UNIT I

1. Define Image?
An image may be defined as two dimensional light intensity function f(x, y) where x and y denote
spatial co-ordinate and the amplitude or value of f at any point (x, y) is called intensity or grayscale
or brightness of the image at that point.
2. What is Dynamic Range?
The range of values spanned by the gray scale is called dynamic range of an image. Image will have
high contrast, if the dynamic range is high and image will have dull washed out gray look if the
dynamic range is low.
3. Define Brightness?
Brightness of an object is the perceived luminance of the surround. Two objects with different
surroundings would have identical luminance but different brightness.
4. What do you meant by Gray level?
Gray level refers to a scalar measure of intensity that ranges from black to grays and finally to white.
5. What do you meant by Color model?
A Color model is a specification of 3D-coordinates system and a subspace within that system
where each color is represented by a single point.
6. List the hardware oriented color models?
1. RGB model
2. CMY model
3. YIQ model
4. HSI model
7. What is Hue of saturation?
Hue is a color attribute that describes a pure color where saturation gives a measure of the degree
to which a pure color is diluted by white light.
8. What is Chromatic Adoption?
The hue of a perceived color depends on the adoption of the viewer. For example, the American Flag
will not immediately appear red, white, and blue of the viewer has been subjected to high intensity
red light before viewing the flag. The color of the flag will appear to shift in hue toward the red
component cyan.
9. Define Resolutions?
Resolution is defined as the smallest number of discernible detail in an image. Spatial resolution
is the smallest discernible detail in an image and gray level resolution refers to the smallest
discernible change is gray level.
10. What is meant by pixel?
A digital image is composed of a finite number of elements each of which has a particular location
or value. These elements are referred to as pixels or image elements or picture elements or pels
elements.
11. Define Digital image?
When x, y and the amplitude values of f all are finite discrete quantities, we call the image digital
image.
12. What are the steps involved in DIP?
1. Image Acquisition
2. Preprocessing
3. Segmentation
4. Representation and Description
5. Recognition and Interpretation
13. What is recognition and Interpretation?
Recognition means is a process that assigns a label to an object based on the information provided by
its descriptors.
Interpretation means assigning meaning to a recognized object.
14. Specify the elements of DIP system?
1. Image Acquisition
2. Storage
3. Processing
4. Display
15. Explain the categories of digital storage?
1. Short term storage for use during processing.
2. Online storage for relatively fast recall.
3. Archical storage for infrequent access.
16. What are the types of light receptors?
The two types of light receptors are
1. Cones and
2. Rods
17. Differentiate photopic and scotopic vision?
Photopic vision Scotopic vision
1. The human being can resolve the fine details with these cones because each one is connected to
its own nerve end.
2. This is also known as bright light vision. Several rods are connected to one nerve end. So it gives
the overall picture of the image. This is also known as thin light vision.
18. How cones and rods are distributed in retina?
In each eye, cones are in the range 6-7 million and rods are in the range 75-150 million.
19. Define subjective brightness and brightness adaptation?
Subjective brightness means intensity as preserved by the human visual system. Brightness
adaptation means the human visual system can operate only from scotopic to glare limit. It
cannot operate over the range simultaneously. It accomplishes this large variation by changes
in its overall intensity.
20. Define weber ratio
The ratio of increment of illumination to background of illumination is called as weber ratio.
If the ratio is small, then small percentage of change in intensity is needed (ie) good brightness
adaptation.
If the ratio is large , then large percentage of change in intensity is needed (ie) poor brightness
 adaptation.
21. What is meant by machband effect?
Machband effect means the intensity of the stripes is constant. Therefore it preserves the brightness
pattern near the boundaries, these bands are called as machband effect.
22. What is simultaneous contrast?
The region reserved brightness not depend on its intensity but also on its background. All center
square have same intensity. However they appear to the eye to become darker as the background
becomes lighter.
23. What is meant by illumination and reflectance?
Illumination is the amount of source light incident on the scene. It is represented as i(x, y).
Reflectance is the amount of light reflected by the object in the scene. It is represented by r(x, y).
24. Define sampling and quantization
Sampling means digitizing the co-ordinate value (x, y). Quantization
means digitizing the amplitude value.
25.What do you meant by Zooming of digital images?
Zooming may be viewed as over sampling. It involves the creation of new pixel locations and the
assignment of gray levels to those new locations.
.

UNIT I

1. Fundamental steps in DIP.

2. Components of DIP.
3. Mass storage types.
4. Retina – Types of light receptors cones/rods.
5. Brightness adaptation and discrimination.
6. Weber ratio.
7. Simultaneous contrast.
8. Image sampling and quantization.
9. Neighbor of pixel, adjacency, connectivity, distance.
10. Brightness, hue, saturation, intensity, radiance and luminance.
11. Gray level of image.
12. Digital image and application of DIP.
13. Blind spot.
14. Spatial and intensity level resolution.

13 marks

1. ORIGIN IN DIP
2. STEPS IN IMAGE PROCESSING
3. COMPONENTS IN IMAGE PROCESSING
4. ELEMETS OF VISUAL PRECEPTION
5. IMAGE SENSING AND ACQUISTION
6. IMAGE SAMPLING AND QUANTIZATION
7. RELATION SHIP BETWEEN PIXELS
8. COLOUR MODELS