basic theme of organization in the periodic table: is to classify the elements in periods and groups as per their

properties. So, this course of action makes the study of elements and their compounds simple and systematic. In the
periodic table, elements with similar properties are placed in the same group
Genesis of Periodic Classification Dobereiner’s Triads: In 1829, Dobereiner arranged certain elements with similar properties in groups of three in such a
way that the atomic mass of the middle element was nearly the same as the average atomic masses of the first and the third elements. A few triads proposed
by him are listed.

Limitations of Dobereiner’s Trids

The triads given by Dobereiner were helpful in grouping some elements with similar characteristics together, but he
could not arrange all the elements known at that time into triads.

• Newlands’ Law of Octaves

John Newlands proposed the law of octaves by stating that when elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic
masses, every eighth element has properties similar to the first. Newlands called it law of octaves because similar
relationship exists in the musical notes also.

This can be illustrated as:

Limitations of Newlands’ Law of Octaves

(i) This classification was successful only up to the element calcium. After that, every eighth element did not
possess the same properties as the element lying above it in the same group.
(ii) When noble gas elements were discovered at a later stage, their inclusion in the table disturbed the entire
arrangement.
Mendeleev’s Periodic Table

Mendeleev’s Periodic Law: The physical and chemical properties of the elements are a periodic

function of their atomic masses.

Mendeleev arranged the elements known at that time in order of increasing atomic masses

and this arrangement was called periodic table.

Elements with similar characteristics were present in vertical rows called groups. The horizontal

rows were known as periods.

Description of Mendeleev’s Periodic Table

(i) In the periodic table, the elements are arranged in vertical rows called groups and horizontal rows known as
periods.

(ii) There are nine groups indicated by Roman Numerals as I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII and zero. Group VIII consists
of nine elements which are arranged in three triads. The zero group contains elements belonging to inert gases or noble
gases and elements present have zero valency.

(iii) There are seven periods (numbered from 1 to 7) or, horizontal rows in the Mendeleev’s periodic table.

Importance of Mendeleev’s Periodic Table

(i) This made the study of the elements quite systematic in the sense that if the properties of one element in a particular
group are known, those of others can be pridicted.

(ii) This helped to a great extent in the discovery of these elements at a later stage.

(iii) Mendeleev corrected the atomic masses of certain elements with the help of their expected positions and
properties.

Defects in Mendeleev’s Periodic Table

(i) Hydrogen has been placed in group IA along with alkali metals. But it also resembles halogens of group
VII A in many properties. Thus, its position is the Mendeleev’s periodic table is controversial.
(ii) Although the elements in the Mendeleev’s periodic table have been arranged in order of their atomic
masses, but in some cases the element with higher atomic mass precedes the element with lower atomic mass.

We know that the isotopes of an element have different atomic masses but same atomic number. Since,
periodic table has been framed on the basis of increasing atomic masses of the elements, different positions
must have been allotted to all the isotopes of a particular element.
(iv) According to Mendeleev, the elements placed in the same group must resemble in their properties. But there is
no similarity among the elements in the two sub-groups of a particular group.

(v) In some cases, elements with similar properties have been placed in different groups.

(vi) Lanthanoids and actinoids were placed in two separate rows at the bottom of the periodic table without assigning a
proper reason.
(vii) No proper explanation has been offered for the fact that why the elements placed in group show resemblance in
their properties.

Modern Periodic Law

Physical and chemical properties of the elements are the periodic function of their atomic numbers.

• Present Form of the Periodic Table (Long form of Periodic Table)

The long form of periodic table, also called Modem Periodic Table, is based on Modern periodic law. In this table, the
elements have been arranged in order of increasing atomic numbers.

• Nomenclature of Elements with Atomic No. more than 100

Structural Features of the Periodic Table

Groups

The long form of periodic table also consists of the vertical rows called groups. There are in all 18 groups in the
periodic table. Unlike Mendeleev periodic table, each group is an independent group.

Characteristics of groups:

(i) All the elements present in a group have same general electronic configuration of the atoms.

(ii) The elements in a group are separated by definite gaps of atomic numbers (2, 8, 8,18, 18,32).

(iii) The atomic sizes of the elements in group increase down the group due to increase the number of shells.

(iv) The physical properties of the elements such as m.p., b.p. density, solubility etc., follow a systematic pattern.

(v) The elements in each group have generally similar chemical properties.

Periods

Horizontal rows in a periodic table are known as periods.

There are in all seven periods in the long form of periodic table.

Characteristics of periods:

(i) In all the elements present in a period, the electrons are filled in the same valence shell.

(ii) The atomic sizes generally decrease from left to right.

Q.Which element do you think would have been named by (i) Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (ii) Seaborg’s group?

Ans.) (i) Lawrencium (Lr), which has an atomic number Z = 103 and Berkelium (Bk), which has an atomic number Z =
97 (ii) Seaborgium (Sg) which has an atomic number, Z = 106

Anything that influences the valence electrons will affect the chemistry of the element”. Which of the factors given
below is not affecting the valence shell? (a) Valence Principal quantum number (n) (b) Nuclear charge (Z) (c)
Nuclear mass (d) Number of core electrons

Ans.) (c) Nuclear mass

In the modern periodic table, the period indicates the value of which of the following? (a) atomic number (b)
atomic mass (c) principal quantum number (d) azimuthal quantum number. Ans.) In the modern periodic table,
each period begins with the filling of a new shell. Hence, the period indicates the value of the principal quantum
number. Thus option (c) is correct.

s-Block Elements

General electronic configuration: ns1-2 Characteristics of s-block elements:

(i) All the elements are soft metals.

(ii) They have low melting and boiling points.

(iii) They are highly reactive.

(iv) Most of them impart colours to the flame.

(v) They generally form ionic compounds.

(vi) They are good conductors of heat and electricity. p-Block Elements

General electronic configuration: ns2np1-6

Characteristics of p-block elements:

(i) The compounds of these elements are mostly covalent in nature.

(ii) They show variable oxidation states.

(iii) In moving from left to right in a period, the non-metallic character of the elements increases.

(iv) The reactivity of elements in a group generally decreases downwards.

(v) At the end of each period is a noble gas element with a closed valence shell ns2 np6 configuration.

(vi) Metallic character increases as we go down the group.

d-Block Elements

General electronic configuration: (n -1) d1-10 ns0-2

The d-block elements are known as transition elements because they have incompletely filled d-orbitals in their ground
state or in any of the oxidation states.

Characteristics of d-block elements:

(i) They are all metals with high melting and boiling points.

(ii) The compounds of the elements are generally paramagnetic in nature.

(iii) They mostly form coloured ions, exhibit variable valence (oxidation states).

(iv) They are of tenly used as catalysts.

f-Block Elements

General electronic configuration: (n – 2) f1-14 (n -1) d0-1 ns2

They are known as inner transition elements because in the transition elements of d-block, the electrons are filled in (n
– 1) d sub-shell while in the inner transition elements of f-block the filling of electrons takes place in (n – 2) f subshell,
which happens to be one inner subshell. Characteristics of f-Block elements:
(i) The two rows of elements at the bottom of the Periodic Table, called the Lanthanoids Ce (Z = 58) – Lu (Z = 71) and
Actinoids Th (Z = 90) – Lr (Z = 103).

(ii) These two series of elements are called Inner Transition Elements (f-Block Elements).

(iii) They are all metals. Within each series, the properties of the elements are quite similar.

(v) Most of the elements pf the actinoid series are radio-active in nature.

Which of the following statements related to the modern periodic table is incorrect? (a) The p-block has 6 columns
because a maximum of 6 electrons can occupy all the orbitals in a pshell. (b) The d-block has 8 columns because a
maximum of 8 electrons can occupy all the orbitals in a dsubshell. (c) Each block contains a number of columns
equal to the number of electrons that can occupy that subshell. (d) The block indicates the value of an azimuthal
quantum number (l) for the last subshell that received electrons in building up the electronic configuration. Ans.)
(b) The d-block has 8 columns because a maximum of 8 electrons can occupy all the orbitals in a d-subshell Option
(b) is an incorrect statement because the d-block has 10 columns and a maximum of 10 electrons can occupy all
the orbitals in a d subshell.

Metals

(i) Metals comprise more than 78% of all known elements and appear on the left side of the Periodic Table.

(ii) Metals are solids at room temperature.

(iii) Metal usually have high melting and boiling points.

(iv) They are good conductors of heat and electricity.

(u) They are malleable and ductile.

• Non-metals

(i) Non-metals are located at the top right hand side of the Periodic Table.

(ii) Non-metals are usually solids or gases at low temperature with low melting and boiling points.

(iii) They are poor conductors of heat and electricity.

(iv) The non-metallic character increases as one goes from left to right across the Periodic

Table.

(v) Most non-metallic solids are brittle and are neither malleable nor ductile.

• Metalloids

The elements (e.g., silicon, germanium, arsenic, antimony and tellurium) show the characteristic, of both metals and
non-metals. These elements are also called semimetal.
Noble Gases

– These are the elements present in group 18.

– Eash period ends with noble gas element.

– All the members are of gaseous nature and because of the presence of all the occupied filled orbitals, they have very
little tendency to take part in chemical combination.

– These are also called inert gases.

• Representative Elements

The elements of group 1 (alkali metals), group 2 (alkaline earth metals) and group 13 to 17 constitute the
representative elements. They are elements of s-block and p-block.

• Transition Elements

The transition elements include, all the d-block elements and they are present in the centre of the periodic table
between s and p-block elements.

Inner Transition Elements

Lanthanoids (the fourteen elements after Lanthanum) and actinides (the fourteen elements after actinium) are called
inner transition elements. They are also called f-block elements.

The elements after uranium are also called transuranic elements.

Assign the position of the element having outer electronic configuration (i) ns2 np4 for n=3 (ii) (n-1)d2 ns2 for n=4,
and (iii) (n-2)f 7 (n-1)d1 ns2 for n=6, in the periodic table.

Ans.) (i) Here n = 3, so the element belongs to the third period. It is a ‘p-block element’ since the last electron
occupies the p-orbital. There are 4 electrons in the p-orbital. Hence, the corresponding group of the element =
Number of s–block groups + Number of d–block groups + Number of p–block groups

= 2 + 10 + 4 = 16

Therefore, the given element is in the third period and the sixteenth group of the periodic table. Thus, the

element is Sulphur.

(ii) Here n = 4, so the element belongs to the fourth period. It is a ‘d-block element’ since d-orbitals are

incompletely filled. There are 2 electrons in the d-orbital.

Hence, the corresponding group of the element

= Number of s–block groups + Number of d–block groups

=2+2=4

Therefore, the given element is in the fourth period and fourth group of the periodic table. Thus, the element

is Titanium.

(iii) Here n = 6, so the element belongs to the sixth period. It is an ‘f-block element’ since the last electron

occupies the f-orbital. It belongs to group 3 of the periodic table since all f-block elements belong to group 3.

Its electronic configuration is [Xe]54 4f7 5d1 6s2

. Hence, its atomic number is 54 + 7 + 2 + 1 = 64. Therefore,

the required element is Gadolinium.

Periodic Trends in Properties of Elements

Predict the formulas of the stable binary compounds that would be formed by the combination of the following
pairs of elements. (a) Lithium and oxygen (b) Magnesium and nitrogen (c) Aluminium and iodine (d) Silicon and
oxygen (e) Phosphorus and fluorine (f) Element 71 and fluorine

Ans.) (a) Li2O (lithium oxide). (b) Mg3N2 (c)AlI3

(d) SiO2 (e) PF5 or PF3 (f) Lutetium (Lu) is the element 71. It has valency 3. Therefore, the formula is LuF3

Trends in Physical Properties

Atomic Radii: It is defined as the distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell containing the
electrons. Depending upon whether an element is a non-metal or a metal, three different types of atomic radii are used.
These are:

(a) Covalent radius (b) Ionic Radius (c) van der Waals radius (d) Metallic radius.

(a) Covalent Radius: It is equal to half of the distance between the centres of the nuclei of two atoms held together by
a purely covalent single bond.

(b) Ionic Radius: It may be defined as the effictive distance from the nucleus of an ion upto which it has an influence
in the ionic bond.

(c) van der Waals Radius: Atoms of Noble gases are held together by weak van der Waals forces of attraction. The van
der Waals radius is half of the distance between the centre of nuclei of atoms of noble gases.

(d) Metallic Radius: It is defined as half of the intemuclear distance between the two adjacent metal ions in the
metallic lattice.

Variation of Atomic Radius in the Periodic Table

Variation in a Period: Along a period, the atomic radii of the elements generally decreases from left to right.

Variation in a group: The atomic radii of the elements in every group of the periodic table increases as we move
downwards.

Ionic Radius
The ionic radii can be estimated by measuring the distances between cations and anions in ionic crystals.

In general, the ionic radii of elements exhibit the same trend as the atomic radii.

Cation: The removal of an electron from an atom results in the formation of a cation. The radius of cation is always
smaller than that of the atom.

Anion: Gain of an electron leads to an anion. The radius of the anion is always larger than that ‘ of the atom.

Q) Explain why cations are smaller and anions larger in radii than their parent atoms?

Ans.) A cation has fewer number of electrons than its parent atom, while its nuclear charge remains the same.
Hence, a cation is smaller in size than its parent atom. On the other hand, an anion has one or more electrons than
its parent atom, resulting in an increased repulsion among the electrons and a decrease in the effective nuclear
charge. Therefore, an anion is larger in radii than its parent atoms.

Ans.) (a) The given species has an equal number of electrons, i.e., 10 electrons. Hence, they are isoelectronic species.
(b) The arrangement of the given species in the order of their increasing ionic radii is as follows

Isoelectronic Species: Some atoms and ions which contain the same number of electrons, we call them isoelectronic
species. For example, O2-, F–, Na+ and Mg2+ have the same number of electrons (10). Their radii would be different
because of their different nuclear charges.

The size of isoelectronic species F– , Ne and Na+ is affected by (a) nuclear charge (Z ) (b) valence principal quantum
number (n) (c) electron-electron interaction in the outer orbitals (d) none of the factors because their size is the
same
Ionization Enthalpy

It is the energy required to remove an electron from an isolated gaseous atom in its ground state.

M (g) + I.E ——->M+ (g) + e–

The unit of ionization enthalpy is kJ mol-1 and the unit of ionization potential is electron volt per atom.

Successive Ionization Enthalpies

If a gaseous atom is to lose more than one electron, they can be removed one after the other i.e., in succession and not
simultaneously. This is known as successive ionization enthalpy (or potential).

Variation of Ionization Enthalpies in the Periodic Table:

Variation of Ionization Enthalpy Along a Period

Along a period ionization enthalpies are expected to increase in moving across from left to the right, because the
nuclear charge increases and the atomic size decreases.

Variation of Ionization Ethalpy in a Group

The ionization enthalpies of the elements decrease on moving from top to the bottom in any group.

The decrease in ionization enthalpies down any group is because of the following factors.

(i) There is an increase in the number of the main energy shells (n) in moving from one element to the other.
(ii) There is also an increase in the magnitude of the screening effect due to the gradual increase in the number of inner
electrons.

Q.Would you expect the first ionization enthalpies for two isotopes of the same element to be the same or different?
Justify your answer

Ans.) The ionization enthalpy of any atom relies on the number of electrons and protons (nuclear charge) of that
atom. Now, the isotopes of an element have an equal number of protons and electrons. Hence, the first ionization
enthalpy for two isotopes of the same element should be the same

Which one of the following statements is incorrect in relation to ionization enthalpy? (a) Ionization enthalpy
increases for each successive electron. (b) The greatest increase in ionization enthalpy is experienced on the
removal of an electron from core noble gas configuration. (c) End of valence electrons is marked by a big jump in
ionization enthalpy. (d) Removal of an electron from orbitals bearing lower n value is easier than from orbital
having higher n value. Ans.) Option (d) is the incorrect statement Electrons in orbitals bearing a lower n value are
more attracted to the nucleus than electrons in orbitals bearing a higher n value. Therefore, the removal of
electrons from orbitals bearing a higher n value is easier than the removal of electrons from orbitals having a
lower n value

Q) The first (∆i H1) and the second (∆iH2) ionization enthalpies (in kJ mol–1)and the (∆egH) electron gain enthalpy (in
kJ mol–1) of a few elements are given below

(a) the least reactive element.

(b) the most reactive metal.

(c) the most reactive non-metal.

(d) the least reactive non-metal.

(e) the metal which can form a stable binary halide of the formula MX2 (X=halogen).

(f) the metal which can form a predominantly stable covalent halide of the formula MX (X=halogen)?

Ans.)
(a) Element 5 is likely to be the least reactive element since it has the highest first ionization enthalpy (ΔiH1)

and a positive electron gain enthalpy (ΔegH).

(b) Element 2 is likely to be the most reactive metal since it has the lowest first ionization enthalpy (Δi

H1) and

a low negative electron gain enthalpy (ΔegH).

(c) Element 3 is likely to be the most reactive non-metal since it has the highest first ionization enthalpy

(Δi

H1) and the highest negative electron gain enthalpy (ΔegH).

(d) Element 5 is likely to be the least reactive non-metal since it has a very high first ionization enthalpy

(ΔiH1) and a positive electron gain enthalpy (ΔegH).

(e) Element 6 has a low negative electron gain enthalpy (ΔegH). Hence, it is a metal. Further, it has the

lowest second ionization enthalpy (Δi

H2). Therefore, it can form a stable binary halide of the formula MX2 (X

= halogen).

(f) Element 1 has a low first ionization energy and high second ionization energy. Hence, it can form a

predominantly stable covalent halide of the formula MX (X = halogen)

Ans.) (i) The electronic configuration of Be is 1s2 2s2 and the electronic configuration of B is 1s2 2s2 2p1 . It is known
that 2p orbital lies far away from the nucleus in comparison to 2s orbital. Thus, the attraction between the 2s
electron and nucleus is more in comparison to the attraction between 2p electron and nucleus. Thus, the amount of
energy required for the removal of electrons from 2s orbital is more in comparison to 2p electrons. Thus, ionisation
enthalpy of Be is higher in comparison to B . (ii) The electronic configuration of O is 1s2 2s2 2p4 , N is 1s2 2s2 2p3 and
F is 1s2 2s2 2p5 . It is known that the halffilled and fully-filled configurations are more stable; thus, the removal of
electrons from half-filled N is difficult in comparison to oxygen. Thus, the value of Δi H for N is higher in comparison
to O. The nuclear charge over fluorine is more in comparison to oxygen atoms. Thus, its ionisation enthalpy is higher
than that of oxygen. Thus, O has lower ΔiH than N and F.
Q.Energy of an electron in the ground state of the hydrogen atom is –2.18×10–18J. Calculate the ionization enthalpy
of atomic hydrogen in terms of J mol–1

Ans.) Given Energy of an electron in the ground state of the hydrogen atom = -2.18 x 10-18 J Thus, the energy
required to remove that electron from the ground state of hydrogen atom is 2.18 x 10-18 J Hence, ionization
enthalpy of atomic hydrogen = 2.18 x 10-18 J Therefore, the ionization enthalpy of atomic hydrogen in terms of J
mol-1 = 2.18 x 10-18 x 6.02 x 1023 J mol-1 We get, = 1.31 x 106 J mol-1

Electron Gain Enthalpy: Electron Gain Enthalpy is the energy released when an electron is added to an isolated gaseous atom so as to convert it into a
negative ion. The process is represented as:

For majority of the elements the electron gain enthalpy is negative. For example, the electron gain enthalpy for
halogens is highly negative because they can acquire the nearest noble gas configuration by accepting an extra
electron.

In contrast, noble gases have large positive electron gain enthalpies because the extra electron has to be placed in the
next higher principal quantum energy level thereby producing highly unstable electronic configuration.

Successive Electron Gain Enthalpies

We have studied that electrons from a gaseous atoms are lost in succession (i.e., one after the other). Similarly, these
are also accepted one after the other, i.e., in succession. After the addition of one electron, the atom becomes
negatively charged and the second electron is to be added to a negatively charged ion. But the addition of second
electron is opposed by electrostatic repulsion and hence the energy has to be supplied for the addition of second
electron. Thus the second electron gain enthalpy of an element is positive.

For example, when an electron is added to oxygen atom to form O– ion, energy is released. But when another electron
is added to 0- ion to form O2- ion, energy is absorbed to overcome the strong electrostatic repulsion between the
negatively charged 0– ion and the second electron being added. Thus, first electron gain enthalpy:

Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties Class 11 Notes Chemistry Chapter 3 img-11

Factors on which Electron Gain Enthalpy Depends

(i) Atomic size: As the size of an atom increases, the distance between its nucleus and the incoming electron also
increases and electron gain enthalpy becomes less negative,

(ii) Nuclear charge: With the increase in nuclear charge, force of attraction between the nucleus and the incoming
electron increases and thus electron gain enthalpy becomes more negative.

(iii) Symmetry of the Electronic Configuration: The atoms with symmetrical configuration (having fully filled or half
filled orbitals in the same sub-shell) do not have any urge to take up extra electrons because their configuration will
become unstable.
In that case the energy will be needed and electron gain enthalpy (Δ eg H) will be positive. For example, noble gas
elements have positive electron gain enthalpies.

Variation of Electron Gain Enthalpy Across a Period

Electron gain ethalpy becomes more negative with increase in the atomic number across a period.

Variation of Electron Gain Enthalpy in a Group

Electron gain enthalpy becomes less negative as we go down a group.

Q.Would you expect the second electron gain enthalpy of O as positive, more negative or less negative than the first?
Justify your answer

Q.Which of the following pairs of elements would have a more negative electron gain enthalpy? (i) O or F (ii) F or Cl

Ans.) (i) O and F are present in the same period of the periodic table. An F atom has one proton and one electron
more than an O atom, and, as an electron is added to the same shell, the atomic size of F is smaller than that of O.
Since F contains one proton more than O, its nucleus can attract the incoming electron more strongly in comparison
to the nucleus of O atom. Also, F needs only one more electron to achieve the stable noble gas configuration. Hence,
the electron gain enthalpy of F is more negative than that of O. (ii) F and Cl are the elements of the same group in the
periodic table. The electron gain enthalpy usually becomes less negative on moving down a group. However, in this
case, the value of the electron gain enthalpy of Cl is more negative than that of F. This is because the atomic size of F
is smaller than that of Cl. In F, the electron will be added to quantum level n = 2, whereas in Cl, the electron is added
to quantum level n = 3. Hence, there are less electron- electron repulsions in Cl, and an additional electron can be
accommodated easily. Therefore, the electron gain enthalpy of Cl is more negative than that of F

Q.What is the significance of the phrases — ‘isolated gaseous atom’ and ‘ground state’ while defining the ionization
enthalpy and electron gain enthalpy?

Ans.) The phrase ‘isolated gaseous atom’ indicates that the atoms in the gaseous phase are so far separated that
there are no mutual attraction or repulsion interactions present, which is an isolated state. Here, the value of
ionisation enthalpy and electron gain enthalpy are not influenced by the presence of the other atoms. The
significance of the term ‘ground state’ means that in an atom, electrons are present in the lowest energy state where
they neither lose nor gain an electron. Ionisation enthalpy and electron gain enthalpy are generally expressed with
respect to the ground state of an atom only

Electronegativity

A qualitative measure of the ability of an atom in a chemical compound to attract shared electrons to itself is called
electronegativity. Unlike ionization enthalpy and electron gain enthalpy, it is not a measurable quantity.
However, a number of numerical scales of electronegativity of elements viz, Pauling scale, Milliken- Jaffe scale,
Allred Kochow scale have been developed. The electronegativity of any given element is not constant; it varies
depending on the element to which it is bound.

Across a Period

Electronegativity generally increases across a period from left to right.

In a Group

It decreases down a group.

Q.How would you react to the statement that the electronegativity of N on the Pauling scale is 3.0 in all the nitrogen
compounds? Ans.) Electronegativity of any element depends on the hybridisation state and oxidation state of that
element in a particular compound, i.e., the electronegativity of an element varies from compound to compound. For
example electronegativity of the N atom varies as: sp3 −N < sp2 −N < sp−N. So, the given statement is not correct.

Periodic Trends in Chemical Properties along a Period

(i) Metallic character: Decrease across a period maximum on the extreme left (alkali metals).

(ii) Non-metallic character: Increasess along a period. (From left to right).

(iii) Basic nature of oxides: Decreases from left to right in a period.

(iv) Acidic nature of oxides: Increases from left to right in a period.

• Variation from Top to Bottom on Moving Down a Group

(i) Metallic character. Generally increases because increase in atomic size and hence decrease in the ionizatiort energy
of the elements in a group from top to bottom.

(ii) Non-metallic character. Generally decreases down a group. As electronegativity of elements decreases from top to
bottom in a group.

Considering the elements B, C, N, F, and Si, the correct order of their non-metallic character is: (a) B > C > Si > N > F
(b) Si > C > B > N > F (c) F > N > C > B > Si (d) F > N > C > Si > B

Ans.) (c) F > N > C > B > Si Reason: The non-metallic character of elements increases from left to right across a period.
Therefore, the decreasing order of non-metallic character is F > N > C > B. The non-metallic character of elements
decreases down a group. Thus, the decreasing order of non-metallic characters of C and Si is C > Si. However, Si is
less non-metallic than B, i.e., B > Si. Thus, the correct order of their non-metallic characters is F > N > C > B > Si

Considering the elements B, Al, Mg, and K, the correct order of their metallic character is: (a) B > Al > Mg > K (b) Al
> Mg > B > K (c) Mg > Al > K > B (d) K > Mg > Al > B Ans.) (d) K > Mg > Al > B Reason: The metallic character of
elements decreases from left to right across a period. Hence, the metallic character of Mg is more than that of Al.
The metallic character of elements increases down a group. Therefore, the metallic character of Al is more than
that of B. Thus, the correct order of metallic character is K > Mg > Al > B

(iii) Basic nature of oxides. Since metallic character or electropositivity of elements increases in going from top to
bottom in a group basic nature of oxidise naturally increases.

(iv) Acidic character of oxides. Generally decreases as non-metallic character of elements decreases in going from top
to bottom in a group.

(v) Reactivity of metals. Generally increases down a group. Since tendency to lose electron increases.

(vi) Reactivity of non-metals. Generally decreases down the group, Higher the electro-negativity of non-metals,
greater is their reactivity. Since electronegativity of non-metals in a group decreases from top to bottom, their
reactivity also decreases.

Q.The increasing order of reactivity among group 1 elements is Li < Na < K < Rb < Cs, whereas that among group 17
elements is F > Cl > Br > I. Explain
Anomalous Properties of Second Period Elements

The first element of each of the group 1 (lithium) and 2 (beryllium) and group 13-17 (boron to fluorine) differs in
many respect from the other members of their respective groups. For example, lithium unlike other alkali metals, and
beryllium unlike other alkaline earth metals

form compounds which have significant covalent character; the other members of these groups, pre-dominatly form
ionic compounds.

It has been observed that some elements of the second period show similarities with the elements of the third period
placed diagonally to each other, though belonging to different groups.

This similarity in properties of elements placed diagonally to each other is called diagonal relationship.

• Mendeleev’s Periodic Law. Physical and chemical properties of elements are periodic function of their atomic
masses.

• Modem Periodic Law. Physical and chemical properties of the elements are periodic function of their atomic
numbers.

• Groups. There are 18 groups. These are vertical rows.

• Periods. There are 7 periods. These are horizontal rows.

• Representative Elements. The S and P block of elements are known as representative elements.

• Transition Elements. They are also called d-block elements. They have general electronic configuration (n – 1) d1-10
ns0-2.

• Inner Transition Elements. Lanthanoids (the fourteen elements after Lanthanum) and actinides (the fourteen elements
after actinium) are called inner transition elements. General electronic configuration is (n – 2) f1-14(n – 1) d0-1 ns2.

They are also called f-block elements.

Metals. Present on the left side of the periodic table. Comprise more than 78% of the known elements.

• Non-metals. Mostly located on the right hand side of the periodic table.

• Metalloids. Elements which line as the border line between metals and non-metals (e.g., Si, Ge, As) are called
metalloids or semimetals.

• Atomic Radii and Ionic Radii, increase down the group decrease along the period.

• Ionization Enthalpy. Increases along the period and decreases down the group.

• Noble Gas Elements. Elements with symmetrical configuration are chemically inert in nature.

• Electric Nuclear Charge. Z = Nuclear charge – Screening constant.

• Electronegativity. Increases along a period decreases down the group,

• Chemical Reactivity. Chemical reactivity is highest at the two extremess of a period and lowest in the centre.

• Oxides of Elements. Oxides formed of the Elements on the left are basic and of elements
on the right are acidic in nature.

Oxides of elements in the centre are amphoteric or neutr

Q.Considering the elements F, Cl, O and N, the correct order of their chemical reactivity in terms of oxidizing
property is

(a) F > Cl > O > N (b) F > O > Cl > N (c) Cl > F > O > N (d) O > F > N > Cl

Ans.) (b) F > O > Cl > N Reason: The oxidizing character of elements increases from left to right across a period. Thus,
we get the decreasing order of oxidizing property as F > O > N. The oxidizing character of elements decreases down a
group. Hence, we get F > Cl. But, the oxidizing character of O is more than that of Cl, i.e., O > Cl. Therefore, the
correct order of chemical reactivity of F, Cl, O, and N in terms of their oxidizing property is F > O > Cl > N

Q.Use the periodic table to answer the following questions. (a) Identify an element with five electrons in the outer
subshell. (b) Identify an element that would tend to lose two electrons. (c) Identify an element that would tend to
gain two electrons. (d) Identify the group having metal, non-metal, liquid as well as gaseous elements at the room
temperature.

Ans.) (a) The electronic configuration of an element having 5 electrons in its outermost subshell should be ns2 np5 .
This is the electronic configuration of the halogen group. Hence, the element can be F, Cl, Br, I, or At. (b) An element
having two valence electrons will lose two electrons easily to achieve the stable noble gas configuration. The general
electronic configuration of such an element will be ns2 . This is the electronic configuration of group 2 elements. The
elements present in group 2 are Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba. (c) An element is likely to gain two electrons if it needs only
two electrons to achieve the stable noble gas configuration. Hence, the general electronic configuration of such an
element should be ns2 np4 . This is the electronic configuration of the oxygen family.

(d) Elements of group 17 have metal, non-metal, liquid as well as gaseous elements at room temperature