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LECTURE - Cell Division, Cell Cycle Control and Oncogenic Transformation - 23 - 24

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LECTURE - Cell Division, Cell Cycle Control and Oncogenic Transformation - 23 - 24

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monaarij789
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Cell division, Cell Cycle Control and

Oncogenic transformation
Live Session
THE CELL CYCLE- 5 STAGES

G1
G1 - primary growth phase
S – synthesis; DNA replicated
G2 - secondary growth phase
collectively these 3 stages M

are called INTERPHASE S

M - mitosis
G2
C - cytokinesis
INTERPHASE - G1 STAGE
primary growth phase
Longest phase

1st growth stage after cell division

Cells mature
More cytoplasm is made
Organelles replicate
Raw materials for DNA synthesis accumulates

Cell volume doubles

Cell carries on its normal metabolic activities


INTERPHASE – S STAGE
Synthesis stage
DNA is copied or replicated

Original DNA Two identical


copies of DNA
INTERPHASE – G2 STAGE

2nd Growth Stage

Occurs after DNA has been copied

All cell structures needed for division are made (e.g.


centrioles)

Both organelles & proteins are synthesised

5
THE CELL CYCLE
MITOSIS

• Division of the nucleus


• AKA karyokinesis
• Only in eukaryotes
• four stages PMAT
• Doesn’t occur in all cells
eg. RBCs, WBC
FOUR MITOTIC STAGES

Anaphase
Prophase

Metaphase

Telophase
PROPHASE
1. Chromatin in nucleus condenses to form visible chromosomes
2. Mitotic spindle forms from fibres in cytoskeleton or centrioles which migrate
to the poles (animal)
3. nuclear membrane breaks down
EARLY PROPHASE

Nucleolus Cytoplasm

Nuclear Membrane
Chromosomes
LATE PROPHASE
Chromosomes

Kinetochore Fibre
METAPHASE
Chromosomes, attached to the kinetochore fibres, move to the center
of the cell
Chromosomes are now lined up at the equator
Equator of Cell
Asters at the poles

Pole of
the Cell
Chromosomes
Spindle Fibers lined at the
Equator
ANAPHASE
Sister Chromatids being separated
Occurs rapidly
sister chromatids separate -pulled apart to
opposite poles of the cell by kinetochore fibres
centromeres divide
sister chromatids move to opposite poles
TELOPHASE
Spindle disassembles
Nuclear envelope forms around each set of sister chromatids
Nucleolus reappears
CYTOKINESIS occurs
Chromosomes relax to chromatin
CYTOKINESIS

• Means division of the cytoplasm


• Division of cell into two, identical halves called daughter cells
• plant cells, cell plate forms at the equator
• animal cells, cleavage furrow forms
Control of the Cell Cycle
Cell Cycle
FACTORS AFFECTING CELL DIVISION

Type of cells
Cell division is influenced
externally by
– essential nutrients
– growth factors
– density-dependent inhibition
– anchorage dependence
STOP AND GO SIGNS: INTERNAL
AND EXTERNAL SIGNALS AT
THE CHECKPOINTS
An example of an internal signal is that
kinetochores not attached to spindle
microtubules send a molecular signal
that delays anaphase

Some external signals are GROWTH


FACTORS, proteins released by certain
cells that stimulate other cells to divide

For example, PLATELET-DERIVED


GROWTH FACTOR (PDGF) stimulates
the division of human fibroblast cells in
culture
Another example of external signals is DENSITY-DEPENDENT
INHIBITION, in which crowded cells stop dividing
Most animal cells also exhibit ANCHORAGE DEPENDENCE, in
which they must be attached to a substratum in order to divide
Control of the Cell Cycle
The cell cycle control system is a set of
molecules called cyclins in the cell that
– triggers and
– coordinates key events in the cell cycle
at checkpoints

Checkpoints in the cell cycle can


– stop an event or
– signal an event to proceed.
THE CELL CYCLE CLOCK: CYCLINS AND
CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES
• Two types of regulatory
proteins are involved in
cell cycle control:
CYCLINS and CYCLIN-
DEPENDENT KINASES
(Cdks)

• The activity of cyclins and


Cdks fluctuates during the
cell cycle
Cell Cycle- Checkpoints
CANCER- Uncontrolled Mitosis

uncontrolled mitosis-
• unlimited cell division
• cancerous tumors
Cancer
• depends on tissue affected
• Abnormal, uncontrolled cell division
• Mutation in genes (including p53)
• impede functioning of normal cells
CANCER CAUSING GENES
Cell Cycle- G1
Cell Cycle- S
Cell Cycle- G2
Cell Cycle- M
REVIEW- FACTORS AFFECTING CELL
DIVISION

Type of cells
Cell division is influenced
externally by
– essential nutrients
– growth factors
– density-dependent inhibition
– anchorage dependence
REVIEW- CANCER- Uncontrolled Mitosis

uncontrolled mitosis-
• unlimited cell division
• cancerous tumors
Cancer
• depends on tissue affected
• Abnormal, uncontrolled cell division
• Mutation in genes (including p53)
• impede functioning of normal cells

Oncogenes are special proteins that increase the chance that a normal cell
develops into a tumor cell

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