Reservoir Rock Properties R kP ti

PETE 2031, S.I. Kam

Rock Properties Petrophysical properties What is Petrophysics?

Definition
Study of rock p p y properties and their interactions with fluids.

(Examples)

Reservoir Fluid Properties Porosity Formation volume factor Absolute permeability Solution GOR Rock/fluid compressibility Compositional analysis Saturation Phase behaviour Interfacial tension Gas/oil properties Capillary pressure Flash vs. differential test Relative permeability Equation of state and more and more

Introduction

Introduction

Introduction

Introduction

Developed or Undeveloped

Reserves Proved Reserves Unproved Reserves

Developed

Undeveloped

Probable

Possible

Introduction

Shale (also called mudstone): a fine-grained sedimentary rock whose original constituents were clay minerals or muds. tit t l i l d

Typical Procedures
Exploration Geologists depositional environment Development Geologist Maps; cross-sections Geophysicist Aid in seismic interpretation Drilling Engineer abnormal pressure detection fracture gradient; pore pressure Production Engineer Recompletions; workover; perforations R Reservoir E i i Engineer reserve and permeability estimates Log Analyst Most critical use by a specially trained scientist or engineer Well Log Example

Introduction

First Well Log in Louisiana,1930

Geology/Geophysics

Introduction

Source: www.iwcfdrillengineer.com

Introduction

Petroleum Engineering starts with drilling engineering

Source: www.kgs.ku.edu/Publications

Introduction

Petroleum Engineering includes reservoir, production, and facilities engineering

Introduction

Reservoir Engineering

Introduction

Petrophysicalproperties;Fluidproperties

Introduction

Geological Fence Diagrams

A graphical display of three-dimensional data and interpretations in two-dimensional perspective view, showing stratigraphic changes

Identification of flow units is a key to geo-modelling..

Porosity

porosity

Definition
Porosity () = volume of pore space / total volume = (total volume solid volume) / total volume = VP/VT = (VT-VS)/ VT = 1- VS/VT Porosity defines the ability to store fluids, or void fraction. porous medium Unit: fraction, percentage T

In a vacuum Saturated with fluid porosity measurement (volume or mass)

porosity

Pore connectivity
Effective porosity (E) Ratio of volume of interconnected pores to the total volume of the sample Absolute porosity or total porosity (T) Ratio of volume of all pores to total volume of sample The difference between total porosity and effective porosity is called residual porosity, i.e., R = T - E

2D aspect of pore connectivity in thin section

porosity

porosity

porosity

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porosity

Pore connectivity
(Example) Calculate the effective (E), total (T), and residual (R) porosities of a 2-dimensional, hypothetical porous medium shown below. inlet outlet

(Answer)
total volume = 5 20 = 100 connected volume = 35 ; unconnecte d volume = 3
38 = = 0.38 or , 38% total volume 100 connected pore volume 35 effective porosity ( E ) = = = 0.35 or , 35% total volume 100 total porosity (T ) = total pore volume

porosity

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Examples of Layered System

Different types porosity of secondary porosity

porosity

Porosity Measurement
Direct measurement Bulk volume, grain volume, fluid volume -> pore volume Log derived measurement Resistivity, Newtron, Density, Sonic logs
Porosity/fluid distribution can be measured by Computed Tomography (CT) scanner and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) technique. - Able to measure the amount of different phases

Residual oil saturation after waterflooding

Channelling of gas phase in water saturated p.m.

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porosity

Porosity Measurement
Note that There are a variety of different ways to measure porosity. Depending on the method applied, the measured quantity can b either effective or total porosity. be ith ff ti t t l it Porosity in petroleum literature usually means effective porosity that contributes to the fluid flow through a porous medium. (Example) In the previous example, if one imbibes water into the porous medium in a vacuum, what would be the porosity measured? Is it total or effective porosity? What if the sample is crushed, ground and weighed? crushed (Answer) fluid imbibition: Sample crushed and grain vol measured: CT scanning, NMR

= 35 % = 38 %

porosity

Inter-particles! intra-particles?

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porosity

porosity

Effect of Packing
Exercise with some idealized geometries. For a cubic packing with equally sized spheres Bulk l B lk volume = (2R)3 = 8R3. Solid Volume = (4/3)R3 x (1/8) x 8 = (4/3) R3. Porosity () =

8 R 3 (4 / 3)R 3 = 0.476 8R 3
Use the concept of unit cell representative cell

90o

90o

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porosity

Effect of Packing
For a hexagonal packing with equally sized spheres Bulk volume = (2R)2 (2R) sin60o= 8R3 sin60o. Solid V l S lid Volume = (4/3)R3 x (1/4) x 4 = (4/3) R3. (4/3) R R Porosity () =

8 R 3 sin 60 o (4 / 3)R 3 = 0.395 8R 3 sin 60 o

Use the concept of unit cell representative cell 60o

60o 90o

porosity

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porosity

Effect of Packing
Note The calculated value is independent of grain size. Different packing methods result in different values of porosity. Cubic: C bi = 0 476 0.476 Hexagonal : = 0.395 Rhombohedral : = 0.259 Typical value of = 10-35% for rock samples. Consolidated rocks have cementing materials as well as rock debris, which results in even lower porosity. compaction and cementation Primary vs. secondary porosity Primary: porosity formed at the time of deposition (sandstone reservoir) Secondary: porosity developed after deposition (carbonate reservoir)

porosity

Effect of Packing
Packing with multiple grain sizes Packing with two different sizes reduces porosity dramatically. Cubic vs Cubic with void space filled with spheres vs. Grain size distribution
High porosity frequency Low porosity

mean

Packing with angularity In reality, larger grain size, larger angularity, and smaller width of grain size distribution yield larger .

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porosity

Effect of Packing

2D representation of porosity with two-different size spherical particles.

2D representation of the effect of angularity

porosity

Porosity Distribution
CT Scanning of a rock sample Standard (normal) distribution

sensor

1 n = i n i =1

Frequency (# of appearance)

Porosity

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porosity

Saturation
Pore space in a reservoir rock occupied by multiple phases. Saturation of phase j, Sj (for example, Sw, So, Sg for water, oil and gas saturations) Volume of each phase in the pore space Relative permeability is a function of saturation. Does not include fluids interaction at the interface (i.e., saturation does not tell the distribution of fluid in p.m.) (see interfacial phenomena, capillary pressure)

Sw = volume of water / pore volume = Vw/ Vp So = volume of oil/ pore volume = Vo/ Vp Sg = volume of gas/ pore volume = Vg/ Vp

porosity

Saturation
(Example) Calculate saturations for water, oil, and gas respectively in the hypothetical porous medium shown below. blob of oil blob of gas

All remaining void space occupied by water (Answer) All pores = 38 units; total porosity (T ) = 38 = 0.38 or , 38%
8 = 0.2105 or , 21.05% 38 10 = 0.2632 or , 26.32% Sg = 38 20 = 0.5263 or , 52.63% Sw = 38 So =
100

Note that

S w + So + S g = 1

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porosity

Saturation
A typical reservoir rock contains formation water and hydrocarbons. The hydrocarbons may form oil phase, gas phase, or oil and gas phases togethers. h t th The number of phases are often associated with bubble point pressure (BPP). P < BBP(Pbub) P > BBP (Pbub)
gas

Reduction in Pressure
oil water

oil water

Oil unsaturated with gas

Oil saturated with gas

porosity

Saturation
Reservoir Pressure < BBP(Pbub)

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porosity

Volume of Hydrocarbon in Place

A h

Reservoir bulk volume =d i drainage area x thickness thi k = Ah Reservoir pore volume = drainage area x thickness x porosity = Ah Reservoir H.C volume in Place = drainage area x thickness x porosity x HC saturation = Ah (1-Sw)

porosity

Volume of Hydrocarbon in Place

(Example) Estimate the Original Oil in Place (OOIP) of a reservoir described below (note that reservoir pressure > BBP). reservoir area = 1000 acre pay-zone thickness = 100 ft average porosity = 20% initial oil saturation = 50% (Answer)
reservoir volume = 1000 acre 43560 ft 2 100 ft = 4 .356 10 9 ft 3 1acre reservoir pore volume = 4.4 109 ft 3 0.2 = 8.8 108 ft 3 1bbl OOIP = 8.8 108 ft 3 0.5 = 4.4 108 ft 3 = 7.8 107 res.bbl = 78MMres.bbl 5.615 ft 3

One can do a quick economic analysis based on this value. Is the reservoir bbl the same as stock tank bbl?? (Learn from Reservoir Fluid Properties!)

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porosity

Fluid Prop

Fluid Properties production systems

Wellhead Separator
High Pressure Gas removed Tubing Head Pressure Choke (Bean) Gas Flowline Pressure Oil Oil

Stock-Tank
Tank Gas (Low Pressure) removed Stock Tank Pressure

Gas

Oil produced as Single Phase Oil Zone Bottom Hole Pressure

Reservoir Pressure

Mass conservation Concept of recombination

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Fluid Prop

Fluid Properties production systems

Typical Laboratory Experiments with Reservoir Fluid

gas

P1>Pbub.

oil Mercury

P2=Pbub.

Fluid Properties Gas phase

Combing all three gives Ideal Gas Law PV/T = constant = nR ; PV=nRT Where, Where n: moles of gas = mass (m)/ molecular weight(Mw) R: ideal gas law constant or universal gas constant =10.732 psia ft3/(lb mol R) = 8.314 kPa m3/(kg mol K) Underlying assumptions for ideal gas: 1. 1 Molecules occupy no volume 2. No attraction or repulsion forces between molecules/ No masses 3. All collisions are perfectly elastic with no loss of energy (no heat loss)

oil Mercury

gas

gas

gas

Pdew<P3<Pbub. P <P <P , P =P . 5 dew dew 4 bub P4<P3

oil Mercury y oil Hg Hg

P6<Pdew.

Fluid Prop

g Hg

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Fluid Prop

Fluid Properties Gas phase

Compressibility factor (Z factor) Real gas does not follow ideal-gas law perfectly because of the reasons mentioned but the general trend seems OK mentioned, OK. Modify the ideal gas behaviour using a correction factor, Z (Zfactor) that is a function of pressure, temperature, and composition. Z-factor is also known as the compressibility factor and gas deviation factor. But this is NOT the same as compressibility. For ideal gas: PVideal = nRT For real gas: PVactual = ZnRT Therefore comparison at the same pressure and temperature gives Z = Vactual / Videal .

Fluid Prop

Fluid Properties Gas phase

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Fluid Properties Liquid phase

Solution Gas-Oil Ratio (Rs)

Fluid Prop

Solubility of gas phase in the oil phase. Rs [scf/stb] = vol of gas that evolved from the oil phase expressed at STP /vol of oil measured at STP This implies that the gas and oil phases are originally oil phase in the reservoir!! 1 stock-tank barrel of oil contains Rs scf of gas at reservoir conditions Low P
gas,s
Solution GOR (Rs ) represents the volume of gas that can be dissolved into 1 STB of oil. or

oil,s

gas,s

In scf

High P

oil,r

oil,s In stb

Fluid Properties Liquid phase

Oil formation volume factor (Bo ) The volume change of crude oil upon production (i.e., transportation from a reservoir to surface.)

Fluid Prop

Bo [rb/stb] = vol of oil at res / vol of oil at STP = (mass of 1 STB + mass of gas evolved from 1STB) / mass of 1 res. bbl = (STO + 0.01357Rsg)/ oR .

1 stock-tank barrel of oil occupies Bo barrels of oil at reservoir conditions This implies that Bo includes the concept of Rs in calculation. Low P
gas, s oil,s
Oil formation volume factor (Bo ) represents the volume change of crude oil. or

oil,r oil,s

In rb In stb

High P

oil,r

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Fluid Properties Liquid phase

Gas Formation Volume Factor (Bg) The volume change of free gas upon production, rb/scf

Fluid Prop

Bg [rb/scf] = vol of free gas at res / vol of gas at STP / f ff f S 1 scf of gas at standard conditions occupies Bg barrels of gas at reservoir conditions similar to conversion factor cf. gas expansion factor, E, scf/rcf = 5.6146/ Bg. Low P
gas,s
Gas formation volume factor (Bg ) represents the volume change of free gas gas. or

gas,r In rb

High P

gas,r

gas,s In scf

Fluid Properties Liquid phase

Standing Correlation for Oil Formation Volume Factor
Example: Required: Formation volume at 200oF of a bubble point liquid having a gas/oil ratio of 350 cu.ft/bbl, a gas gravity of 0.75, and a tank oil gravity of 30oAPI.
8 2 x 103 1.5

Fluid Prop

103

Procedure: Starting at the left side of the chart, proceed horizontally along the 350 cu.ft/bbl line to a gas gravity of 0.75. From this point drop vertically to the 30oAPI line. Proceed horizontally from the tank oil gravity scale to the 200oF line. The required formation volume is found to be 1 22 bbl/bbl of tank oil 1.22 oil.
Correlation for the formation volume factor of saturated oil- field units. After Standing. 1.5

6 5 4

102 8 6 5 4 3

2 1.5

Caution: Chart is approximate, for demonstration only

1.40 1.70 1.50 1.60 1.80 1.90 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09

10 1.10 1.20 1.30 2.00

Formation Volume of Bubble Point Liquid, barrel per barrel of tank oil

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Fluid Prop

Fluid Properties More in Spring Semester!

Compressibility

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compressibility

Compressibility of Porous Media

Mechanical deformation of a porous medium upon pressure change may play significant roles in fluid flow in p.m. Compressibility is defined by;

1 dVb , bulk compressibility Vb dP 1 dV p cp = , pore compressibility V p dP cb =

cs = 1 dVs , grain( soild ) compressibility g p y Vs dP

Since the compressibility is also a function of temperature, more exact way to express is
cj = 1 Vj dV j dP T

isothermal compressibility

compressibility

Compressibility of Fluids
Reservoir fluids are also compressible. The compressibility of fluids can be expressed in a similar way.

cg =

1 dVg , gas compressibility Vg dP

co =

1 dVo , oil compressibility Vo dP 1 dVw cw = , water compressibility Vw dP

Typical compressibility values:

c g = (100 ~ 400 ) 10 6 psi 1 = (100 ~ 400 ) sip c o = (10 ~ 50 ) 10 6 psi 1 = (10 ~ 50 ) sip c w = (1 ~ 5) 10 6 psi 1 = (1 ~ 5) sip c p = (1 ~ 50 ) 10 6 psi 1 = (1 ~ 50 ) sip
Very difficult to generalize!

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compressibility

Reservoir Compressibility
Total or average compressibility (Ct or Cavg) of a reservoir is simply defined by the sum of formation compressibility (Cf) and fluid compressibility.

ct = c avg = c f + S o c o + S g c g + S w c w
The formation compressibility (Cf) is about pore volume change and sometimes expressed as

cf = cf

PV

If the formation compressibility is based on bulk volume change rather than pore volume change, then g p g

cf = cf

PV

cf

BV

or

c f = cp =

cb

if solid (grain) compressibility is negligible. (See more in the following example)

compressibility

Compressibility of Fluids
In many engineering applications, you will see the expressions of highly compressible phase and slightly compressible phase. These terms have the following mathematically definitions in general. slightly compressible : typically compressible liquid

= o exp(cP)
d d dP dP dP 1 d = = o c exp( cP ) ; = dx dP dx dx dx c dx highly compressible: typically compressible gas

indicating

= b

P 1 Q PV = PbVb and V Pb

indicating

q = b qb = constant

(where, b: any base state)

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compressibility

Compressibility
(Example) Using the definitions of bulk, pore, and solid isothermal compressibilites, derive an expression for the porosity.

(Answer)

From the definitions

Vb = V p + V s

dV b = dV p + dV s

Vp Vb

Therefore,

cb = (1 ) c s + c p
Also see Example 8.1 and 8.2!!

compressibility

Compressibility (fluid, grain, pore)

Depth

Porosity

OOIP

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