1. Dr. M.

S Swaminathan
Known as the Father of India’s Green Revolution, renowned agricultural scientist Dr. M. S Swaminathan passed away at
his residence in Chennai on Thursday, following age-related issues. The 98-year-old is survived by three daughters.

From leading India’s Green Revolution to pushing for recognition for India’s women farmers, here’s a timeline of eminent
agriculturist Dr. M.S. Swaminathan’s illustrious life.

August 7, 1925: Mankombu Sambasivan Swaminathan was born to M.K. Sambasivan, a surgeon, and Parvati
Thangammal in Kumbakonam in the then Madras Presidency.

1940s: After completing his matriculation from Kumbakonam’s Catholic Little Flower High School, Swaminathan pursued
a higher education in zoology from Maharaja’s College in Trivandrum. With a keen interest in agriculture, farming and
moved by the plight of the farmers, he later completed a Bachelor of Science degree in Agricultural Science from
University of Madras in 1944.

1947-1949: Having witnessed the Bengal famine of 1943, Swaminathan dedicated his life for improving India’s farming
methods to battle food shortage. After Independence, Swaminathan joined the Indian Agricultural Research Institute
(IARI) in New Delhi to focus on plant genetics and breeding. He further specialised in cytogenetics to help crop
improvement, gaining a post-graduate degree in it.

1949-1954: Swaminathan — who had by then specialised in the genus Solanum of the potato — was offered an eight-
month fellowship in United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) to research ways to
combat parasite affecting potato crops – which were then in high demand. He succeeded in preventing infestations in
crops and also enabled them to withstand cold weather.

He then moved to University of Cambridge’s School of Agriculture to study at the Plant Breeding Institute for his Doctoral
study. After earning his PhD, he then spent fifteen months in the Laboratory of Genetics in the University of Wisconsin to
set up the US government’s potato research station as part of his post-doctoral research. A year later, he completed his
research and moved back home to India, rejoining the IARI.

1954: As an IARI scientist, he learnt of Dr. Norman Borlaug’s newly developed Mexican dwarf wheat variety which could
higher levels of grain and develop stronger stalk structures to support the increased biomass. Both scientists worked to
produce improved crop varieties in India. To empower the Indian farmers with the latest farming technology, Dr.
Swaminathan researched on fertilizers conducive to the Indian soil for growing wheat, different high-yielding wheat
varieties, and efficient farming techniques.

1965-70: Continuing his research with Dr. Borlaug on wheat varieties, Dr. Swaminathan modified grains in the
laboratories to better suit the Indian soil, giving higher yield and free of infestation. He then convinced farmers mainly in
India’s rural northern belt – Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh to set up small demonstration and test plots to cultivate
these genetically modified wheat varieties.

Working with the Union Agriculture Ministers C. Subramaniam and Jagjivan Ram, Dr. Swaminathan pioneered the Green
Revolution, tripling wheat harvest in the first year itself. In total, wheat harvest jumped from 12 million to 23 million in
four crop seasons Apart from higher yields, Dr. Swaminathan’s work with the farmers ushered India’s golden age in
farming technology – transforming the nation from a ‘begging bowl’ to the ‘bread basket of the world’.

As the Green revolution spread across India, farmers across the nation began employing better irrigation methods, cross-
breeding in wheat crops and using higher quality of fertilisers, making India self-sufficient and ending its dependency on
grain imports. During his tenure at IARI, he set up the Nuclear Research Laboratory and its Genetics division which did
ground-breaking research on in effects of radiation on plants cells and organisms and the mutations created thereby.

1979-1982: Appointed as the director-general of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), Dr. Swaminathan
worked to educate farmers on weather and crop patterns by setting up thousands of ICAR centres across India. Under
the Indira Gandhi government, Dr. Swaminathan was appointed as the Principal Secretary of the Ministry of Agriculture
in 1979-80 to establish agricultural policies to maintain India’s long-term food sufficiency. From 1980-1982, he was made
in charge of agriculture and rural development in India’s Planning Commission during which he included environment
and women as a focus area for development under India’s five-year plan.

In 1982, he became Director General of the International Rice Research Institute in the Philippines – the first Asian to
hold the post – and worked to promote participation of women farmers on rice cultivation.

1987-2000: For his contributions, he was awarded the first World Food Prize in 1987. Using the award money, he set up
the M.S. Swaminathan Research Foundation in Chennai in 1988 to provide a collaborative platform for global leaders,
rural farmers to coordinate research on issues such as micro-level farming, ecotechnology. The foundation also works to
impart technical training to the farming community on low-cost methods to ensure food security.

2002: He was elected as President of the Nobel Peace Prize-winning Pugwash Conferences on science and world affairs –
another first for a citizen from a developing nation. During his tenure, he pushed for reduced armed conflict and tackle
global hunger arising due to such conflicts.

2004: Back at home, in 2004, during the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) government’s tenure, he was made chair of
the National Commission on Farmers which was constituted to address rising farmer suicides in India. Under his
leadership, four reports were published recommending an overhaul of the National Policy for Farmers. His reports
recommended several reforms such as increased rural credit to farmers, increase investment in Agricultural research,
measures to attract and retain youth in farming etc. Farmers across the nation still demand the implementation of the
reports’ recommendations.

2005: Joining the United Nations Millennium Project’s Hunger Task Force, he developed targets to reduce poverty,
hunger, disease, illiteracy, environmental degradation, and discrimination against women in the next decade.

2007-13: After being nominated by then-President Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam to the Rajya Sabha in 2007, he presented the
Women Farmers’ Entitlements Bill 2011 to increase women’s role in farming due to the gradual migration of male
farmers to cities in search of employment. His bill sought to address concerns of women farmers regarding land titles,
access to credit, insurance, technology and consumer markets. Introduced as a Private members’ bill in 2012, it lapsed in
2013.

2013 onwards: After his political career, Dr. Swaminathan has been part of various initiatives such focused on nutrition,
access to internet in rural India etc. He has also been instrumental in setting up several agricultural institutes in China,
Vietnam, Myanmar, Thailand, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Iran, and Cambodia.

Through his life, he has received multiple international accolades like - the Ramon Magsaysay Award in 1971, the Albert
Einstein World Science Award in 1986, UNEP Sasakawa Environment Prize in 1994, UNESCO Gandhi Gold Medal in 1999,
Indira Gandhi Prize for Peace, Disarmament, and Development in 1999, the Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Award
in 2000 to name a few.

In India, he has received national awards like the Lal Bahadur Shastri National Award, and the Indira Gandhi Prize all
three civilian awards- Padma Shri in 1967, Padma Bhushan in 1972, and Padma Vibhushan in 1989. He has been
conferred upon over 80 honorary doctorates from universities across the world and multiple civilian awards from nations
like Philippines, France, Cambodia, China. He is also a fellow in several scientific academies in Russia, Sweden, United
States, United Kingdom, Italy, China, Bangladesh.

The year was 2005. There had been a wave of farmer suicides in the Indian state of Maharashtra. The mainstream press
paid scant attention, but MS Swaminathan rushed to the scene with a team of officials. “He was in tears listening to the
families of those who had ended their own lives,” says journalist P Sainath in a tribute.

This image of the renowned scientist – well into his golden years – championing distressed farmers is one that
epitomises MS Swaminathan’s life’s work.
Swaminathan, who has died at 98, is renowned as the father of the green revolution in India, for his introduction of high-
yielding genetic varieties of rice and wheat. His work alongside American agronomist Norman Borlaug led to the
doubling of wheat yields in Pakistan and India in the late 1960s.

Mankombu Sambasivan Swaminathan was born in 1925, in Chennai, then known as Madras. He was only 18 when he
witnessed the devastating effects of the Bengal famine, which led to the deaths of about 3 million people. The
experience spurred him into a career in the agricultural sciences.

After earning degrees from the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Wageningen Agricultural University’s institute of
genetics, and the University of Cambridge, he turned down a faculty position at the University of Wisconsin. He chose
instead to return to India with his wife, Mina, who he met at Cambridge (Mina died in 2022). The couple had three
daughters, all of whom went on to become established figures in the academia and global development: Nitya Rao is
professor of gender and development at the University of East Anglia; Madhura Swaminathan is professor at the
economic analysis unit at the Indian Statistical Institute; and Soumya Swaminathan is the former chief scientist at the
World Health Organization.

On returning to India, Swaminathan collaborated with Borlaug in crossing Japanese and Mexican dwarf varieties of
wheat, which led to the high-yield, disease-free crop strains that revolutionised world agriculture. Borlaug won the Nobel
peace prize for his work, and he credited Swaminathan for first recognising the potential value in the successful crop
varieties.

Because of Swaminathan’s efforts, India went from being drought-stricken and dependent on US imports in the 1960s to
being declared self-sufficient in food production in 1971. He was awarded the first World Food prize in 1987 for his work.

He then turned his energies towards supporting India’s beleaguered farmers. As head of the National Commission on
Farmers, he produced several reports which recommended minimum support prices for crops, suggestions for faster and
more inclusive growth, and a holistic national policy addressing farmer suicides.

In a statement to the Guardian, fellow green revolution stalwart Gurdev Khush noted that Swaminathan also played a
crucial role in building India’s relationship with international organisations such as the UN Food and Agriculture
Organization and the World Bank. “He was a visionary and an inspiring leader,” says Khush, who worked with
Swaminathan during his term as the first Asian director general of the International Rice Research Institute in the
Philippines.

Several figures have remembered his gentle disposition. Ronnie Coffman, emeritus professor at Cornell and Borlaug’s
PhD student, looks back fondly on Swaminathan’s tenure as honorary professor at Cornell. “What I remember most
about him was his kindness and consideration toward every person he met,” says Coffman.

The World Food Prize Foundation chief operating officer Mashal Husain echoes his sentiments: “His keen insight into the
many different food and agricultural issues was rivalled only by his warm encouragement and mentoring of young
students.”

However, Swaminathan was not without his critics. As a consequence of the green revolution, the agricultural industry
witnessed a widespread increase in the use of chemical fertilisers and pesticides. He subsequently concentrated his
efforts on an “evergreen” revolution, which he defined as “improvement of productivity in perpetuity without ecological
harm”.

To address the issue, Swaminathan used the proceeds from the World Food prize to start the MS Swaminathan Research
Foundation. The foundation aims to accelerate the goals of the evergreen revolution, taking a “pro-poor, pro-women and
pro-nature” approach. He would go on to donate the winnings of future awards to the foundation as well.

Swaminathan was garlanded in international and national circles. In addition to the World Food prize, he was conferred
awards by the Netherlands, the Philippines, France, Cambodia and China. He was also highly decorated within his
country, having received India’s second, third and fourth highest civilian awards. Many feel that also he deserved the
Bharat Ratna (India’s highest honour). “He was above feeling any resentment over this,” says the former diplomat
Gopalkrishna Gandhi. “But his conspicuous absence from that scroll of honour in his home country which owes so much
to him, impoverishes that list for sure.”

Indian scientist Ashok K Singh reflected on Swaminathan’s legacy in a statement to the press. “An era of agricultural
research, education and extension filled with disruptive innovation comes to an end,” says Singh, who is director at the
Indian Agricultural Research Institute (Swaminathan himself was a director in the 1960s).

Singh summed up Swaminathan’s work by saying: “If God appears to the poor and hungry in the form of bread, as
Mahatma Gandhi said, then that God is Dr Swaminathan, who should be revered by every citizen while partaking in their
daily meals.”

2. Dr Verghese Kurien
“Eight hours for dairy, eight hours for family and eight hours for sleep” – words from Dr Verghese Kurien who is known as
the Father of the White Revolution. He is so called because of his initiatives and immense contribution to the dairy
sector. Also the entire credit of making a small city Anand a world known city and the Milk Capital of India goes to Dr
Verghese Kurien who started Amul there and made it a brand. He is the person who transformed the rural India and
made India the largest producer of milk. In the production of milk India crossed United States way back in 1998. Also
known as the Milkman of India, Dr Kurien’s endless efforts has alleviated millions of rural Indian out of poverty. He was
honored with many prestigious awards like Padma Vibhushan, the World Food Prize and the Magsaysay Award.

Dr Kurien was born on November 26, 1921 to an affluent Christian family at Kozhikode, Kerala. Dr Kurien did his
graduation in Physics from Loyola College, Madras in 1940 and Bachelors in mechanical engineering from the College of
Engineering, Guindy. After this, he joined the Tata Steel Technical Institute, Jamshedpur. He got a specialised training in
dairying at the National Dairy Research Institute, Bengaluru. On the scholarship from the Government of India he went
to the United States to earn a Master of Science in Mechanical Engineering (Distinction) from Michigan State University
in 1948.

On May 13, 1949, Mr Verghese Kurien came to Anand to serve his bond period and without enthusiasm of doing it. He
joined half heartedly at the Government creamery on a salary of Rs.600 per month. Initially he just wanted to serve the
bond and get away. But this did not happen, what happened at that time revolutionized India’s dairy sector.

While working at Anand, he found that poor and illiterate farmers were being used by the distributors of milk. Polson
Dairy that was established in 1930 was the only dairy in the Anand district and Gujarat. Though their products were of
superior quality but Indian farmers were being exploited. First of all they were not paid well for the milk. Secondly, they
were not allowed to sell milk directly to the vendors. While working, Kurien got inspired by the leader Tribhuvandas Patel
who was working on the cooperative movement against this exploitation. Kurien along with Patel started working on
cooperatives in the Kheda district. This led to the establishment of Amul on December 14, 1949. Initially it was known as
KDCMPUL (Kaira District Cooperative Milk Producer’s union Limited) and used to supply milk and other dairy products
without proper supply chain. When initiated, it had two co-operative societies and 247 liters of milk.

How Amul got its name?

Dr Kurien started the Milk cooperative movement and named it Kaira District Cooperative Milk Producers Union Ltd
(KDCMPUL), which later came to known as Amul because Mr. Kurien wanted a simple and easy to pronounce name. Also
the name should include and help in growth of the union. Suggestions regarding the name were asked from the
employees and farmers. ‘Amulya’ was then recommended by a quality control supervisor. It is a Sanskrit word meaning
priceless. The name was later changed to Amul to incorporate union in the same. From there the brand AMUL- Anand
Milk Union Limited, came into existence.
Amul received a complete success when the H.M. Dalaya, friend of Dr Kurien invented the process of making skim milk
powder and condensed milk from buffalo milk instead of cow’s milk. Amul was working on cooperative scheme and it got
so popular that it received government’s attention.

How co-operatives work?

For a group of villages many co-operative societies were formed. Their main role was to collect milk twice a day from the
farmers of these villages. Quality of the milk and fat content in it was the deciding factor as far as the payment was
concerned. Surprise checks, educating farmers and standard fat measurement machines were part of the process to
make it smooth and to avoid misconduct. On the same collection day milk cans were transferred to Milk Chiller Unit.
After few hours it followed pasteurization, cooling and packing. The packed milk is then transported to the wholesale
distributor and then to the retailers and finally to the consumers. With amendments this supply chain and Amul brand
become a grand name.

Operation Flood – The White Revolution

To inaugurate the new cattle-feed plant of Amul, the then Prime Minister Mr. Lal Bahadur Shastri was invited to Anand in
1964. He was so impressed with the entire process that he asked Dr Kurien to replicate the same model across the
country as this model was helping the farmers to improve their economic condition. To fulfill this objective, the National
Dairy Development Board (NDDB) in the year 1965 was formed and Dr Kurien was made in charge of this board. At that
time demand for milk was growing and crossed its supply. Money shortage was the another biggest problem. To solve
this NDDB tried to pursue various World Banks to donate money and that too without any condition. In 1969 when the
President of World Bank came to India Dr Kurien asked him to – “Give me money and forget about it”. Few days later
loan was approved and that too without any condition for the operation that later on known as Operation Flood. Its main
objective was to replicate the working of Anand project across India. Operation flood was implemented in three
successive phases.

Awards

Universities across the world had honored him and he received 12 honorary degrees. He was also the recipient of Padma
Vibhushan in 1999, International Person of the Year Award in 1993, World Food Prize in 1989, Wateler Peace Prize Award
in 1986, Krushi Ratna Award in 1986, Padma Bhushan in 1966, Padma Shri in 1965 and Ramon Magsaysay Award in 1963.

Such were the efforts of this remarkable engineer who died on September 9, 2012 in Nadiad, near Anand in Gujarat,
India. Dr Kurien will always be remembered for his great efforts and contribution to the dairy sector and in uplifting
farmers.

3. M. Visvesvaraya
Introduction: India's history is adorned with the stories of remarkable individuals who have played pivotal roles in
shaping the nation's destiny. One such luminary figure is M. Visvesvaraya, a distinguished civil engineer, administrator,
and statesman whose contributions have left an indelible mark on the socio-economic landscape of the country.
Renowned for his visionary leadership and innovative engineering solutions, Visvesvaraya stands as a true change-maker
who played a crucial role in the development of India.

Early Life and Education: Born on September 15, 1861, in Muddenahalli, Kingdom of Mysore, M. Visvesvaraya's journey
began with humble roots. His early education in Bangalore laid the foundation for a brilliant academic career. Graduating
with a Bachelor of Science degree from the University of Madras and later obtaining a Diploma in Civil Engineering from
the College of Engineering, Pune, Visvesvaraya displayed early signs of academic prowess and a passion for engineering.

Engineering Career: Visvesvaraya's career in engineering commenced in 1885 when he joined the Public Works
Department in Bombay Presidency. His innovative solutions and dedication led him to various roles, including Executive
Engineer in Surat and later, Chief Engineer of the Mysore State. His groundbreaking work on irrigation systems, such as
the automatic weir water floodgates, showcased his engineering genius.
Contribution to Water Management: In 1899, Visvesvaraya was invited to join the Indian Irrigation Commission, where
he revolutionized water management in the Deccan Plateau. His patented automatic weir water floodgates, installed at
Khadakvasla Dam, demonstrated his commitment to sustainable water storage and management. The success of these
innovations extended to dams in Gwalior and Mysore, solidifying Visvesvaraya's reputation as a pioneer in the field.

Leadership in Mysore: Visvesvaraya's leadership extended beyond engineering when he was appointed as the Dewan of
Mysore in 1912. During his tenure, which lasted nearly seven years, he orchestrated the establishment of numerous
institutions and industries that contributed significantly to the development of the region. The Mysore Soap Factory,
Mysore Iron & Steel Works, and Bangalore Polytechnic are just a few examples of his transformative initiatives.

Visionary Premierships: His visionary premiership included the foundation of educational institutions like the
Government Engineering College (now University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering) and the Bangalore Press.
Visvesvaraya also played a key role in the development of transportation infrastructure, commissioning new railway lines
and advocating for road construction projects. His efforts were instrumental in positioning Mysore as a hub for industry
and innovation.

Awards and Honors: Visvesvaraya's contributions were not only recognized in India but also garnered international
acclaim. Knighted as a Knight Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire (KCIE) in 1915 and awarded the Bharat
Ratna, India's highest civilian honor, in 1955, he remains a symbol of excellence and dedication.

Legacy and Recognition: M. Visvesvaraya's legacy lives on through the institutions and infrastructures he established.
Universities, colleges, and even metro stations bear his name, serving as a perpetual reminder of his contributions. The
Visvesvaraya Industrial and Technological Museum in Bangalore stands as a testament to his pioneering spirit and
commitment to progress.

Conclusion: M. Visvesvaraya's life exemplifies the transformative power of visionary leadership and innovative thinking.
As a change-maker, he not only shaped the landscape of Mysore but also inspired future generations of engineers and
administrators. His legacy continues to inspire a commitment to excellence, making him a revered figure in the pantheon
of India's change-makers.

Another article:

Sir Mokshagundam Vishweshwaraiah, also known as M. Visvesvaraya, was a man of lofty ethics and discipline who was
one of India’s most distinguished engineers. He was the principal architect behind the construction of the Krishna Raja
Sagara dam in Mandya, which assisted in converting the surrounding barren areas into productive farming grounds. He
was an optimist who believed in living simply and thinking deeply. His father was a Sanskrit scholar who believed in
giving his kid a high-quality education. Even though his parents were not wealthy, the little boy was raised in an
environment rich in culture and tradition. When Visvesvaraya’s father died when he was only a teenager, tragedy rocked
the beloved family.

Early Life:

Visvesvaraya was born in a village near Bangalore, India, to a Telugu Brahmin family. His father was a well-known Sanskrit
scholar during his lifetime. His parents were straightforward but ethical individuals. Even though his family was not
wealthy, his parents desired their son to receive a solid education. After finishing his elementary education at his
hometown school, he went to high school in Bangalore. His father died when he was 15 years old, leaving his family
penniless. Vishweshwaraiah began giving tuition to tiny children to pursue his schooling and support himself. He enrolled
at Bangalore’s Central College and worked hard. Despite his challenges, he was a good student and graduated with a
Bachelor of Arts in 1881.

After receiving government assistance, he attended the famous College of Engineering in Pune.

Career:
After exhibiting his aptitude in the LCE and FCE tests, the Maharashtra government hired Visvesvaraya as an assistant
engineer in the Nashik district in 1883. Following that, he built a complex irrigation system. Visvesvaraya completed
several projects with his might, including the Krishnarajasagar Dam, Mysore Sandal Oil and Soap Factory, Bhadravati Iron
and Steel Company, Mysore University, and Bank of Mysore. British engineers admired his abilities as a result of his
singular achievements in his field.

After that, he took on numerous responsibilities and, in 1894, built the Shakkhar Dam, which was the first step in Sindh’s
water system. Visvesvaraya had created a block system. He had made measures to stop the water from flowing to waste
by employing steel doors to provide irrigation water for the farmers and not allow the water to go to waste. He was
appointed Chief Engineer of the State of Mysore in 1909.

He was also worried about Mysore’s basic issues, such as poverty, illiteracy, unemployment, sickness, etc. In 1912,
Maharaja Krishnaraja Wodeyar of Mysore nominated him as the State Diwan due to his social activities in the city. As
Diwan, he worked tirelessly to promote industrial development to improve the state’s economic and social conditions.
He opened a sandalwood oil mill, a soap mill, a metal mill, and a chrome tanning mill. In 1918, he stepped down as the
Diwan of Mysore.

He invented and patented an automatic water floodgate, which was initially deployed in the Khadakwasla reservoir in
Pune in 1903. In 1932, he served as Chief Engineer on the Krishna Raja Sagar Dam development project. He proposed
convening an “Economic Conference” to address issues such as illiteracy, poverty, unemployment, sickness, etc.

Replanning of the Krishnarajasagara dam:

Before taking over the Mysore PWD, Visvesvaraya visited Egypt and paid special attention to the Aswan project. He had
recently served in India on dam projects such as the Khadakwasla and Bhatghar dams.

In 1910, Visvesvaraya and his designers conducted another assessment of the area and drew up preliminary plans for the
reservoir and dam project. In terms of technicalities, practicalities, and budgets, the plans differed significantly from the
original aims. It was designed to be the hub of an irrigation system that would serve commercial agriculture and
industrial businesses. With a total capacity of 39 TMC, it was expected to take a decade to construct. The irrigation share
of the project capital, according to Visvesvaraya, might be as high as 8%.

The construction of a dam is a challenging undertaking, and Visvesvaraya actively participated in discussions with all
parties concerned. Following his discussions with the Kolar mining companies, the corporations agreed to pay a higher
power price in the future decade.

Because the construction of dams of the Cauvery rivers might disrupt water flow into the surrounding state of Tamil
Nadu, Madras had to approve it first. Fearing that the Krishnarajasagara dam would not supply enough water flow for the
project, the Madras administration considered building a dam across the river near Mettur.

They were also against it because it could harm the farmers in the Tanjore delta. Visvesvaraya showed his Madras PWD
coworkers that his project would have no effect on water flow into Madras, but this was inadequate to gain approval.

Conclusion:

From 1912-to 1918, Sir MV was the Diwan of Mysore. He was awarded the Bharat Ratna in 1955. During the British
Indian Empire, King George V awarded him the title of Knight Commander for his contributions to the public good.
Engineers Day is commemorated on September 15 in his honour. Sir MV is best known for designing the Krishna Raja
Sagara Dam in Mysore. He was also one of the chief designing engineers to construct a flood-protection system in
Hyderabad. In 1915, the British knighted Visvesvaraya as Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire (KCIE) for his
contributions to society.
 4. Vikram Ambalal Sarabhai
Vikram Ambalal Sarabhai, born on August 12, 1919, in Ahmedabad, India, was a trailblazing Indian scientist whose
visionary contributions to space research and nuclear power have left an indelible mark on the nation's scientific
landscape. Widely regarded as the "Father of the Indian Space Program," Sarabhai's life and work exemplify the spirit of
innovation and dedication that has propelled India into the forefront of space exploration.

Early Life and Education

Vikram Sarabhai hailed from the illustrious Sarabhai family, known for their contributions to the Indian independence
movement. His father, Ambalal Sarabhai, was a prominent industrialist. Vikram's educational journey began at Gujarat
College in Ahmedabad, but his quest for knowledge led him to the University of Cambridge in England. There, he
pursued natural sciences and, in 1940, earned his tripos.

Undeterred by the challenges of the times, Sarabhai returned to Cambridge in 1945 to complete his Ph.D., focusing on
"Cosmic Ray Investigations in Tropical Latitudes." This marked the beginning of his deep involvement in scientific
research and laid the foundation for his future contributions.

The Visionary Behind India's Space Program

Sarabhai's passion for science extended beyond academia. He played a pivotal role in the establishment of the Physical
Research Laboratory (PRL) in 1947, focusing initially on cosmic ray research. Over the years, PRL expanded its scope to
include theoretical physics and radio physics.

His multifaceted interests led to the creation of the Operations Research Group (ORG), the first market research
organization in India. Sarabhai's commitment to education and development was further evidenced by his involvement
in founding institutions like the Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad (IIMA) and the Darpana Academy of
Performing Arts.

However, Sarabhai's most enduring legacy is undoubtedly the initiation of India's space research program. Convinced of
the importance of a space program for a developing nation, he worked alongside Dr. Homi Jehangir Bhabha, the father of
India's nuclear science program, to establish India's first rocket launch station in Thumba.

The successful launch of India's first rocket on November 21, 1963, marked a historic moment. Sarabhai's endeavors
eventually led to the creation of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). His relentless pursuit of scientific
progress also involved collaborations with international space organizations, including NASA, resulting in initiatives like
the Satellite Instructional Television Experiment (SITE) in 1975-76.

Educator, Innovator, and Institution Builder

Sarabhai's influence extended beyond scientific research. He was a visionary educator, fostering a culture of learning and
inquiry. His initiatives included the establishment of the Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC) in Thiruvananthapuram,
Kerala, dedicated to space research and rocket launching.

The founder and chairman of the Space Applications Centre (SAC), Sarabhai promoted advancements in space
technology. His commitment to scientific education materialized in the creation of the Vikram A Sarabhai Community
Science Centre (VASCSC) in Ahmedabad in 1960, promoting scientific awareness among students and the community.

Legacy and Honors

Vikram Sarabhai's influence is immortalized in the various organizations he founded and the impact of his scientific
achievements. His untimely death on December 30, 1971, did not diminish the significance of his contributions.

The Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, named in his memory, continues to be at the forefront of India's space exploration
endeavors. The Chandrayaan-2 lander, named Vikram, pays tribute to his legacy, emphasizing the continuity of India's
commitment to space exploration.
Posthumously, Sarabhai received the Padma Bhushan in 1966 and the Padma Vibhushan in 1972, recognizing his
exceptional contributions to science and technology.

Conclusion

Vikram Sarabhai's life reflects the transformative power of vision, dedication, and scientific inquiry. From cosmic ray
research to launching satellites and fostering scientific education, Sarabhai's impact on India's scientific landscape is
immeasurable. His legacy continues to inspire generations of scientists, reminding us that with a visionary leader at the
helm, a nation can reach new heights in the pursuit of knowledge and exploration.

Another article

Vikram Sarabhai, a distinguished physicist and the driving force behind space research in India, has left an indelible mark
on the country's scientific landscape. Recognised as the “Father of the Indian Space Program”, his significant
contributions have fostered a deep respect for science and the scientific community among Indians.

Sarabhai's life was a blend of a profound passion for science and a sustained interest in other fields such as dance,
theatre, and music. His unparalleled intellectual capabilities set him apart from other scientific minds the country has
ever produced. He played an instrumental role in leading the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) and Indian Space
Research Organisation (ISRO), two of India's foremost scientific institutions.

The Early Years of Vikram Sarabhai

o Born into the influential Sarabhai family, who were industrialists and active participants in the Indian
Independence movement, Vikram Sarabhai was born on August 12, 1919 , to Ambalal Sarabhai and Sarladevi
Sarabhai. His family fostered a cultured and enlightened environment that valued education.

o Their welcoming and forward-thinking approach made their home a hub for many notable individuals, including
political leaders, freedom fighters, and social workers. Some of the prominent figures that frequented their
home were Mahatma Gandhi, Rabindranath Tagore, J. Krishnamoorthy, Motilal Nehru, Jawaharlal Nehru,
Maulana Azad, Sarojini Naidu, Srinivasa Sastri, and C.F Andrews.

o Despite their affluent background, they led a simple life, devoid of excessive luxury. His parents instilled in their
children the values of productivity, honesty, and leading a grounded life. Vikram received his early education
from the Montessori system. The Sarabhai family, followers of Jainism, were ritualistic and actively participated
in the freedom movement, including the Dandi march led by Mahatma Gandhi.

o His intellectual journey began at the Retreat school. After finishing his Matriculation, he enrolled at Gujarat
College, the first college in the state established by the British. Vikram had a keen interest in Sanskrit poetry,
especially the works of Kalidasa, including Meghadootam and Vikramorvasiyam. He pursued higher education at
Cambridge University, backed by a letter of recommendation from Rabindranath Tagore.

o After completing his undergraduate courses in Physics and Chemistry, he returned to India and joined the Indian
Institute of Science (IISC). At IISc, he conducted research on Cosmic rays and interacted with C.V.Raman, the first
Nobel laureate from India. He also crossed paths with another Cambridge alumnus, Homi.J.Bhabha, the founder
of India’s Atomic Energy Programme.

o In August 1942, he married Mrinalini Swaminathan, sister of Captain Lakshmi Sehgal of the Indian National
Army led by Subhash Chandra Bose.

o In 1943, Vikram studied Cosmic rays at high altitudes in Kashmir and shifted his research topic to “time variations
of cosmic rays”.In 1945, after the end of the Second World War, he returned to Cambridge and earned his Ph.D.
Degree.

o Vikram firmly believed in India's potential to build anything, tackle any problems, or solve them through
technology and science. He advocated for replacing outdated technologies with new ones to address societal
 needs. He encouraged people to acquire necessary skills from foreign lands and apply that knowledge within the
country.

Early Organisational Endeavours

o The early years of the Indian Space Program were not smooth sailing. In an era marked by a naive enthusiasm for
technology, Sarabhai, with his scientific prominence and charming personality, worked tirelessly to elevate the
scientific temper of the country. He experimented with various skill combinations, new institutional
arrangements, and approaches to tackle problems that interested him.

o He proposed the creation of a nuclear centre for agriculture, combining the expertise of agricultural and nuclear
scientists, along with the resources and support of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research .

o He also initiated a joint venture between All India Radio and ESCES (Experimental Satellite Communication Earth
Station) to promote television as a tool for mass communication and improve food production. These innovative
institutional structures challenged the traditional models of problem-solving in India.

Swastik Mill

o He adopted a scientific approach to solve industry-related problems. In the oil seeds market, he statistically
analysed the market prices of ground nuts and seeds and plotted them graphically. The application of research
methodology to analyse the data and marketing activities yielded productive results and contributed towards
building a robust organisation.

o He employed human relations techniques to resolve conflicts between the employees and management.

Sarabhai Chemicals

o Despite the presence of leading names in the pharmaceutical industry, like Ranbaxy, Cipla, Cadila, Glaxo, and
Pfizer, Vikram launched the professionally managed Sarabhai Chemicals. He collaborated with J.R Geigy, the
manufacturer of the whitening agent,’ Tinopol’, which yielded substantial profits in the market. Sarabhai
Chemicals partnered with a German company and started manufacturing Vitamin C.

Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad

o Vikram perceived a lack of efficient managers and proper management skills as the downfall of many public and
private industries in India. In 1956, He started the Ahmedabad Management Association (AMA) along with
Kasturbhai Lalbhai to conduct research and provide training to employees of organisations. It later evolved into
the Indian Institute of Management (IIM) in 1962.

o He elevated the institution to the next level through collaboration with the prestigious Cambridge University.
Amidst challenges from the Ford Foundation, which was on a similar path, Vikram set up this premier
management institute. He handed over the position of director of IIM-A to Ravi Mathai as he became
preoccupied with space research and later assumed the position of Chairman at Homi.J.Bhabha’s Atomic Energy
Commission (AEC).

o By 1957, Vikram had become a part of the International scientific fraternity, along with scientists like Bruno
Rossi, James Van Allen, etc.

“Father of Space Program of India”

o The birth of the Space Age of India began with two stalwarts coming together to use science and technology as a
tool for national development. Post-Independence, Jawaharlal Nehru, who firmly believed that Science and
Technology could address many social and economic problems, backed both of them to pursue their respective
paths in science.
 o He underscored the importance of the space program through his quote,” There are some who question the
relevance of space activities in a developing nation. To us, there is no ambiguity of purpose. We do not have the
fantasy of competing with economically advanced nations in the exploration of the moon or the planets or
manned space flight . “

Physical Research Laboratory (PRL)

o Vikram Sarabhai founded PRL on November 11, 1947, as a National Research Institute for Space and Allied
sciences. Supported by the Department of Space and Allied Sciences, the Government of India, it conducts
several research programs in Astronomy and Astrophysics, Atmospheric Sciences and Aeronomy, Earth Sciences,
Solar System studies, and Theoretical Physics.

o Located in Ahmedabad, it conducts the PLANEX (Planet research and exploration program). It awards the ‘Hari
Om Ashram Prerit Vikram Sarabhai Research Award’ and ‘PRL award’ to scientists who have made exceptional
contributions to the field of science and technology.

Indian National Satellite System (INSAT)

o At the Bombay National Electronics Conference in 1970, Vikram Sarabhai announced plans to launch an Indian
National Satellite. ISRO launched these multipurpose geostationary satellites to enhance telecommunication,
meteorology, and broadcasting.

o Sarabhai’s INSAT was akin to a direct-broadcast satellite designed to educate rural communities through
television. Commissioned in 1983 as a joint venture of the Department of Space, Department of
Telecommunications, India Meteorological Department , and All India Radio and Doordarshan, it became the
largest domestic satellite communication system in the Asia-Pacific region.

INCOSPAR ( Indian National Committee for Space Research )

o The International Council for Science created a committee on space research known as COSPAR in 1958. It was a
response to the launch of Sputnik – 1 by Russia. The Indian government entrusted Homi J Bhabha with the
responsibility of facilitating research for the Department of Atomic Research (DAE). Bhabha created an Indian
counterpart of COSPAR, known as INCOSPAR, with Vikram Sarabhai as the Chairman.

o Mr.Sarabhai organised a six-day seminar in Space Science at the Physical Research Laboratory (PRL) in
Ahmedabad.

o By the early 1960s, strong ties with the Soviet Union facilitated Space Research in India through the Indian Space
Research Organisation (ISRO). This collaboration also enabled the expansion of nuclear power in India even after
the Nuclear Bomb test in Pokhran, Rajasthan.

o Following the death of Homi Bhabha in 1966,Vikram Sarabhai assumed the position of the Chairman of the
Atomic Energy Commission and secretary of the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE).In the 1960s, they
established four key institutions:

1. Space Science and Technology Centre (SSTC)

2. Experimental Satellite Communication Earth Station (ESCES, 1967)

3. Sriharikota base (Sriharikota High Altitude Range,SHAR, now renamed as Satish Dhawan Space Centre(SDSC)

4. Indian Satellite System Project (ISSP).

o Vikram Sarabhai restructured ISRO into its present form in 1969, overseeing all the country's space activities. The
Physical Research Laboratory (PRL), his brainchild, conducted basic research in various fields, including
 aeronomy, cosmic rays, interplanetary space, and solar activity. TIFR was the birthplace of India’s Atomic Energy
Program.

o A sounding rocket programme was launched in collaboration with NASA ( U.S), CNES ( France), and
Hydrometeorological Services (USSR). The Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BSRC), formerly known as DAE, was
responsible for the local manufacturing of rockets.

o The Space Science and Technology Centre (SSTC) was established to develop superior performing sounding
rockets, a modest satellite launcher, and aerospace engineering.

Learn more about the history of the Indian National Committee for Space Research here:

Indian Space research Organisation (ISRO)

o Indian Space Research Organisation was established in 1969 by Vikram Sarabhai and has continued its vision of
developing new launch vehicles. After the successful development of the Sounding rocket programme in the
1960s, Satellite Launch Vehicle-3 (SLV – 3) and Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle (ASLV) was launched.ISRO
also developed Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) and Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV).

o The headquarters of ISRO is in Antariksh Bhavan, Bangalore, and was brought under the Department of Space in
1972.

Satellite Launch Vehicle (SLV)

o SLV was a four-stage solid fuel light launcher. It was expected to carry a payload of 40 kg and reach a height of
500m. Launched in 1979, SLV was the dream of Vikram Sarabhai. After its final launch in 1983, it was
decommissioned. However, this paved the way for more refined versions in the years that followed.

Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle (ASLV)

o ASLV was a five-stage solid propellant ,with the capability of holding a 150 kg satellite. Intending to place
payloads in Geostationary Transfer Orbits, ISRO developed ASLV by the end of the 1980s. The first launch test in
1987 was followed by 3 others in 1988, 1992, and 1994. Two of them were successful. However, it was
decommissioned later.

Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV)

o With the advent of PSLV, India launched its Indian Remote Sensing satellite into sun-synchronous orbits. Until
then, only Russia had the technology for the same.PSLV can also launch small satellites into Geostationary
Transfer Orbit (GTO). It successfully launched almost 30 satellites over these years.

Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle ( GSLV)

o GSLV was introduced by India, to launch its Indian National Satellite Systems (INSAT ) into Geostationary Transfer
Orbit. The primary reason behind these was to make India less dependent on foreign rockets. It serves as ISRO’s
heaviest rocket launch vehicle with a capacity of putting a total payload of up to 5 tons into low earth orbit.

Aspirants can go through the List of Space Centres and Indian Space Agencies from the linked article.

o After assuming charge as the Chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission, he proposed a model of the Agro-
Industrial Complex to boost the energy program in India. This plan was augmented by MS Swaminathan, the
father of the Green Revolution in India.

o He also participated in the 14th general conference of the International Atomic Energy Agency in Vienna. He
played an important role in the development of indigenous nuclear technology for defense.Projects initiated by
him include the Fast Test Reactor in Kalpakkam and Variable Energy Cyclotron project in Calcutta.
Democratic Outlook

o His democratic outlook in companies was highly appreciated. He believed that every employee of his company
should get a chance to speak on the prevailing issues, challenges, and competencies. He delegated tasks to all
employees and ensured a democratic outlook in every sphere of the organisation. He sent his delegates to
foreign lands to visit markets, textile mills, and laboratories to acquire new skills and the latest technologies.

Later Years

o He passed away due to cardiac arrest at an age of 52 on 30 December 1971.

o He was awarded the second-highest civilian honour of the country, Padma Vibhushan, in 1972, and the third-
highest civilian honour of the country, Padma Bhushan, in 1966.

Important Institutions founded by Sarabhai

o PRL – Physical Research Laboratory in Ahmedabad

o IIM – Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad

o CSS – Community Science Centre, Ahmedabad

o Darpan Academy for Performing Arts, Ahmedabad (along with his wife)

o VSSC – Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre in Thiruvananthapuram

o Space Applications Centre in Ahmedabad

o FBTR – Faster Breeder Test Reactor in Kalpakkam

o Variable Energy Cyclotron Project in Calcutta

o ECIL – Electronics Corporation of India Limited in Hyderabad

o UCIL – Uranium Corporation of India Limited in Jaduguda, Bihar

Legacy

o ISRO named the lander of its second mission to the moon, CHANDRAYAAN, ‘Vikram’ in memory of Vikram
Sarabhai.

o Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, the lead centre of the Indian Space Research Organisation, is named after Vikram
Sarabhai.

o The Indian Astronomical Union named a lunar crater after Sarabhai,known as “Sarabhai Crater”.

o ‘Vikram A Sarabhai’ community centre in Gujarat is named after him.

o ISRO has announced an award known as Vikram Sarabhai Journalism Award in Space Technology and Research as
part of centenary year celebrations of Dr. Vikram Sarabhai

o Vikas, a liquid fuelled rocket engine by ISRO is named after him.

5. Venkataraman Krishnamurthy
Venkataraman Krishnamurthy, affectionately known as the 'turnaround man,' was a stalwart changemaker who left an
indelible mark on India's industrial landscape. His life, marked by resilience, innovation, and leadership, unfolded as a
series of transformative events that significantly shaped the trajectory of key sectors in the nation.

Early Life and Formative Years:

Born in Karuveli, Tamil Nadu, Krishnamurthy's journey commenced during World War II, where he began as a technician
on airfields. His early experiences laid the foundation for a remarkable career. Post-war, he pursued a diploma in
electrical engineering, demonstrating an early commitment to technical expertise.

Rise in the Madras Electricity Board:

Krishnamurthy's ascent through the ranks of the Madras Electricity Board showcased his dedication and skill. By 1954, his
contributions were recognized by Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru, who appointed him to the Planning Commission to
oversee power projects. This marked the beginning of his involvement in shaping India's industrial policies.

Turning the Tide at BHEL:

Krishnamurthy faced a pivotal challenge when he assumed a role at Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL). The
company was on the brink of disintegration. His visionary leadership and strategic acumen not only saved BHEL but also
shattered stereotypes, challenging Indira Gandhi's perception that Indian managers were incapable of overseeing large-
scale organizations.

Pioneering Maruti Udyog:

As the founding Chairman of Maruti Udyog, Krishnamurthy ushered in a new era for India's automobile industry. His
visionary move to introduce the Maruti 800, a car that became iconic, reshaped the automotive landscape.
Krishnamurthy's innovative strategies and leadership paved the way for the industry's modernization.

Steel Authority of India Transformation:

Krishnamurthy's next triumph was at the Steel Authority of India (SAIL), which he transformed from a struggling entity
into an industry leader. His ability to navigate challenges and implement effective turnaround strategies solidified his
reputation as a 'turnaround man.'

Public Service and Recognition:

Beyond corporate boardrooms, Krishnamurthy extended his influence to public service. Serving as the Chairman of the
National Manufacturing Competitiveness Council and holding the rank of a Cabinet Minister, he contributed significantly
to policy formulation. His commitment was further acknowledged with prestigious awards, including the Padma Shri
(1973), Padma Bhushan (1986), and the Padma Vibhushan (2007).

Legacy and Later Years:

Returning to Chennai in his later years, Krishnamurthy continued his impactful journey. He played a crucial advisory role
at UCAL Fuel Systems, contributing his wealth of experience. Simultaneously, he dedicated himself to education projects,
leaving a legacy not only as a corporate titan but also as an advocate for knowledge dissemination.

Conclusion:

Venkataraman Krishnamurthy's life epitomizes the transformative power of visionary leadership and unwavering
dedication. His ability to navigate challenges, redefine industries, and contribute to public service showcases a
remarkable journey of a changemaker. In the annals of India's industrial history, Krishnamurthy's name stands
synonymous with innovation, resilience, and positive change.

Another article:

The 'turnaround man' for his work with public sector enterprises in India, passed away on Sunday at the age of 97 in
Chennai.

In a spectacular career that saw many highs as well as lows, he will always be known for his leadership and contribution
to turning around Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd (BHEL), Maruti Udyog Ltd (MUL), Steel Authority of India Ltd (SAIL), and
GAIL (India) Ltd (GAIL) into the most profit-making industry in India and globally. He was at one time among the most
powerful people in India.

Mr Krishnamurthy was chairman and chief executive officer (CEO) of BHEL, MUL, SAIL, and GAIL. He was also chairman of
IIM Bangalore and Ahmedabad; IIT Delhi; Xavier Institute of Management, Bhubaneswar; and the Centre for Organization
Development, Hyderabad.

He was also chairman of the Technology Information, Forecasting & Assessment Council. He was a Member of the
National Advisory Council from 2004–08.

Among other positions, he has served as a member of the Planning Commission and secretary to the government of
India in the Ministry of Industry. He was the chairman of the National Manufacturing Competitiveness Council, holding
the rank of cabinet minister till 2014.

Born on 14 January 1925 at Karuveli in Tamil Nadu, Mr Krishnamurthy began working with the then Madras Electricity
Board in 1944.

He had the privilege of working directly with India's first prime minister (PM) Jawaharlal Nehru at the Planning
Commission from 1954 in the second five-year plan in charge of power projects. Later, he also worked with former prime
ministers Lal Bahadur Shastri, Indira Gandhi, Morarji Desai, Rajiv Gandhi and Manmohan Singh in various positions in the
government of India.

In 1972, BHEL was under attack and Mrs Indira Gandhi, the then PM, wanted to do something to alter the image of the
PSU. At that time, Mr Krishnamurthy was junior general manager at the Trichy plant of BHEL. However, his success at the
plant was noticed, and he was asked to take over as chairman of BHEL. The rest is, as they say, history. When he left BHEL
in 1977, the PSU had earned a net profit of Rs57 crore from Rs17 crore when he became chairman in 1972.

Mr Krishnamurthy's next challenge was Maruti Udyog, a dream project of Sanjiv Gandhi. Mrs Gandhi reportedly told him
that she could get any number of advisors in the Planning Commission but couldn't get a good manager for Maruti
Udyog. He played an active role in roping Japanese carmaker Suzuki into the project and successfully launched Maruti
800, the country's first small car.

When Rajjv Gandhi became PM, he asked Mr Krishnamurthy to become chief of SAIL. He stayed at the helm of SAIL and
turned the PSU into one of the major player in the sector.

In 2007, he was conferred Padma Vibhushan, the country's second-highest civilian award for his contribution in civil
services.

Mr Krishnamurthy, who has a rare track record of managing or launching three PSUs, came under a cloud during the
1992 securities scam. He was ignominiously arrested by the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) and after six years, the
judge ruled that the agency had no case.

When he was a member of the Planning Commission, the CBI had accused him of accepting a loan of Rs32.74 lakh from
stock broker Harshad Mehta. Later CBI called the loan as a bribe. He was also accused of arranging a bank loan of Rs70
lakh for KJ Investments, a firm set up by his two sons.

In an order on 31 July 2000, special judge VB Gupta stated, "After going through the entire material on record, there are
prima facie no sufficient grounds to proceed against any of the accused since the essential ingredients of criminal
conspiracy are not attracted in the case as V Krishnamurthy and Harshad Mehta were not known to each other."

The CBI actions, however, did cast a shadow on his illustrious career and he maintained a fairly low profile since then.