ordinates of this line.

SOLUTION:
dx = 3-0 = 3
dy = 3-0 = 3
Steps = Max(dx,dy) = Max(3,3) = 3
Xinc = float(dx) / float(steps) = 3/3 = 1
Yinc = float(dy) / float(steps) = 3/3 = 1
Initially X=0 Y=0
For (K=0; K<steps; K++)
K X = X+Xinc Y = Y + Yinc Value Computed
0 0+1= 1 0+1=1 1, 1
1 1+1=2 1+1=2 2, 2
2 2+1=3 2+1=3 3, 3

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1
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0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
EXERCISE 2:
Consider the line from (6,9) to (11,12). Use DDA algorithm to find the co-ordinates of this line.
SOLUTION:

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6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
EXERCISE 3:

Apply Bresenham’s Line Drawing algorithm to find the points of the line between the end
points, (2,2) and (10,10).

1. Plot (2,2)
2. Δx = 10 – 2 = 8 Δy = 10 – 2 = 8
2Δy = 2 * 8 = 16
2Δy-2Δx = 16 – 16 = 0

3. P0 = 2Δy- Δx
= 16- 8 = 8
If Pk < 0 Plot (Xk+1,Yk) and Pk+ 1 = Pk + 2Δy
else Plot (Xk+1,Yk+1) and Pk+ 1 = Pk + 2Δy - 2Δx

Δx-1 Steps  8-1 = 7

K Pk Pk <0 (Xk+1,Yk+1) Pk+1


0 8 8 < 0, No 3,3 Pk+ 1 = Pk + 2Δy - 2Δx 8 + 0 = 8
1 8 8 < 0, No 4,4 Pk+ 1 = Pk + 2Δy - 2Δx  8 + 0 = 8
2 8 8 < 0, No 5,5 Pk+ 1 = Pk + 2Δy - 2Δx  8 + 0 = 8
3 8 8 < 0, No 6,6 Pk+ 1 = Pk + 2Δy - 2Δx  8 + 0 = 8
4 8 8 < 0, No 7,7 Pk+ 1 = Pk + 2Δy - 2Δx  8 + 0 = 8
5 8 8 < 0, No 8,8 Pk+ 1 = Pk + 2Δy - 2Δx  8 + 0 = 8
6 8 8 < 0, No 9,9 Pk+ 1 = Pk + 2Δy - 2Δx  8 + 0 = 8
7 8 8 < 0, No 10,10 Pk+ 1 = Pk + 2Δy - 2Δx  8 + 0 = 8

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0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
EXERCISE 4:

Digitize a line from (10,12) to (15,15) on a raster screen using Bresenhams straight line
algorithm.
1. Plot (10,12)
2. Δx = 15 – 10 = 5 Δy = 15 – 12 = 3
2Δy = 2 * 3 = 6
2Δy-2Δx = 6 – 10 = -4

3. P0 = 2Δy- Δx
= 6-5 = 1
If Pk < 0 Plot (Xk+1,Yk) and Pk+ 1 = Pk + 2Δy
else Plot (Xk+1,Yk+1) and Pk+ 1 = Pk + 2Δy - 2Δx

Δx-1 Steps  5-1 = 4

K Pk Pk <0 (Xk+1,Yk+1) Pk+1


10,12
0 1 1 < 0, No 11,13 Pk+ 1 = Pk + 2Δy - 2Δx 1 + (-4) = -3
1 -3 -3 < 0, Yes 12,13 Pk+ 1 = Pk + 2Δy  -3 + 6 = 3
2 3 3 < 0, No 13,14 Pk+ 1 = Pk + 2Δy - 2Δx  3 + (-4) = -1
3 -1 -1 < 0, Yes 14,14 Pk+ 1 = Pk + 2Δy  -1 + 6 = 5
4 5 5 < 0, No 15,15 Pk+ 1 = Pk + 2Δy - 2Δx  5 + (-4) = 1

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EXERCISE 5:
Given the circle radius r=20, Demonstrate the midpoint circle algorithm by determining the
circle points along the circle octant in the first quadrant from x=0 to x=y.
SOLUTION:

Value of the decision parameter is P0 = 1 – r


P0= 1-20 = -19

For the circle centred on the origin, the initial point is (x0, y0) = (0,r)  (0, 20), and the initial
increment term for calculating the decision parameters are

Successive decision parameters values and positions along the circle path are calculated using
midpoint algorithm as follows:

If Pk < 0 Plot (Xk+1,Yk) and Pk+ 1 = Pk + 2Xk+1 +1


else Plot (Xk+1,Yk-1) and Pk+ 1 = Pk + 2Xk+1 +1- 2Yk+1

K Pk Pk <0 (Xk-1,Yk+1) 2Xk+1 2Yk+1 Pk+1


(0,20)
0 -19 -19 <0, Yes (1,20) 2 40 Pk + 2Xk+1 +1  (-19) + 2 + 1 = -16
1 -16 -16 <0, Yes (2,20) 4 40 Pk + 2Xk+1 +1  (-16) + 4 + 1 = -11
2 -11 -11 <0, Yes (3,20) 6 40 Pk + 2Xk+1 +1 (-11) + 6 +1 = -4
3 -4 -4 <0, Yes (4,20) 8 40 Pk + 2Xk+1 +1 (-4) + 8 + 1 = 5
4 5 5 <0, No (5,19) 10 38 Pk + 2Xk+1 +1- 2Yk+15 + 10 +1 -38 = -22
5 -22 -22 <0, Yes (6,19) 12 38 Pk + 2Xk+1 +1 (-22) + 12 + 1 = -9
6 -9 -9 <0, Yes (7,19) 14 38 Pk + 2Xk+1 +1 (-9) + 19 + 1 = 6
7 6 6 <0, No (8,18) 16 36 Pk + 2Xk+1 +1- 2Yk+1 6 + 16 +1 -36 = -13
8 -14 -14 <0, Yes (9,18) 18 36 Pk + 2Xk+1 +1 (-13) + 18 + 1 = 6
9 5 5 <0, No (10,17) 20 34 Pk + 2Xk+1 +1- 2Yk+16 + 20 + 1 -34 = -7
10 -8 -8 <0, Yes (11,17) 22 34 Pk + 2Xk+1 +1 (-7) + 22 + 1 = 16
11 15 15 <0, No (12,16) 24 32 Pk + 2Xk+1 +1- 2Yk+1 16 + 24 + 1 -32 = 9
12 8 8 <0, No (13,15) 26 30 Pk + 2Xk+1 +1- 2Yk+19 + 26 =1 -30 = 6
13 5 5 <0, No (14,14) 28 28

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
EXERCISE 6: Given the circle radius r=7, Demonstrate the midpoint circle algorithm by
determining the circle points along all the octant(Complete circle).

SOLUTION:
Value of the decision parameter is P0 = 1 – r
P0= 1-7 = -6

For the circle centered on the origin, the initial point is (x0, y0) = (0,r)  (0, 7), and the initial
increment term for calculating the decision parameters are

Successive decision parameters values and positions along the circle path are calculated using
midpoint algorithm as follows:

K Pk Pk <0 ? (Xk+1,Yk+1) 2Xk+1 2Yk+1 Pk+1


(0,7)
0 -6 Yes (1,7) 2 14 Pk + 2Xk+1 +1  (-6) + 2 + 1 = -3
2 -3 Yes (2,7) 4 14 Pk + 2Xk+1 +1 (-3) + 4 +1 = 2
3 2 No (3,6) 6 12 Pk + 2Xk+1 +1- 2Yk+12 + 6 +1 -12 = -3
4 -3 Yes (4,6) 8 12 Pk + 2Xk+1 +1 (-3) + 8 +1 = 6
5 6 No (5,5)
(0,7) (1,7) (2,7) (3,6) (4,6) (5,5)
X,Y (0,7) (1,7) (2,7) (3,6) (4,6) (5,5)
Y,X (7,0) (7,1) (7,2) (6,3) (6,4) (5,5)
-Y,X (-7,0) (-7,1) (-7,2) (-6,3) (-6,4) (-5,5)
-X,Y (0, 7) (-1,7) (-2,7) (-3,6) (-4,6) (-5,5)
-X,-Y (0,-7) (-1,-7) (-2,-7) (-3,-6) (-4,-6) (-5,-5)
-Y,-X (-7,0) (-7,-1) (-7,-2) (-6,-3) (-6,-4) (-5,-5)
Y,-X (7,0) (7,-1) (7,-2) (6,-3) (6,-4) (5,-5)
X,-Y (0,-7) (1,-7) (2,-7) (3,-6) (4,-6) (5,-5)

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
EXERCISE 7:
If (x,y)=(3,6) is a co-ordinate of a circle in an octant of first quadrant, find the other circle points
in remaining seven octants using the Symmetric property of circle.

SOLUTION:

(x,y)=(3,6)
Other points are (6,3), (3,-6) , (6,-3), (-6, -3), (-3,-6), (-3,6), (-6,3)
EXERCISE 8:
In Midpoint Circle Generation algorithm If Decision parameter Po at the start position is (0,r).
Prove Po = 1-r.

Po = (0,r)  x = 0, y= r

Po = fcirc 0+1, r - 1
2

= fcirc 1, r - 1
2

=12+r–1 2
– r2
2

= 1 + r 2 + 1 – 2 r * 1 – r2
4 2

= 1 + r2 + 1 – 2r – r2
4 2

=1+1–r
4
= 5–r
4

=1-r

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