ZOOM

TECHNOLOGIES

Course Presentation
0
 LINUX
System Administration

RHCE Mapped Course

Course Presentation

0
 © 2015 Zoom Technologies India Pvt. Ltd.

All rights reserved. No part of this book or related material may be reproduced in any
form or by any means without prior permission from Zoom Technologies India Pvt.
Ltd. All precautions have been take to make this book and related material error-free.
However, Zoom Technologies India Pvt. Ltd. is not liable for any errors or omissions.
The contents of this book are subject to change without notice.
DISCLAIMER: RHCE is the registered trademark of RED HAT Inc.

0
0 1
 History of Unix

Started in 1965 by AT&T, GE and MIT

Created by Ken Thompson in 1969

Written in 100% C language and released in 1973

Operating systems of Unix ZOOM

TECHNOLOGIES,

LINUX

0 2
 History of Linux ZOOM
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• In 1990, Linus Torvalds, a graduate student form University of Helsinky designed a

UNIX like kernel on 386 Intel machine and gave this to Open Source Foundation(OSF).

Linux Distributions ZOOM

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orLinux
Mandrake
red hat ^

backtrack Bharat Operating Syctern Solution?

0ubuntu detail

turbolinux
©slackware
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£

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 Red Hat Linux Versions

Free Editions Commercial Editions

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Red Hat 1 to Red Hat 9 -

Red Hat Enterprise Linux

Fedora core 1
RHEL1

Fedora core 2 RHEL2

Fedora core 3
RHEL3
Fedora core 4

Fedora core 5 RHEL4

Fedora core 6
RHEL5
Fedora 7

Fedora 8 to Fedora 18 RHEL6

Fedora 19 to Fedora 22 RHEL7

Features of Linux ZOOM

TECHNOLOGIES,

• Open Source
Free software along with the source code and documentation.
• Multitasking
- Capable of running multiple applications and process at the same time.
• Multi-user
- Allows multiple users to login and use the resources at the same time.

• Portability

- Can be installed on all hardware architecture.

0 4
 Features of Linux ZOOM
^TECHNOLOGIES
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• Scalability
- Same operating system can be used on a desktop to a super computer.
• Reliability
- Large servers have been successfully being running without a single second of
down time.
• Security
Inbuilt firewall (iptables) and SELinux

Companies are using Linux ZOOM

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/ (Jut-,"
¥ -
romax
Gooole CtlP NASA t CJ
« Tft (
yi !
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notiing H-eaivting

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f^icebook ■NYSE
YNL 5t«l Utility
WIKIPEDIA

If UnlonBank
SONY
ievs

amazon.com

vi< London
McDonald's Stock A L’ Jl 1 A M

Exchange

0 5
 Reference Books ZOOM
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TECHNOLOGIES

Unix Concepts and Applications by Sumitabha Das.

• Red Hat Linux Network and Administration by Terry Codings and Kurt Wall.

• Red Hat Fedora Linux Bible by Christopher Negus.

0 6
 Hardware Requirement

Minimum

Processor Dual Core

Text 512 MB
RAM
GUI 1GB

Text 10 GB
Hard Disk Space
GUI 15 GB

Recommended Partition Size ZOOM

■ TECHNOLOGIES^

Partition Size

/boot 200 MB

/ 8000 MB

/usr 10000 MB

/var 10000 MB

/home 2000 MB

swap Twice the RAM size

(Recommended)

0 7
 Installation steps ZOOM
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^TECHNOLOGIES

- Region (Time Zone)

- Languages selection

- Installation source

- Installation destination(Partitioning)

- Keyboard language selection

- Software selection

- Network and Hostname Configuration

- Boot loader configuration

Installation steps ZOOM

CRntOS "7

Install CcntOS 7
Test: til is media « install UentUil V

Trnub 1 Rshnnt i nij

Prose Tab Tor* Tull configuration options on monu itons.

0 8
 Installation steps ZOOM

- Press the <ENTER> key to begin the installation process.

Installation steps

CENTOS 7 INSTALLATION

EES u»

Centos WELCOME TO CENTOS 7.

What language would you like to use during the installation process?

English English

Afrikaans A frikaans
A-Tcsr Amhanc
1 Arabic
-‘TMTI’JT Assamese
Asturlanu Asturian
Ee/iapyc Kan Bela rusian
BtyirapcKM Bulgarian
srr^srr Bengali

I Type here to lenrch

Quir Continue

9
Installation steps
INSTALLATION SUMMARY CENTOS 7 INSTALLATION
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E3J us

CentOS LOCALIZATION

DATE & TIME KEYBOARD

Americas/New York t/mezone English (US)

LANGUAGE SUPPORT
Engl ish (United S ta tes)

SOFTWARE

INSTALLATION SOURCE SOFTWARE SELECTION

Local media Server with GUI

(SYSTEM

INSTALLATION DESTINATION NETWORK & HOSTNAME

Custom parrinorung selected \A/tred (eno 167 .. 736) connecre

Qu it Begin Installation

We ivon'I Couc/i your disks unlit you click 'dtryin Installation*.

Installation steps
CONFIGURATION CENTOS 7 INSTALLATION

us

e ntO" USER SETTINGS

ROOT PASSWORD USER CREATION

Root password Is set User zoom will he created

10
 File System Hierarchy Standard
and Basic Commands - Part I

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0 11
 • This directory is called as the "root7 directory.

• It is at the top of the file system structure.

• All other directories are placed under it.

0 12
 /root ZOOM
^TECHNOLOGIES'J
• This is the default home directory of the root.

- Note: In Linux / Unix the administrator is called as root.

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TECHNOLOGIES,

• It contains the home directories of all users (similar to 'Documents and Setting' folder
in Windows).

• When any user logs in the current working directory by default is the users home
directory.

0 13
 /boot ZOOM
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• It contains the kernel, which is the core of the operating system.

• It also contains the files related for booting the OS such as the boot loader.

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TECHNOLOGIES,

• sbin stands for system binary.

• It contains essential system commands which can only be used by the superuser
(root).

• Example:- fdisk, dump, etc.

0 14
 /bin ZOOM
^TECHNOLOGIES 'J
• bin stands for binary

• It contains essential commands which are used by all users.

• Example:- ping, cat, chmod, etc.

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TECHNOLOGIES,

• usr stands for Unix system resources

• It contains the programs and applications which are available for users (similar to
program files in Windows).

0 15
 ZOOM
ks ])
TECHNOLOGIES

• var stands for variable

• It contains variable information, such as logs and print queues.

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TECHNOLOGIES,

• dev stands for device

• It contains information about all hardware devices.

0 16
 /etc ZOOM
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^TECHNOLOGIES

• etc stands for et cetera

• Contains all the configuration files.

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TECHNOLOGIES,

• opt stands for optional

• It generally contains the third party software's.

Example:- Open Office, Kaspersky Antivirus etc.

0 17
 /media ZOOM
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• It is the default mount point for removable storage media such as cdrom/dvd and
pendrives, etc.

0 18
0 19
 Print Working Directory ZOOM
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^TECHNOLOGIES

f N
Print the name of the current working directory
[root@comp1 -]# pwd
l )

f ~ \
To find partitions and size
[root@comp1 -]# gnome-system-monitor
v )

List of Files and Directories ZOOM

v, u
TECHNOLOGIES,

( ; \
To see the list of files and directories
[root@comp1 -]# Is <options> <arguments>
v /
Options
-I Long list including attributes

-a All files and directories including hidden

-d For a particular file or directory

-R Recursive to see the tree structure

0 20
 Creation of Files ZOOM
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^TECHNOLOGIES

Files can be created by using any of the three commands given below:

• cat command

• touch command

• vi editor

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Cat (Concatenation) Command
V 'J
TECHNOLOGIES,

( ; A
Creating and displaying text files
[root@comp1 -]# cat <options> <arguments>
^ <filename>
( A
To create a file
[root@comp1 -]# cat > <filename>
v J
r A
To view the contents of a file
[root@comp1 ~]# cat <filename>
\ /

0 21
 Creating a file by using cat command ZOOM
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^TECHNOLOGIES

f \
To append or add to an existing file
[root@comp1 -]# cat » <filename>
V )
( To combine the data of two or more files into a third file
>>

[root@compl -]# cat <first file> <second file> » <third

file> J

Creating a file by using touch command ZOOM

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TECHNOLOGIES,

To create a zero byte file

[root@comp1 -]# touch <filename>

To create multiple zero byte files

[root@comp1 -]# touch <first file> <second file> <third
file>

To change the time stamp of a file or directory

[root@comp1 -]# touch <directory or filename>

E 22
 Creating a file by using vi command ZOOM
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^TECHNOLOGIES

/ \
To create file
[root@comp1-]# vi <filename>
\ )

Creating Directories ZOOM

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TECHNOLOGIES,

( \
To create a directory
[root@comp1 -]# mkdir <directory name>
v )
( ' \
To create multiple directories
[root@comp1 -]# mkdir <first dir> <second dir> <third
i dir> ,
/ \
To create nested directories
[root@comp1 -]# mkdir -p <first dir>/<second
^ dir>/<third dir> y

0 23
 Navigation of Directories ZOOM
U
^TECHNOLOGIES

To change the directory

[root@comp1 -]# cd <path of the directory>

To change directory one level back

[root@comp1 ~]# cd ..

To change directory two levels back

[root@comp1 ~]# cd

Navigation of Directories ZOOM

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TECHNOLOGIES,

( \
To change to the last working directory
[root@comp1 -]# cd -
V /
f \
To change to the users home directory
[root@comp1 -]# cd
V

0 24
 Help and Command Records ZOOM
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^TECHNOLOGIES

To view the manual page of a command

[root@comp1 -]# man <command>

To view the commands history

[root@comp1 ~]# history

0 25
 Copying ZOOM
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^TECHNOLOGIES

( ; \
To copy a file or directory
[root@comp1 -]# cp <options> <source file>
i <destination> >

Options
-r Recursive (To copy the directory along with its
contents)

-v Verbose

-p Copy with permissions

Moving and Renaming ZOOM

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TECHNOLOGIES,

/ \
To move a file or directory to a different location
[root@comp1 -]# mv <source file or directory>
s. <destination> j

( : \
Rename a file or directory
[root@comp1 -]# mv <old name> <new name>
v )

0 26
 Deleting ZOOM
'J
^TECHNOLOGIES

f N
To remove or delete an empty directory
[root@comp1 -]# rmdir <directory name>
v
f : >>
To remove or delete a file or directory
[root@comp1 -]# rm <options> <file or directory name>
v
Options
-r Recursive (Directory along with contents)

-f Forcefully

Some Other Commands ZOOM

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TECHNOLOGIES,

r \
To check date and time
[root@comp1 -]# date
v J
( N
To change the date and time
[root@comp1 ~J# date -s “day month date hours min
i seconds”
( \
To see the calendar
[root@comp1 -]# cal | less or # cal | more
V /

0 27
 File Viewing Commands ZOOM
U
^TECHNOLOGIES

To view the contents of a file screen-wise

[root@comp1 -]# less <filename>
\;
( ; 'N
To view the top lines of a file
[root@comp1 ~]# head <filename>
^ [root@compl ~]# head -5 <filename>
/ ; \
To view the bottom lines of a file
[root@comp1 -]# tail <filename>
^ [root(g>compl ~]# tail -3 <filename> ^

File Viewing Commands ZOOM

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TECHNOLOGIES,

( :
To find the location of file or directory
'N

[root@compl -]# find / -iname <file/dir name>

^>

r ; \
To count the words, lines and characters of file
[root@compl ~]# wc install.log

V )

0 28
 Editors ZOOM
TECHNOLOGIES,

Editors are used for adding, modifying and / or deleting text.

The different editors used

• Windows :notepad

• DOS :edit

• Linux/Unix

- CLI based :ex, ed, vi and vim, etc.

- GUI based : emacs, gedit, nedit, nano, notepad, kwrite and pico, etc.

0 29
 Editors ZOOM
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• VI editor is a screen-oriented text editor written by Bill Joy in 1976.

• This is the most commonly used editor for editing files in Linux.

• This editor works on basis of default three modes.

VI Editor Modes ZOOM

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• Command Mode

• Insert Mode

• Ex Mode (Extended Command Mode)

0 30
 VI Editor modes ZOOM
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^TECHNOLOGIES

Press Press i, I, a, A, o, O
to go into Ex Comman or NSERT to enter
mode into the insert mode
d Mode from the command
mode

You can
'I your
savf
sav Pre° PrPQC
here
te
to return fr to return from the
insert mot excute mode to
command me command mode

To go Insert Mode from Command Mode

• i - Inserts the text at the current cursor position

V
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TECHNOLOGIES,

• I - Inserts the text in beginning of a line

• a - Adds the text after the current cursor position

• A - Adds the text at the end of a line

• o - Inserts the text one line below current cursor position

• O - Inserts the text one line above current cursor position

0 31
 Extended mode

• :q Quit without saving

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TECHNOLOGIES

• :q! Quit forcefully without saving

• :w Write (save)

• :wq Save and quit

• :wq! Save and quit forcefully

• :se nu Sets line numbers

• :se nonu - Removes line numbers

• :84 - The cursor goes to line 84

• l,$s/old name/new name - Replace the word name

dd
Command Mode
- Deletes a line
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TECHNOLOGIES,

ndd - Deletes 'n' lines

• yy - Copies a line

• nyy - Copies 'n' lines

• p - Put (pastes the deleted or copied text)

• u - Undo (you can undo 1000 times)

Ctrl+r - Redo

- Moves the cursor to the last line of the file

/<word to find> - Finds a word (press n for next)

0 32
 Users ZOOM
TECHNOLOGIES,

• In computing, a user is a person who uses a computer's objects,

resources or Internet service.

• A user will have a user account that identifies the user by a username.

The username can be recognize even with the uid.

• To log on to a system, a user is required to authenticate himself with a

password for the purposes of accounting, security, logging, and

resource management.

0 33
 ZOOM
Users Database Files
•J
TECHNOLOGIES,

• The information regarding the user is stored in the following files:

- /etc/passwd

- /etc/shadow

0 34
 User Properties ZOOM
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^TECHNOLOGIES

• The information of each user created is stored in a separate line in the

file /etc/passwd

• Each record has seven fields separated by a : as given:-

ravi:x:1000:1000:prog:/home/ravi:/bin/bash

Mask Home
Password Directory

User Properties ZOOM

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TECHNOLOGIES,

• When a user is created in Linux/UNIX, the following are also created

by default:

- User Private Group Scheme

Mail account /var/spool/mail/[username]

Note: Mail accounts can be use if mail server is working

- Unique user identifier (UID) and group identifier (GID)

0 35
 ZOOM
User Password Properties
•J
^TECHNOLOGIES

• This file contains the encrypted user password

• Passwords are encrypted using SHA 512 default which can even be

change /etc/shadow

ravi:hjkadfhs8974ut/:16682:0:99999:7:::
i i I Number of Maximum life
days since
of the password
. 1970
. * *
Minimum life
of the password

Creating a User ZOOM

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NOLOGIES

Adding a user
[root@comp1 -]# useradd <username>
or
[root@compl -]# useradd <options> <arguments>
V.<username>

Options
-u UID -c Comment

-g Primary group -d Home directory

-o Override -s Shell

-G Secondary group

0 36
 User Properties Viewing Commands ZOOM
U
^TECHNOLOGIES

To view the contents of a file screen-wise

[root@comp1 -]# less <filename>
\;
( ; 'N
To view the top lines of a file
[root@comp1 ~]# head <filename>
^ [root@compl ~]# head <filename>
/ ; \
To view the bottom lines of a file
[root@comp1 -]# tail <filename>
^ [root(g>compl ~]# tail <filename> ^

Assigning password on user ZOOM

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TECHNOLOGIES,

Creating or changing a user’s password

[root@comp1 -]# passwd <username>

f \
To find a user’s password encryption tool
[root@comp1 ~]# passwd -S <username>
v y

0 37
 Modifying User Properties ZOOM
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^TECHNOLOGIES

( ; ; \
Modifying user properties
[root@comp1 -]# usermod <options> <arguments>
^ <username> j

Options

-I Change the login name -U Unlock the account

-L Lock the account

Note: All options of ‘useradd’ command can be used with ‘usermod’

Deleting a User ZOOM

u
TECHNOLOGIES,

/ ;
Deleting a user
[root@compl -]# userdel <options> <username>
v )
Options
-r recursively

(deletes the home directory and mailbox also)

0 38
 Adding users on GUI Mode ZOOM
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TECHNOLOGIES

f ; \
Adding, Modifying and Deleting a user
[root@comp1 -]# system-config-users &
v /

0 39
 Group ZOOM
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TECHNOLOGIES,

• Group is a collection of user to whom the same permissions are to be

applied.

• There are two types of groups

Primary

- Secondary

0 40
 Groups ZOOM
^TECHNOLOGIES

• Linux uses a User Private Group (UPG) Scheme

- When a user is created a group with the same name as the

groupname is also created.

- This becomes the primary group for that user.

- A user can have only one primary group.

- The main use of Primary group is to apply Disk Quotas.

• The group which created manually by root user to add an existing

users is called Secondary Group.

Group Properties ZOOM

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TECHNOLOGIES,

• The information of each group created is stored in a separate line in

the file /etc/group

• Each record has four fields separated by : as given:-

sales:x:1000:sachin, kumar
I i

Masl<
Secondary
Password Members

0 41
 ZOOM
Group password properties
'J
^TECHNOLOGIES

• This file contains the encrypted group password

• Passwords are encrypted using MD5 (Message Digest Version 5)

Algorithm /etc/gshadow

sales:hjkadfhs8:admin:sachin,kumar
List of List of
administrative members
members
Encrypted
Password

Creating a Group ZOOM

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TECHNOLOGIES,

Creating a group
[root@comp1 -]# groupadd <groupname>
or
[root@comp1 -]# groupadd <options> <arguments>
^<groupname>

Options
-g GID

-o Override

0 42
 Modifying a Group ZOOM
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^TECHNOLOGIES

Modifying a group
[root@comp1 -]# groupmod <option> <arguments>
<groupname>
Options
-g GID

-o Override

-n Group name

Deleting a Group ZOOM

D
TECHNOLOGIES,

/ N
Deleting a group
[root@comp1 -]# groupdel <group name>
v )
Note: A group cannot be deleted if it has primary
members.

0 43
 Group Membership ZOOM
'J
^TECHNOLOGIES

( \
Group membership
[root@comp1 -]# gpasswd <option> <arguments>
^ <grpname> y

Options
-M Add multiple users to the group

-A Adds a group administrator

-a Add a user to the group

-d Delete a user from the group

Managing Groups Using (GUI) ZOOM

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TECHNOLOGIES,

( \
Managing groups using (gui)
[root@comp1 -]# system-config-users &
v )

0 44
 Permissions ZOOM
TECHNOLOGIES,

• In computing, a permissions are use to create secure environment in

the network to secure the data an against from unauthorized users.

• In Linux Platforms permissions are secured by the default mechanism

called Umask.

• Permissions are mainly use in sharing data environment which can be

implement in Linux by using some servers like Nfs and Samba.

0 45
 ZOOM
File and Directory Attributes
•J
^TECHNOLOGIES

• Unix/Linux files have 8 attributes that can be seen with Is -Id

command
—

[root@comp1 -]# Is -Id reports

t »

- rw-r-r- 1 root root 1229 oct 29 17:44 reports

r- i i

Note: Only the owner or the root can change the permissions

Access Levels ZOOM

V: y
TECHNOLOGIES,

rwx rwx rwx

Type
i VP
Owner's
files Owner Primary Others
d directories Group
I links

0 46
 Access Modes ZOOM
TECHNOLOGIES,

Access File Directory

Mode
To displays the contents To list the contents of the
r 4
of the file directory
To modify or append to To create or remove file
w 2
the file and directories
X 1 To execute the file To enter into the directory

0 47
 Modifying the Permissions ZOOM
TECHNOLOGIES,

( Modifying the permissions

N

[root@compl -]# chmod <permissions/weight>

^ <file/directory> j

Options

Category u (owner) g (group) o (others)

Operators + - -

Permissions r w X

Weights 4 2 1

0 48
 Example of Permission - Absolute ZOOM
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^TECHNOLOGIES

• Applying permission to Owner (u), Group (g) and Others (o) on the file
reports

Example of Permission - Symbolic

• Applying permission to Owner (u). Group (g) and Others (o) on the file
ZOOM
V! y
TECHNOLOGIES,

reports

0 49
 Changing permissions of an objects ZOOM
'J
^TECHNOLOGIES

( \
Changing the permissions of an object by using Absolute Mode
[root@comp1 -]# chmod <646> <object>
v /

c ;
Changing the permissions of an object by using Symbolic mode
'N

[root@comp1 -]# chmod <o+w> <object>

v )

0 50
 Access Control List ZOOM
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TECHNOLOGIES,

• Basic file permission can be applied only on the owner, owners primary group and
others.

• Access control list (ACL) are created to configure different permissions for different
users or groups.

• ACLs can be implemented only on ACL enabled partitions.

• Note: From RHEL 5 Version onwards by default every partition is coming with ACL's.

0 51
 Configuration of ACL ZOOM
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^TECHNOLOGIES

( ;— \
Assigning permissions for a user
[root@comp1 -]# setfacl -m
^ u:<username>:<permission> <file or directory>

Assigning permission for a group

[root@comp1 -]#setfacl -m g:<group
name>:<permission> <file or directory>

Configuration of ACL ZOOM

u
TECHNOLOGIES,

r
To list the applied ACLs on a file or directory
[root@comp1 -]# getfacl <file or directory>
v )
r
To remove an ACL for a user from a file or directory
[root@comp1 -]# setfacl -x u:<username><file or
directory>
J
To remove an ACL for a group from a file or directory
[root@comp1 -]# setfacl -x g:<group name> <file or
di recto ry>

0 52
 Changing ownership and group ownership ZOOM
'J
^TECHNOLOGIES

f ; ■\
Changing the ownership of a file or directory
[root@comp1 -]# chown <username> <file /dir>
v J

( :
Changing the group ownership of a file or directory
^
[root@comp1 -]# chgrp <groupname> <file /dir>
v )

0 53
 Partitions ZOOM I
^TECHNOLOGIES^

• A partition is a logical division of a hard disk.

• The purpose of partition to store data.

• Partition is use to secure data and also to appearance of having separate hard drives
for file management and multiple users.

• In Linux there are some default file systems to format the partitions such as ext2, ext3
ext4, xfs and vfat, etc.

• In Linux there are some default tools to update new changes of partitions to the kernel
such as partx, kpartx and partprobe.

Partitioning Tools ZOOM

u
TECHNOLOGIES,

• Pre-Installation tool

Disk Druid

• Post-Installation tools

- fdisk

- parted

0 54
 Naming Convention of Hardware Devices ZOOM I
TECHNOLOGIES^

Sata Hardisk /dev/sda

IDE Hardisk /dev/hda

DVD-RW /dev/srO

Pendrive or USB /dev/sdb,...

View the List of Partitions ZOOM

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TECHNOLOGIES,

( \
View the list of partitions
[root@comp1 -]# fdisk -I <device name>
v )

0 55
 Disk Management Using fdisk ZOOM
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^TECHNOLOGIES

f \
Disk Management
[root@comp1 -]# fdisk <device name>
v /

Disk Management

[root@compl~]# fdisk /dev/sda

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TECHNOLOGIES,

Disk /dev/sda: 250 GB, 36507222016 bytes, 71303168

sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x000dc8aa m command (m for help):
Command action

d delete a partition
m print this menu
n add a new partition
p print the partition table
q quit without saving changes
w write table to disk and exit
LINUX

0 56
 Updating the Partition Table ZOOM
^TECHNOLOGIES

( \
Update the partition table without restarting
[root@comp1 -]# partprobe <device name>
v )

Formatting ZOOM
')
TECHNOLOGIES,

Formatting the partition using ext4 file system

[root@comp1 -]# mkfs.ext4 <partition>

Formatting the partition using xfs file system

[root@comp1 -]# mkfs.xfs <partition>

Formatting the partition using vfat file system

[root@comp1 -]# mkfs.vfat <partition>

0 57
 Mounting ZOOM
'U
^TECHNOLOGIES

Create a directory for mounting the partition

[root@comp1 -]# mkdir <directory name>

r
Mounting the partition on the directory created
[root@comp1 -]# mount <partition> <directory name>

Unmount the filesystem

[root@comp1 -]# umount <directory name>

View Disk Information ZOOM

TECHNOLOGIES,
u

/ ;
To view available free space of a disk
[root@comp1 -]# gnome-system-monitor &
v J
/
To view the free space in a partition
[root@comp1 -]# df -hT
v /
( \
To view the total amount of used space in a partition / directory
[root@comp1 ~]# du -sh
V /

E 58
 Swap filesystem ZOOM
')
TECHNOLOGIES,

• Swap is a virtual file system which is use to increase the logical RAM memory.

• The use of swap partition it ovoid the interruption in working process.

• It allow user to run multiple programs simultaneously without any downtime.

• It recommended to use swap partition twice to physical RAM size.

• It's similar to the windows swap file only instead of using an actual file, Linux uses a
partition on the hard drive.

0 59
 How Swap Works ZOOM
V u
TECHNOLOGIES,

Process D

Process C Swap Partitior

Process B sda3

Process A

Hard Disk

0 60
 Creating a Swap Partition ZOOM
U
^TECHNOLOGIES

Create a new partition

[root@comp1 -]# fdisk <device>

r
Format the partition as swap
[root@comp1 -]# mkswap <partition>

Turn on swap
[root@comp1 -]# swapon <partition>

Swap Partition ZOOM

u
TECHNOLOGIES,

/ \
Check the status of swap used
[root@comp1 -]# swapon -s <partition>
v /
(
Turn off swap
[root@comp1 -]# swapoff <partition>
v J

0 61
 Mounting a Partition Permanently ZOOM
'J
^TECHNOLOGIES

( \
To mount a partition permanently
[root@comp1 -]# vi /etc/fstab
\ /

Disk Management ZOOM

u
TECHNOLOGIES,

# This file is edited by fstab-sync - see 'man fstab-sync' for details

LABEL=/1 / ext4 defaults 00
/dev/sdal /boot ext4 defaults 1 2
LABEL=/home1 /home ext4 defaults 00
none /proc proc defaults 00
none /sys sysfs defaults 00
/dev/sda2 /usr ext4 defaults 00
LABEL=/var1 /var ext4 defaults 1 2
LABEL=SWAP-hda7 swap swap defaults 00
/dev/sdbl /media/dvdrom auto pamconsole,noauto,managed 00
/dev/sdal 0 /mnt ext4 defaults 00

0 62
 Mounting Removable Devices ZOOM
'J
^^TECHNOLOGIES,

( \
To mount dvdrom drive
[root@comp1 -]# mount /dev/srO /media
v /
r N
To mount a pen drive
[root@comp1 -]# mount /dev/sdbl /mnt
v J

0 63
 Disk Quotas ZOOM
')
TECHNOLOGIES,

• Quotas are used to restrict the amount of hard disk space occupied by a user or a

group.

• Group level quota can only be applied to primary groups.

• Quotas can only be applied on quota enabled partitions.

• Users repeatedly exceed their quotas or consistently reach their soft limits, a system

administrator has a few choices to make depending on what type of users they are and

how much disk space impacts their work. The administrator can either help the user

determine how to use less disk space or increase the user's disk quota.

0 64
 Disk Quotas ZOOM
^TECHNOLOGIES 'J
Quotas can be applied in two ways:

• Based on the number of inodes (number of files).

• Based on the number of blocks (volume of hard disk space).

• To apply blocks quota block size of partition is needed.

To find Block size of Partition

[root@comp1 -]# blockdev --getbsz <partition no.>
v )

Quotas Limits
v
ZOOM
D
TECHNOLOGIES,

There are two Quotas limits:

• Soft - Soft quota limits will only warn the user that they have reached their quota
limits.

• Hard - Hard quota limits will not allow the user to create any more files or directories
once the quota limit has been reached.

0 65
 Steps to Apply Quotas ZOOM
'J
^TECHNOLOGIES

• Create a new partition.

• Format the partition.

• Create an directory.

• Mount the partition on the directory with quotas enabled.

• Give full permissions to the partition.

• Create the quota database file.

• Turn on the quotas.

• Assign the quotas to the users or groups.

Applying Quotas on a Partition ZOOM

')
TECHNOLOGIES,

( “ \
To mount the partition with quotas enabled
[root@comp1 -]# mount -o usrquota,grpquota
^ <partition name> <mount point>
( \
Generate the quota database file
[root@comp1 -]# quotacheck -cugv cmount point>
v )
Options
-c Create new database -g Group

-u User -v Verbose

E 66
 Applying Quotas on a Partition ZOOM
U
^TECHNOLOGIES

( \
Turn on the quota
[root@comp1 -]# quotaon <mount point>

[root@comp1 -]# edquota -u <user name>

or
[root@compl -]# edquota -g <group name>
V /

Applying Quotas on a Partition ZOOM

D
^TECHNOLOGIES,

quotas for user <username> (uid <uid>)

filesystem soft hard blocks soft hard inodes

/dev/hda9 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 67
 Finding the result by login as a user ZOOM
'J
^TECHNOLOGIES

( ' \
To find result login as a user and try to add objects
[root@comp1 -]# su - username
V /

0 68
 Logical Volume Manager (LVM) ZOOM
^TECHNOLOGIES 'J
• LVM is a method of allocating hard drive space into logical volumes that can be easily
resized.

• With LVM, the hard drive or set of hard drives is allocated to one or more physical
volumes.

• The physical volumes are then combined into volume groups.

• Each volume group is divided into logical volumes, which are formatted with a file
system like ext3 and are then mounted.

Logical Volumes ZOOM

')
TECHNOLOGIES,

0 69
 Creating Partitions ZOOM
y
TECHNOLOGIES,

Make multiple partitions

[root@comp1 -]# fdisk <device>

Update the partition table

[root@comp1 -]# partprobe <device>

0 70
 Physical Volume ZOOM
'J
^TECHNOLOGIES

( \
Create a physical volume from the previously created partitions
[root@comp1 -]# pvcreate <partition1> <partition2>
<partition3>
f ; \
To see the physical volume details
[root@comp1 -]# pvdisplay |less
v /

Volume Group ZOOM

')
TECHNOLOGIES,

( N
Create a volume group
[root@compl -]# vgcreate <volume group name>
^ <physical volume1> <physical volume 2>
( \
To see the volume group details
[root@comp1 -]# vgdisplay cvolume group name>
v /

0 71
 Logical Volume ZOOM
^TECHNOLOGIES
'U
f i \
Create logical volume
[root@comp1 -]# Ivcreate -L <size> <volume group name> -n
<volume name>
v
( ; \
Format the logical volume
[root@comp1 -]# mkfs.ext4 <volume name>
V )

Logical Volume ZOOM

u
■siTECHNOLOGIES,

/ \
Create a mount point
[root@comp1 -]# mkdir <directory name>
v )
( " \
Mounting a logical volume
[root@comp1 -]# mount <volume name> <mount point>
v )

0 72
 Logical Volume

f ' N
Resizing a logical volume
[root@comp1 -]# Ivresize -L <+sizeM> <logical volume name>

To update the resized logical volume

[root@compl -]# resize2fs <logical volume name>

Extending the size of a volume group

[root@comp1 -]# vgextend <volume group name> <physical
volume name>

0 73
 Redundant Array of Independent Disks (RAID) ZOOM
TECHNOLOGIES,

• RAID is a technology that employs the simultaneous use of two or more partitions on
the same or different hard disk drives to achieve greater levels of performance and
reliability.

• An Advantage of Raid to prevent data loss.

• It is a fault tolerance mechanism in which the data is not lost even if one of the disk
fails.

• It is a Parity mechanism in which the data backup is maintain in Raid array.

0 74
 Types of RAID ZOOM
V ])
TECHNOLOGIES

• Hardware RAID

• Software RAID

RAID Levels ZOOM

TECHNOLOGIES,

• RAID 0 (striping without parity)

• RAID 1 (disk mirroring)

• RAID 4 (parity)

• RAID 5 (striping with parity)

0 75
 RAID 0 ZOOM
^TECHNOLOGIES

• Minimum 2 hard disks required.

• Can support maximum 32 hard disks.

• Data is written simultaneously and evenly across the multiple hard disks.

• The reading and writing speed is faster.

• Fault tolerance is not available.

How RAID 0 Works ZOOM

y
TECHNOLOGIES,

0 76
 ZOOM
RAID 1
'J
^TECHNOLOGIES

• Works with only 2 hard disks.

• Same data is simultaneous written on both the disk.

• The reading speed is fast and the writing speed is slow.

• Fault tolerance is available.

• Overhead is 50%

How RAID 1 Works ZOOM

V.
TECHNOLOGIES,

0 77
 RAID 4 ZOOM
^TECHNOLOGIES

• Minimum 3 hard disks required.

• Can support maximum 32 hard disks.

• One of the disk is reserved for parity.

• Data is written simultaneously and evenly across the remaining disks.

• The reading and writing speed is fast.

• Fault tolerance is available.

• Overhead 1 hard disk

How RAID 4 Works ZOOM

Vi
TECHNOLOGIES,

0 78
 ZOOM
RAID 5
'J
^TECHNOLOGIES

• Minimum 3 hard disks required.

• Can support maximum 32 hard disks.

• Data is written simultaneously and evenly across multiple hard disks.

• The parity is written equally on all disks.

• The reading and writing speed is fast.

• Fault tolerance is available.

How RAID 5 Works ZOOM

y
TECHNOLOGIES,

0 79
 ZOOM
Creating Partitions
’J
TECHNOLOGIES,

( ; \
Make multiple partitions
[root@comp1 -]# fdisk <device>
v /
f \
Update the partition table
[root@comp1 -]# partprobe <device>
J

0 80
 RAID Commands ZOOM
lJ
^TECHNOLOGIES

To club all partitions into a RAID array

[root@comp1 -]# mdadm -C /dev/mdO -n<No. of partitions>
<partition 1> <partition 2> <partition 3> -l<level>

Formatting the RAID device

[root@comp1 -]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/mdO

Making a mount point

[root@comp1 -]# mkdir <directory name>

RAID Commands ZOOM

D
TECHNOLOGIES,

Mounting the RAID partition

[root@comp1 -]# mount /dev/mdO <directory name>

To make a partition faulty

[root@compl -]# mdadm -f /dev/mdO <faulty partition>

To remove a partition from the RAID array

[root@comp1 -]# mdadm -r /dev/mdO <partition>

0 81
 RAID Commands ZOOM
lJ
^TECHNOLOGIES

Add a new partition to the RAID array

[root@comp1 -]# mdadm -a /dev/mdO <new partition >

To display the RAID device

[root@comp1 -]# mdadm -D /dev/mdO

To stop the RAID

[root@comp1 -]# mdadm -S /dev/mdO
Note: First it has to be unmounted before it can be stopped.
V /

RAID Commands ZOOM

D
TECHNOLOGIES,

r A
To assemble a RAID
[root@compl -]# mdadm -A /dev/mdO <partition1> <partition2>
<partition3>

0 82
 Backup ZOOM
V ')
TECHNOLOGIES,

• Backup is the process of copying the data to another location.

• It is used to prevent the loss of data.

• Users can take a backup only of their own data.

• The complete backup can only be taken by root.

0 83
 Commands for Backup ZOOM
^TECHNOLOGIES

• Tar (Tape Archive)

• CPIO

• Gun zip (z)

• Bun zip (j)

Backup using tar Command ZOOM

D
TECHNOLOGIES,

f "N
To backup and restore using tar commands
[root@comp1 -]# tar <options> <destination>
^ <source> >
Options
-c Create -t Table of content

-x Extract / restore -z gunzip

-v Verbose ■i bunzip

-f File

0 84
 Backup using cpio Command ZOOM
lJ
^TECHNOLOGIES

/ \
To backup using cpio commands
[root@comp1 ~ ]# Is -d <file/dir> | cpio <option>> <destination>

Options
-o output -t Table of content

-i input

-v Verbose

-f File

Restore using cpio Command ZOOM

u
TECHNOLOGIES,

( ; ; \
To read backup file using cpio commands
[r00t(5)C0mp1 ~]# cpio <option> < <destination>
V )

( ;
To restore the backup file using cpio commands
\
[r00t(2>C0mp1 ~]# cpio <option> < <destination>
V /

0 85
 ZOOM
Hostname Configuration
'J
TECHNOLOGIES,

( \
Assigning a hostname - temporarily
[root@server -]# hostname <computer name>
v J
r \
Assigning a hostname - permanently

[root@server -]# vi /etc/hostname

r
hostname

V J

0 86
 IP Address Assignment ZOOM
'J
^TECHNOLOGIES

IP Addresses can be:

• Static IP Address

• Address that are manually assigned and do not change over time.

• Dynamic IP Address

• Addresses that are automatically assigned for a specific period of time and can

change after this period is over.

Static IP Address Configuration ZOOM

')
TECHNOLOGIES,

( \
To assign IP address - temporarily
[root@server -]# ifconfig enp1s7 <ip address>
v )
Assian an IP address - oermanentlv
[root@server ~]# nmtui

V J

0 87
 ZOOM
')
.TECHNOLOGIES,

0 88
 ** Application* Places *• (ft Man 16:03 *3 root

root^loialheftt -

FH* Edn \A#«* 5«*rch T«fm*ul H«lp

Edit connection

Profile name .thernet connection 1

Device
T1i I
i
ETHERNET <Show>
I
IPv4 CONFIGURATION <Manual> <Hide>
Addresses 1192.168 .0.1/24 <Remove>
<Add...>
Gateway 192.168 .0.254
DNS servers [<Add. . B
Search domains <Add...>

Routing (No custom routes) <Edit...>

[ 1 Never use this network for default route

[X] Require IPv4 addressing for this connection

0 89
 IP Address Configuration ZOOM
'J
^TECHNOLOGIES

Restart the network services temporary

[root@server-]# service network restart

Restart the network service permanent

[root@server -]# systemctl enable network

To check the IP address

[root@server ~]# ifconfig

IP Address Configuration ZOOM

')
TECHNOLOGIES,

( ; \
To find DNS ip address
[root@server -]# cat /etc/resolv.conf
V /
\
To find gateway
[root@server ~]# route -nv
v J
( ' \
To edit or to remove an ip address
[root@server -]# cd /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts
v /

E 90
91
 Red Hat Package Manager (RPM)

• RPM is both a installation method as well as a package format.

ZOOM
u
TECHNOLOGIES,

• RPM packages were original created of Red Hat Linux, but now can be used on many

Linux distributions like CentOS, Fedora, SUSE, Mandriva, etc.

• Using RPM we can

• Install new applications

• Upgrade existing applications

• Remove installed applications

• Query packages

0 92
 RPM Label Pattern ZOOM
'J
^^TECHNOLOGIES

Methods of Installation

• Standalone Method
ZOOM
y
TECHNOLOGIES,

- Installing from a Harddisk, CD, DVD or Pendrive

• Network Installation Method

- Network file service (NFS)

- File transfer protocol (FTP)

0 93
 Standalone Installation ZOOM
lJ
^TECHNOLOGIES

( \
Installing a package
[root@comp1 -]# rpm <options> <package name> --
i force j

Options
-i Install -U Update existing package
-v Verbose -force Install forcefully
-h Displays the progress in hashes

format

Removing an Installed Package ZOOM

u
TECHNOLOGIES,

( \
Removing a package
[root@comp1 -]# rpm <options> <package name> --
s. nodeps j

Options
-e Erase (uninstall)

-nodeps Uninstall the package even if other applications

are dependent on this application

0 94
 Querying an Installation ZOOM
'J
^TECHNOLOGIES

( \
Installing a package
[root@comp1 -]# rpm <options> <package name>
v >
Options
-q Query the availability of the package

-qa Displays all installed packages

-qc Displays the configuration files of the package

-qi Displays complete information of the package

-ql Displays all the files associated with the installed package

Network Installation Method - NFS ZOOM

u
TECHNOLOGIES,

/ \
Create a directory
[root(5)comp1 -]# mkdir <directory name>
v J
Mount the NFS file system on the directory
[root@comp1 -]# mount <NFSserverip>:<path to the package>
<mount point>
/ \
To install the package
[root@compl -]# cd cmount point>
[root@comp1 -]# rpm <option> <package> -force

E 95
 Yellowdog Updater Modified (YUM) ZOOM
')
TECHNOLOGIES,

• It is an interactive program use to install, remove, upgrade or query the packages.

• Added from RHEL 5 onwards.

• Yum uses an repository that is xml-based rpm metadata for installation.

• It automatically computes dependencies and figures out what things should occur to
install packages.

• It can be used to installed from a local media, ftp server or nfs server.

0 96
 Updating the yum configuration file ZOOM
'J
^TECHNOLOGIES

( \
Provide server IP address and Applications directory in yum file
[root@comp1 -]# vi /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo
v /

YUM Command ZOOM

u
TECHNOLOGIES,

Installing a package
[root@comp1-]# yum <option> <package name1>*
<package name2>*
Options
list Displays the list of packages in the repository,
list installed Displays the packages that are already installed,
remove To erase or remove a packages.
install Installs the package from the repository.
Update To update existing packages

E 97
 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) ZOOM
')
TECHNOLOGIES,

• It assigns IP addresses automatically to the clients.

* It provides centralized IP address management.
• It prevents IP address conflicts.
* DHCP reduces the complexity and amount of administrative work by assigning other
TCP/IP configurations along with the IP address.

0 98
 Static vs Dynamic ZOOM

■
^TECHNOLOGIES

Static IP Assigning Dynamic IP Assigning

• IP addresses are entered • IP addresses are assigned

manually. automatically.
• Chances of misconfiguration. • Correct configuration.
• Communication and network • Common network problems
problems can result. are eliminated.
• Frequent computer moves • Client configuration is
increase administrative updated automatically

How DHCP Works?

DHCP Server ient broadcasts a DHCP Discover

V
ZOOM
u
TECHNOLOGIES,

linux Client

0 99
 ZOOM
^TECHNOLOGIES^
IP address Pool

192.168.0.1
broadcasts a DHCP Discover
a DHCP Offer

linux Client linux Client

Windows Client

How DHCP Works?

1 A 1 Client broadcasts a DHCP Discover

ZOOM
u
TECHNOLOGIES,

192.168.0.253 DHCP Server broadcasts a DHCP Offer

Client broadcasts a DHCP Request

0 100
 ^^ ns
192.168.0.1
nuro O/M-II
Urlur berv Client broadcasts a DHCP Discover
192.168.0.2
1192.168.0.2 192.168.0.3 DHCP Server broadcasts a DHCP Offer

lU
\ \
192.168.0.100
I ^ 7
Client broadcasts a DHCP Request
DHCP Server broadcasts a DHCP ACK

a
linux Client
Windows Client

ZOOM
How DHCP Renewal Works?
va 'J
TECHNOLOGIES,

0 101
 How DHCP Renewal Works? I ZOOM I
^TECHNOLOGIES^

IP address Pool
DHCP Sen Client sends a DHCP Request
DHCP Server sends a DHCP ACK

DHCP Reservation ZOOM

\TFCH NOLOGIES

Assigning IP address dynamically has some disadvantage, every time the lease period
expires the client system may not get the same IP address.

• The above problem can be solved by doing a DHCP reservation.

• In DHCP reservation the mac-address of the client system is bound to an IP address.

0 102
 DHCP Requirements

• Installation packages
ZOOM
U
^TECHNOLOGIES

- dhcp*
• Port numbers
- 67 Bootp/DHCP client
- 68 Bootp/DHCP server
• Configuration file
- /etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf
• Daemon / Service
- dhcpd

0 103
 DHCP Server Configuration ZOOM
lJ
^TECHNOLOGIES

Install the DHCP packages

[root@dhcpserver -]# yum install dhcp* -y
J
"\
Location of sample configuration file
/usr/share/doc/dhcp-4.2.5

Copy the sample configuration

[root@dhcpserver-]# cp /usr/share/doc/dhcp-
4.2.5/dhcpd.conf.sample
yetc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf

DHCP Server Configuration ZOOM

')
TECHNOLOGIES,

Edit the configuration file

[root@dhcpserver~]# vi /etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf

subnet 192.168.0.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 {

# — default gateway
option routers 192.168.0.1;
option subnet-mask 255.255.255.0;
option nis-domain "domain.org";
option domain-name "domain.org";
option domain-name-servers 192.168.1.1;

0 104
 DHCP Server Configuration ZOOM
lJ
^TECHNOLOGIES

range
((VOS dynamic-bootp 192.168.0.1 192.168.0.200;
default-lease-time 21600;
max-lease-time 43200;
# we want the nameserver to appear at a fixed
address
host ns {
next-server marvin.zoom.com;
hardware ethernet 12:34:56:78:AB:CD;
fixed-address 207.175.42.254;

DHCP Server Configuration ZOOM

')
TECHNOLOGIES,

( ' \
Restart the service temporary
[root@dhcpserver -]# service dhcpd restart
v /

C "
Restart the service permanent
\

[root@dhcpserver~]# systemctl enable dhcpd

v )

0 105
 DHCP Client Configuration - Linux ZOOM
'J
^TECHNOLOGIES

DHCP client configuration - linux

[root@client1 -]# dhclient -v
or
[root@clientl ~]# nmtui
Check the option 'Use Dynamic IP Configuration'
j
Restart the services
[root@client1 ~]# service network restart

DHCP Client Configuration - Windows

• On the desktop - right click 'My Network Places'

ZOOM
u
TECHNOLOGIES,

• Select properties

• In the window that opens right click on 'Local Area Connection'

• Select properties

• Double click 'Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)'

• Select the option 'Obtain an IP Address Automatically'

• Click OK on all open windows

0 106
107
 File Transfer Protocol (FTP) ZOOM
lJ
^TECHNOLOGIES

• File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is one of the oldest members of the TCP/IP

protocol stack and is still in common use.

• As the name suggests, it is optimized for transferring files.

• FTP server is used to exchange files between computers over network.

• FTP server can be use as a centralized server to maintain all clients

data in single system.

• There are some default applications in Linux to configure FTP

protocol.

FTP Server for Linux/Unix ZOOM

')
TECHNOLOGIES,

• vsFTPd Very Secure FTP Daemon

• WU-FTP Washington University's (St. Louis)

• Proftpd Professional FTP Daemon

0 108
 FTP Requirements ZOOM
V u
TECHNOLOGIES,

• Installation packages • Service /Daemon

- vsftpd* - vsftpd

• Configuration file

- /etc/vsftpd/vsftpd.conf

• Port numbers

- 20 Data transfer

- 21 Control Connection

0 109
 Configuration - Anonymous Access ZOOM
U
^TECHNOLOGIES

/var/ftp/pub

Linux Client Windows Client

Configuration - Local User Access ZOOM

u
TECHNOLOGIES,

Linux Clientj Windows Client

0 110
 FTP Server Configuration ZOOM
lJ
^TECHNOLOGIES

( \
Install the ftp package
[root@ftpserver-]# yum install vsftpd* -y
\ /

ZOOM
FTP Server Configuration - Anonymous Access
')
TECHNOLOGIES,

Edit the configuration file

[root@ftpserver -]# vi /etc/vsftpd/vsftpd.conf

Change the below options

anonymous_enable=YES
local_enable=NO
anon_upload_enable=YES
ftpd_banner=Welcometo Linux FTP server

0 in
 FTP Server Configuration - Anonymous Access ZOOM
'J
^TECHNOLOGIES

Create a directory for uploading

[root@ftpserver -]# mkdir /var/ftp/upload

Give full permission to the directory

[root@ftpserver -]# chmod 777 /var/ftp/upload

Restart the fto services

[root@ftpserver -]# service vsftpd restart
[root@ftpserver -}# systemctl enable vsftpd

Accessing the FTP Server - Linux ZOOM

')
TECHNOLOGIES,

[root@client1 -]# ftp 192.168.0.253

Connected to 192.168.0.253.
220 (vsFTPd 3.0.2)
530 Please login with USER and PASS.
KERBEROS_V4 rejected as an
authentication type
Name (192.168.0.253:root): ftp
331 Please specify the password.
Password: enter
230 Login successful.
Remote system type is UNIX.
Using binary mode to transfer files.
ftp>

0 112
 Accessing the FTP Server - Linux ZOOM
'J
^TECHNOLOGIES

(T\ ftp> Is
227 Entering Passive Mode
(192,168,0,253,80,246)
150 Here comes the directory listing.
drwxr-xr-x 20 0 4096 Mar 01 06:42
pub
drwxr-xrwx 20 0 4096 Mar 01 07:05
upload
226 Directory send OK.
ftp> bye
221 Goodbye.
[root@client1 -]#

FTP client side Commands ZOOM

u
TECHNOLOGIES,

Is Lists the contents of the directory

led Change directory

put To upload a single file

mput To upload multiple files

get To download a single file

mget To download multiple files

bye To quit

0 113
 Accessing the FTP Server - Linux ZOOM
'J
^TECHNOLOGIES.

Accessing FTP via Graphical User Interface

Open ‘FireFox’ browser.
^ In the address box type ftp://<FTP server name or IP>

220 (vsFTPd 3.0.2)

User (192.168.0.15:(none)):ftp 192.168.0.253
331 Please specify the password.
Password: ftp
230 Login successful.
ftp> Is
200 PORT command successful. Consider using
PASV.
150 Here comes the directory listing.
pub
upload
226 Directory send OK.

0 114
 Accessing the FTP Server - Windows ZOOM
'J
^TECHNOLOGIES

Accessing FTP via Graphical User Interface

Open 'Internet Explorer' browser.
In the address box type ftp://<FTP server name or IP>

FTP Server Configuration - Local User ZOOM

'J
TECHNOLOGIES,

Edit the configuration file

[root@ftpserver -]# vi /etc/vsftpd/vsftpd.conf

Change the below options

anonymous_enable=NO
local enable=YES

0 115
 FTP Server Configuration - Local User ZOOM
'J
^TECHNOLOGIES

( \
Create a user
[root@ftpserver -]# useradd ravi
v J
( \
Assign the password
[root@ftpserver ~]# passwd ravi
v /

FTP Server Configuration - Local User ZOOM

')
TECHNOLOGIES,

( \
Restart vsftpd service
[root@ftpserver -]# service vsftpd restart
v /

0 116
 Accessing the FTP Server - Linux ZOOM
'J
^TECHNOLOGIES

(r\ [root@client1 -]# ftp 192.168.0.253

Connected to 192.168.0.253.
220 (vsFTPd 3.0.2)
530 Please login with USER and PASS.
KERBEROS_V4 rejected as an
authentication type ravi
Name (192.168.0.253:root):
331 Please specify the password.
Password: ********
230 Login successful.
Remote system type is UNIX.
Using binary mode to transfer files.
\\ u
ftp>

Accessing the FTP Server - Linux ZOOM

u
TECHNOLOGIES,

rr ftp> pwd
227 Entering Passive Mode
(192,168,0,253,80,246)
150 Here comes the directory listing,
/home/ravi
226 Directory send OK.
ftp> bye
221 Goodbye.
[root@client1 -]#

0 117
 ZOOM
Yum configuration
')
TECHNOLOGIES,

Insert dvd and mount it on an existing dir

[root@comp1 -]# mount /dev/dvd /media

V /

Installing the FTP and Repositories Applications

[root@comp1 -]# cd /media/Packages
[root@comp1 -]# rpm -ivh vsftpd*

V J

E 118
 Yum configuration ZOOM
^TECHNOLOGIES
U

Copying dvd data into ftp directory

[root@comp1 -]# cp -rvp /media/* /var/ftp/pub

V /

Installing the FTP and Repositories Applications

[root@compl -]# cd /media/Packages
[root@comp1 -]# rpm -ivh createrepo* deltarpm*
-nodeps -force
V J

Yum Configuration ZOOM

u
TECHNOLOGIES,

( \
To define the path to the repository
[root@compl -]# vi /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo

v )
f N
[core]
name=CentOS --base
baseurl=ftp://<self system ip>/pub/Packages
enabled=1
:wq
[root @comp1 -]# service vsftpd restart or
\ [root @compl -]# systemctl vsftpd enable /

0 119
 Yum Configuration ZOOM
^TECHNOLOGIES

• On the local machine

- Copy the all the packages into ftp directory.

- Insert the OS DVD

- Create the repository.

Creating the repository

[root@COmp1 ~]# createrepo-g /media/Package/repodata/repomd.xml/var/ftp/pub/Packages

Client configuration ZOOM

'J
TECHNOLOGIES,

r N
Edit Yum file by providing yum server ip and directory name
[root @yum ~ ]# vi /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo
v j
r
baseurl= ftp://<yum server ip>/pub/Packages
Enabled=1
\ J
r N

[root@yum~ ]# yum install evince* -y

E 120
 Network File System (NFS) ZOOM
TECHNOLOGIES,

• A network file system is any computer file system that supports

sharing of files over a computer network.

• It is a centralized file storage system.

• The client cannot differentiate whether the file is stored locally or

remotely.

0 121
 Network File System (NFS) ZOOM
^TECHNOLOGIES

• The NFS environment contains the following components:

• NFS server

- A system that contains the file resources to be shared with other

systems over the network.

• NFS client

- A system that mounts the file resources shared over the network

and presents the file resources as if they were local.

How NFS works? ZOOM

TECHNOLOGIES,

0 122
 NFS Requirements

• Installation packages
ZOOM
'J
^TECHNOLOGIES

nfs* • Service
- rpcbind* nfs
- rpcbind
• Port numbers
- 2049 nfs • Daemon

111 rpcbind - nfsd

- mountd
• Configuration file - statd
- /etc/exports - lockd

NFS Server Configuration ZOOM

')
TECHNOLOGIES,

( \
Install the NFS packages
[root@nfsserver -]# yum install nfs* rpcbind* -y
v ^

0 123
 NFS Client Configuration ZOOM
u
TECHNOLOGIES,

To find NFS share directory

[root@client1 -]# showmount-e 192.168.0.253

Mounting the share directory of NFS server

[root@client1 -]# mount 192.168.0.253:/project /mnt

Checking the mount point

[root@client1 -]# mount

0 124
 NFS Client Configuration ZOOM
'J
^TECHNOLOGIES

f
Enter into server share mount directory
[root@client1 -]# cd /mnt
V J
/ ■>\
Try to add data as a user
[root@client1 -]# mkdir client data{1..25}
v y
/ ■\
Check the user data in NFS server
[root@nfsserver -]# Is /project
\ y

0 125
 Hostname Resolution ZOOM
'J
TECHNOLOGIES,

0 126
Hostname Resolution ZOOM
^TECHNOLOGIES,

LINUX

Hostname Resolution ZOOM

u
TECHNOLOGIES,

LINUX

127
 Host File ZOOM
^TECHNOLOGIES
U
• The host file provides resolution of hostnames to IP addresses.

• It can only resolve names provide in the local host file.

• It cannot be used as a centralized database.

• The hostname and IP address mapping is given in /etc/hosts

Hostname Resolution ZOOM

u
ViTECHNOLOGIES,

zoomgroup.com

(i LINUX

0 128
 Host File Configuration ZOOM
U
^TECHNOLOGIES

Edit the configuration host file

[root@dns -]# vi /etc/hosts

'\
Add the entries required

127.0. 0.1 localhost.localdomain localhost

192.168.0. 253 dns.zoomgroup.com dns
192.168.0. 1 client1.zoomgroup.com clientl
192.168.0. 2 client2.zoomgroup.com client2

Hostname Resolution
V
ZOOM
u
TECHNOLOGIES,

A
1

Ravi
Linux Clientl

192.168.0.1

0 129
 ZOOM
Hostname Resolution

m root:* localhost
^TECHNOLOGIES

IS©®
'J
File Edit View Terminal Tabs Help
[root®clientl ~]#ping client2.zoomgroup.com
64 bytes from dient2.zoomgroup.com 192.168.0.2: icmp_seq-0 ttl-64 time-0.047 ms
64 bytes from client2.zoomgroup.com 192.168.0.2: icmp_seq-0 ttl-64 time^0.047 ms
64 bytes from client2.zoomgroup.com 192.168.0.2: icmp_seq-0 ttl-64 tinted).047 ms
64 bytes from client2.zoomgroup.com 192.168.0.2: icmp_seq-0 ttl-64 time-0.047 ms

dient2.zoomgroup.com ping statistics

4 packets transmitted, 4 received, 0 duplicates, OX packet loss, time 1001ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev - 0,039/0,583/1.390/0.404 ms, pipe 2

[rootCclientl ~]#ping dns.zoomgroup.com

64 bytes from dns.zoomgroup.com 192.168.0.253: icmp_seq-0 ttl-64 time-0.047 ms
64 bytes from dns.zoomgroup.com 192.168.0.253: icmp_seq-0 ttl-64 time-0.047 ms
64 bytes from dns,zoomgroup.com 192,168,0,253; 1cmp_seq-0 ttl-64 time-0,047 ms
64 bytes from dns.zoomgroup.com 192,168,0,253; icmp_seq-0 ttl-64 time-0,047 ms

dns.zoomgroup.com ping statistics

4 packets transmitted, 4 received, 0 duplicates, OX packet loss, time 1001ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev - 0,039/0,583/1.390/0,404 ms, pipe 2

[root®clientl -]#

Domain Name System (DNS) ZOOM

U
TECHNOLOGIES,

• The Domain Name System (DNS) is a hierarchical naming system

where each level of name is separated by a

• It resolves user friendly domain names into computer friendly IP

addresses.

• It also resolves IP addresses into domain names.

• It provides a centralized database for resolution.

130
 DNS Namespace ZOOM
'J
^TECHNOLOGIES

How DNS works ? ZOOM

'J
TECHNOLOGIES,

0 131
 Zone ZOOM
U
^TECHNOLOGIES

• Zone is a storage database which contains ail the records.

• There are two zones:

• Forward Lookup Zone

- Used for resolving hostnames to IP address.

- It maintains host to IP address mapping information.

• Reverse Lookup Zone

- Used for resolving IP address to hostnames.

- It maintains IP address to hostname mapping information.

How DNS Resoluti dientl 192.168.0.1

1
Forward zone zoomgroup.com dient2 192.168.0.2

sever 192.168.0.253

192.168.0.1 dientl

Reverse zone 0.168.192.in-addr.arpa 192.168.0.2 dient2

192.168.0.253 sever

f£ SA

A
J 'f
Ravi Linux Client 1 AM Linux Client 2

192.168.0.1 192.168.0.2

0 132
 Records ZOOM
• SOA Record

- Start of Authority

- It is the first record in any zone file.

• NS Record

- Name Server

- Identifies the DNS server for each zone.

• A Record

- Address

- Maps a hostname to an IP address.

ZOOM
')
TECHNOLOGIES,

• CNAME Record

- Canonical Name (Alias)

- Maps an alias name to a hostname.

• PTR Record

- Pointer

- Maps an IP address to a hostname.

• MX Record

- Mail Exchange

- Maps a domain name to a mail server.

0 133
 DNS Requirements ZOOM
U
^TECHNOLOGIES

• Packages • Database Directory

- bind /var/named

• Port number • Service/Daemon

- 53 DNS - named

• Configuration files

- /etc/named.conf

- /etc/named.rfcl912.zones

DNS Configuration
V
ZOOM
u
TECHNOLOGIES,

0 134
 Installing DNS ZOOM
'J
^TECHNOLOGIES

Installing DNS

[root@dns -]# yum install bind* -y

Configuration of named.conf ZOOM

V. D
TECHNOLOGIES,

Edit the configuration file

[root@dns -]# vi /etc/named.conf

^ Add the following options

listen-on port 53 { 127.0.0.1 ; 192.168.0.252; };

allow-query { localhost; 192.168.0.0/24; };

V

0 135
 Configuration of named.rfcl912.zones ZOOM
'J
^TECHNOLOGIES

Edit the configuration file

[root@dns -]# vi /etc/named.rfcl912.zones

To add the options

zone "zoomgroup.com" IN {
type master;
file “zoom.for";
};
zone "0.168.192.in-addr.arpa" IN {
type master;

Configuration - Forward Lookup Zone ZOOM

')
TECHNOLOGIES,

Copy the forward lookup zone file

[root@dns -]# cd /var/named

[root@dns named]# cp -p named.localhost zoom.for
Note: The file has to be copied with the permission
v /
( \
Edit the file zoom.for

[root@dns named]# vi zoom.for

V )

0 136
 Configuration - Forward Lookup Zone

To add the options

ZOOM
D
^TECHNOLOGIES

$TTL 86400
@ IN SOA dns.zoomgroup.com.
root.zoomgroup.com.(
0 serial (d. adams)
ID refresh
3H retry
1W expire
ID) minimum

IN NS dns.zoomgroup.com
dns IN A 192.168.0.252
clientl IN A 192.168.0.1
client2 IN A 192.168.0.2
WWW IN CNAME clientl

(i LINUX

Configuration - Reverse Lookup Zone ZOOM

V ')
TECHNOLOGIES,

Copy the reverse lookup zone file \

[root@dns -]# cd /var/named

[root@dns named]# cp -p named.loopback zoom.rev
Note: The file has to be copied with the permission
x

Edit the file zoom.rev

[root@dns named]# vi zoom.rev

V >

0 137
 Configuration - Reverse Lookup Zone

f \
ZOOM
U
^TECHNOLOGIES

To add the options

$TTL 86400
@ IN SOA dns.zoomgroup.com.
root.zoomgroup.com.(
0 ; Serial
3600 Refresh
10800 Retry
3600000 Expire
86400) Minimum

IN NS dns.zoomgroup.com.
252 IN PTR dns.
1 IN PTR clientl.
2 IN PTR client2.

Configuration of DNS Server IP Address ZOOM

u
TECHNOLOGIES,

Edit the configuration file

[root@dns -]# vi /etc/resolv.conf
/ " ^
Add the following options

nameserver 192.168.0.253

0 138
 Restart the Services ZOOM
'J
^TECHNOLOGIES

(
Restart the DNS service temporary
[root@dns -]# service named restart
v J

r "\
Restart the DNS service permanent
[root@dns -]# systemctl enable named

v J

Checking the Configuration ZOOM

v,
TECHNOLOGIES,
D

/ ; \
To check the main configuration file
[root@dns -]# named-checkconf /etc/named.conf
v /
( \
To check the forward lookup zone file
[root@dns -]# named-checkzone zoomgroup.com
/var/named/zoom.for
r \
To check the reverse lookup zone file
[root@dns -]# named-checkzone zoomgroup.com
/var/named/zoom.rev

E 139
Checking the Configuration ZOOM
U
^TECHNOLOGIES

( \
Checking forward lookup
[root@dns -]# dig clientl .zoomgroup.com
[root@dns-]# dig client2.zoomgroup.com >
f \
Checking reverse lookup
[root@dns-]# dig -x 192.168.0.1
^ [root@dns ~]# dig -x 192.168.0.2
( \
Mount the remote file-system
[root@dns -]# ping clientl .zoomgroup.com
^ [root@dns ~]# ping client2.zoomgroup.com
 Checking the Configuration ZOOM
U
^TECHNOLOGIES

( \
Checking forward lookup
[root@client1 -]# dig dns.zoomgroup.com
^ [root(g)client1 -]# dig client2.zoomgroup.com
/ ; \
Checking reverse lookup
[root@client1 -]# dig -x 192.168.0.2
^ [root@clientl ~]# dig -x 192.168.0.252
( \
Mount the remote file-system
[root@client1 -]# ping dns.zoomgroup.com
^ [root(g)clientl ~]# ping client2.zoomgroup.com

0 141
 Unix / linux Based Mail Servers

• Sendmail
ZOOM
U
^TECHNOLOGIES

• Postfix

• Qmail

• Smail

• Exim

• Zimbra

How Mail Server Works?

V
ZOOM
u
TECHNOLOGIES,

0 142
 How Mail Server Works? I ZOOM I
^TECHNOLOGIES^

Mu/ I la Start POCK Mu/11 la F »ufy»

EM £/* i**" HfWV Tflffc *^C

C . httpV/192.168.0.252/webmail
.2 Mc*t !**«■! ^ Vttt-g Started *•_ l4t«» ►*•»!**«
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>OU CblMp

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How Mail Server Works? ZOOM

VTECHNOLOGIES,
'J

Mail Server
192.168.0.25

zoomgroup.com

linux Client
192.168.0.1

0 143
How Mail Server Works? OM I
ZOOM
V^TECHN OLOGIES^

Applications Places System | ^ >4 * Mon May 12. 3:46 PM root

mFile Edit View History

SqutrrelMail - Login - Mozilla Firefox (on mail.zoom.com)
Bookmarks Tools Help
a
«- ~ £2 . * ffBUBimi https://in.iil linux.com/webma i/sic/loyin.pi sr .‘|v

w Most Visited w a Centos « Wiki |o Documentation u Forums

^ |o'l Sq.iirrelM.iil - Login 1

SquinvlMail version 1.1.22-J.olO

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S«|ii int*l Mnil login

Name: |ravi
Password: «
Login

How Mail Server Works? ZOOM

V TECHNOLOGIES,

Folders Current Folder: INBOX Slun Out

l.asl Refresh: C nnipoNC Addresses Folders Options Search Help SnuirrelMail

Wed. 4:33 pn:
Infttil folder 11 st ■
Toggle All

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Drafts |INGOX -] Move i Forward Read | Unread Delete
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From O Date Su hject ED

THIS FOI.DER IS F.V1PTY

144
 How Mail Server Works?

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E»e L<* Mfwv
Mo/llla 1 «ufon
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^^TECHNOLOGIES,

http ://192.168.0.253/webmail/src/webmail.php ■* niffi •« ✓ 1

•x Mort 3 ^ >it»rfl UM

Wdi irv»y; Myr Nyi Uiiit Ogjps Bwt; rvrrg *

Folders Current Folder: INBOX Sigt Out

Lait Refresh: Compose Addresses Folders Options Search Help S q.M: I elM.ll
Wed. 4:33 pm
irclresh toldcf list)
To: | [email protected]
INBOX CC:

Drafts HCX “
Sent Suhjeci Test Mail
Trash Priority) Normal ~ Receipt: On Read I- On Delivery
Signature | Acdresses J Save Draft | Send | Check Spelling

Hello,

This is a test mail

Regards

Ravi

How Mail Server Works? ZOOM

TECHNOLOGIES,

Mail Server
192.168.0.25

zoomgroup.com

linux Client
192.168.0.1

0 145
 How Mail Server Works? ZOOM
U
^TECHNOLOGIES

c
, .. >
-

0
'(■ Forward zone gmail.com mx record

zoomgroup.com

linux Client
192.168.0.1

How Mail Server Works?

V
ZOOM
u
TECHNOLOGIES,

0 146
 How Mail Server Works? ZOOM
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^TECHNOLOGIES

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0 147
 How Mail Server Works? ZOOM
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How Mail Server Works? ZOOM

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148
 Postfix Requirements ZOOM
U
^TECHNOLOGIES

• Packages • Service / Daemon

- postfix*.rpm _ postfjx

• Port Numbers

- 25 Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)

- 110 Post Office Protocol v3 (POP3)

- 143 Interim Mail Access Protocol (IMAP)

• Configuration File

- /etc/postfix/main.cf

Mail Server Configuration

V
ZOOM
u
TECHNOLOGIES,

DNS Server
■

192.168.0.252 Mail Server

192.168.0.253

Ravi
Clientl linux Client2

192.168.0.1 192.168.0.2

0 149
 Mail Server Configuration ZOOM
'J
^TECHNOLOGIES

( ; \
Install the Postfix packages
[root@mailserver -]# yum install postfix* -y
\ /

Postfix Server Configuration ZOOM

u
TECHNOLOGIES,

Edit the configuration file

[root@mailserver -]# vi /etc/postfix/main.cf
/

Change the below options

83: remove # from beginning of line and add
mail.zoomgroup.com
75: remove # from beginning of line and add
zoomgroup.com

0 150
 Postfix Server Configuration ZOOM
VJECHN
])
OLOGIES

To create mail users

[root@mailserver~]# useradd ravi
[root@mailserver~]# USeradd ali

To restart the mail services

[root@mailserver -]# service postfix restart

To restart the mail services

[root@mailserver -]# systemctl enable postfix

Testing the Mail Server ZOOM

TECHNOLOGIES,')
To send the mail from one user to another user
[root@mailserver -]# mail ravi
Subject: Test message
This is a test message

Cc:
[root@mailserver ~]#

0 151
 Testing the Mail Server ZOOM
'J
^TECHNOLOGIES

f ^
To check if the mail has been received
[root@mailserver -]# su - ravi
[ravi@mailserver~]$ mail
V y

DNS Server Configuration ZOOM

u
TECHNOLOGIES,

( \
Install the DNS packages
[root@dns -]# yum install bind* -y
v /

0 152
 DNS Server Configuration ZOOM
lJ
^TECHNOLOGIES

Edit the configuration file ■\

[root@dns-]# vi /etc/named.conf
■\
Change the below options

listen-on port 53 { 127.0.0.0; 192.168.0.252; };

^allow-query {localhost; 192.168.0.0/24; };

DNS Server Configuration

V
ZOOM
u
TECHNOLOGIES,

Edit the configuration file

[root@dns -]# vi /etc/named.rfcl912.zones

Add the lines at the bottom of the file

zone "zoomgroup.com" IN {
type master;
file “zoom.for";

0 153
 DNS Server Configuration ZOOM
'J
^TECHNOLOGIES

( \
Copy with permissions the forward lookup zone file for editing
[root@dns -]# cd /var/named
[root@dns named]# cp -p named.localhost zoom.for

DNS Server Configuration ZOOM

V. ')
TECHNOLOGIES,

ft LINUX

0 154
 DNS Server Configuration ZOOM
VJECHN
])
OLOGIES

Configure primary DNS server address

[root@dns -]# vi /etc/resolv.conf

Add the DNS server IP address

nameserver 192.168.0.253

DNS Server Configuration ZOOM

TECHNOLOGIES,
u
Restart the DNS service
[root@dns -]# service named restart

Restart the DNS service permanent

[root@dns -]# systemctl enable named

To check the resolution

[root@dns -]# dig -t mx zoomgroup.com

0 155
 SquirrelMail ZOOM
V ')
TECHNOLOGIES,

Packages - tmpwatch

- squirrelmail*.rpm

- dovecot-*.rpm

- curl*

- php-5*

- perl-5*

- httpd*

- modssl*

- hunspell-en*

0 156
 Mail Server Configuration ZOOM
^TECHNOLOGIES

Install the squirrelmail requirement packages

[root@mailserver ~]# yum install mod_ssl* perl* curl* php*
hunspell-en* dovecot* httpd* postfix* tmpwatch* -y

Download and Squirrel mail package

[root@mailserver -]# ftp 192.168.0.250

Mail Server Configuration

V
ZOOM
u
TECHNOLOGIES,

r Enter into Downloads directory

[root@mailserver -]# cd /root/Downloads

V /

Install the squirrelmail package

[root@mailserver -]#
[root@mailserver~]# rpm -ivh squirrelmail* --force
V J

0 157
 Postfix Server Configuration ZOOM
U
^TECHNOLOGIES

Edit the configuration file

[root@mailserver -]# vi /etc/dovecot/conf.d/10-auth.conf

\
Change the below options

10: disable_plaintext_auth = no
100: auth_mechanisms = plain login
:wq!

Postfix Server Configuration ZOOM

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TECHNOLOGIES,

Edit the configuration file

[root@mailserver -]# vi /etc/dovecot/conf.d/10-mail.conf

Change the below options

25: disable_plaintext_auth =/var/spool/mail

119: mail_access_group = mail
:wq!

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 Mail Server Configuration ZOOM
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^TECHNOLOGIES

Copy the squirrelmail directory data in apache directory

[root@mailserver -]# cp -rv /usr/share/squirrelmail/*
/var/www/html
J

Start the postfix service

[root@mailserver -]# service postfix restart

Mail Server Configuration ZOOM

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/
Start the dovecot restart
[root@mailserver -]# service dovecot restart

V y

Start the httpd service

[root@mailserver-]# service httpd restart

V y

0 159
 Sending mails with Squirrelmail ZOOM
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To find send mail on GUI mode
[root@dns -]# firefox &
/
http://mail.zoomgroup.com

0 160
 Unix / Linux Based Web Servers ZOOM
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• TUX - In-Kernel web server that supports only text.

• Apache - The most popular web server.

• AOL - American Online free web server.

• Sun One - Web server from SUN previously called as iPlanet

Apache

• Apache is a free and open source software.

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• The application is available for a wide variety of operating systems, including Unix,

Linux and Windows.

• The majority of all web servers using Apache are Linux web servers.

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dns 192.168.0. 252

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Linux Client
192.168.0.1 192.168.0.2

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• Packages
- httpd*.rpm

• Port Numbers

- 80 HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

• Configuration File

- /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf

• Service / Daemon

- httpd

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( \
Install the Apache packages
[root@webserver -]# yum install httpd*-y
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Apache Web Server Configuration ZOOM

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Edit the configuration file

[root@webserver -]# vi /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf

r Add the below options

<VirtualHost *:80>
ServerAdmin [email protected]
ServerName www.zoomgroup.com:80
DocumentRoot "/var/www/htmr
Directorylndex zoomgroup.html
</VirtualHost>

0 165
 Apache Web Server Configuration ZOOM
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( ; \
Restart the web service temporary
[root@webserver -]# service httpd restart
\

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Restart the web service permanent
^

[root@webserver -]# systemctl enable httpd

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DNS Server Configuration ZOOM

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( \
Install the DNS packages
[root@dns -]# yum install bind* -y
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Edit the configuration file

[root@dns -]# vi /etc/named.conf
^
Change the below options

listen-on port 53 { 127.0.0.0; 192.168.0.252; };

allow-query { localhost; 192.168.0.0/24; };

DNS Server Configuration ZOOM

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Edit the configuration file

[root@dns -]# vi /etc/named.rfcl912.zones

Add the lines at the bottom of the file

zone "zoomgroup.com" IN {
type master;
file “zoom.for";

0 167
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Copy the forward lookup zone file for editing
[root@dns ~]# cd /var/named
[root@dns named]# cp -p named.localhost zoom.for
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DNS Server Configuration ZOOM

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Edit the configuration file

[root@dns named]# vi zoom.for
Make the following entries
$TTL 86400
@ IN SOA dns.zoomgroup.com.
root.zoomgroup.com.(
0 ; serial (d. adams)
ID ; refresh
3H ; retry
1W ; expiry
ID) ; minimum
INNS dns.zoomgroup.com
dns IN A 192.168.0. 252
.Webserver IN A 192.168.0. 253
INCNAME Webserver

0 168
 DNS Server Configuration ZOOM
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Configure primary DNS server address

[root@dns -]# vi /etc/resolv.conf

Add the DNS server IP address

nameserver 192.168.0.252

DNS Server Configuration ZOOM

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Restart the DNS service

[root@dns -]# service named restart

Restart the DNS service

[root@dns -]# systemctl enable named

To check the resolution

[root@dns -]# dig www.zoomgroup.com

0 169
 Linux Client Configuration ZOOM
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Configure primary DNS server address

A
[root@client1 -]# vi /etc/resolv.conf
(
Add the DNS server IP address

nameserver 192.168.0.252

Linux Client Configuration

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To access the website A

Open a browser (FireFox).
In the URL address box type
http://www.zoomgroup.com or http://192.168.0.253

0 170
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f >
To access the website
Configure the DNS IP address in the TCP/IP properties
Open a browser (Internet Explore, FireFox, etc).
In the URL address box type
http://www.zoomgroup.com or http://192.168.0.253
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Authentication Configuration ZOOM

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Edit the configuration file

[root@webserver -]# vi /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf

Add the below lines

<Directory /var/www/html>
AuthUserFile /etc/httpd/conf/htpasswd
AuthName "WebAuthentication"
AuthType Basic
Require valid-user
\^/Directory>

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 Authentication Configuration ZOOM
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r Create a user and assign a password

[root@webserver -]# htpasswd -c

/etc/httpd/conf/htpasswd ravi
New password: ******
Re-type new password: ******

Apache Web Server Configuration ZOOM

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( \
Restart the web service temporary
[root@webserver -]# service httpd restart
v

( ' ^
Restart the web service permanent
[root@webserver -]# systemctl enable httpd
\ /

0 172
 Linux Client Configuration ZOOM
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To access the website

Open a browser (FireFox).
In the URL address box type
http://www.zoomgroup.com or http://192.168.0.253
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• Hosting more than one website on a single server is called as Virtual Hosting.

• Types of virtual hosting:

- Name based virtual hosting

- IP based virtual hosting

- Port based virtual hosting

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Www.zoomgroup.coi

www.google.com

192.168.0.25CI

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dns 192.168.0.252
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192.168.0.252
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Webserver 192.168.0.253

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dns 192.168.0.252
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Webserver 192.168.0.254

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dns 192.168.0.252

www.zoomgroup.cor

192.168.0.253

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DNS Server

192.168.0.25
Web Server

192.168.0. 253

vww.zoomgroup.co
3

www.google.com

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( \
Install the Apache packages
[root@webserver -]# yum install httpd* -y
v /

0 185
 Name Based Virtual Hosting Configuration ZOOM
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Edit the configuration file

[root@webserver -]# vi /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf

Add the below lines at the end of the file

NameVirtualHost *:80
<VirtualHost *:80>
ServerAdmin [email protected]
DocumentRoot /var/www/html
ServerName www.zoomgroup.com
Directorylndex zoomgroup.html
\^/VirtualHost>

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(?.<VirtualHost *:80>
ServerAdmin [email protected]
DocumentRoot /var/www/html
ServerName www.google.com
Directorylndex google.html
y</VirtualHost>

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 Name Based Virtual Hosting Configuration ZOOM
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Restart the web service
[root@webserver-]# service httpd restart
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DNS Server Configuration ZOOM

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/ \
Install the DNS packages
[root@dns -]# yum install bind* -y
v /

0 187
 DNS Server Configuration ZOOM
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Edit the configuration file ■\

[root@dns -]# vi /etc/named.conf
■\
Change the below options

listen-on port 53 { 127.0.0.0; 192.168.0.252; };

^allow-query {localhost; 192.168.0.0/24; };

DNS Server Configuration ZOOM

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Edit the configuration file

[root@dns -]# vi /etc/named.rfcl912.zones

Add the lines at the bottom of the file

zone "zoomgroup.com" IN {
type master;
file “zoom.for";
};
zone “google.com" IN {
type master;
file “google.for";
JJ

0 188
 DNS Server Configuration ZOOM
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( \
Copy with permissions the forward lookup zone file for editing
[root@dns -]# cd /var/named
[root@dns named]# cp -p localhost.zone zoom.for

DNS Server Configuration ZOOM

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TECHNOLOGIES,

Edit the configuration file

[root@dns named]# vi zoom.for
\
Make the following entries
$TTL 86400
@ IN SOA dns.zoomgroup.com. root.zoomgroup.com.(
0 ; serial (d. adams)
ID ; refresh
3H ; retry
1W ; expiry
ID) ; minimum
IN NS dns.zoomgroup.com.
dns IN A 192.168.0. 252
Webserver IN A 192.168.0. 253

0 189
 DNS Server Configuration ZOOM
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( \
Copy with permissions the forward lookup zone file for editing
[root@dns -]# cd /var/named
[root@dns named]# cp -p named.localhost google.for

DNS Server Configuration ZOOM

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TECHNOLOGIES,

"X
Edit the configuration file \
[root@dns named]# vi google.for

Make the following entries

$TTL 86400
@ IN SOA dns.google.com. root. google.com.(
0 ; serial (d. adams)
ID ; refresh
3H ; retry
1W ; expiry
ID) ; minimum
IN NS dns.google.com.
dns IN A 192.168.0.252
Webserver IN A 192.168.0.253
.WWW IN CNAME Webserver

0 190
 DNS Server Configuration ZOOM
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^TECHNOLOGIES

Restart the DNS service

[root@dns -]# service named restart

Restart the DNS service

[root@dns -]# systemctl enable named

To check the resolution

[root@dns~]# dig www.zoomgroup.com

[root@dns -]# dig www.google.com

Linux Client Configuration

V
ZOOM
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TECHNOLOGIES,

Configure primary DNS server address

[root@client1 -]# vi /etc/resolv.conf

Add the DNS server IP address

nameserver 192.168.0.252

0 191
 Linux Client Configuration ZOOM
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^TECHNOLOGIES

To access the website

Open a browser (Mozilla, Fire Fox, etc).
In the URL address box type
http://www.zoomgroup.com or http://www.google.com
v /

IP Based Virtual Hosting

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TECHNOLOGIES,

www.google.com

192.168.0.254

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Assigning virtual IP address
[root@webserver -]# nmtui
[root@webserver~]# service network restart
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IP Based Virtual Hosting Configuration

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TECHNOLOGIES,

Edit the configuration file

[root@server -]# vi /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf

/ Change the below options

<VirtualHost 192.168.0.251:80>
ServerAdmin [email protected]
DocumentRoot /var/www/html
ServerName www.google.com
Directorylndex google.html
</VirtualHost>

0 193
 5
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( \
Restart the web service
[root@webserver -]# service httpd restart
v )

DNS Server Configuration ZOOM

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TECHNOLOGIES,

i. LINUX

0 194
 DNS Server Configuration ZOOM
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^TECHNOLOGIES

Restart the DNS service

[root@dns-]# service named restart

r
To check the resolution

[root@dns-]# dig www.zoomgroup.com

^ [root@dns -]# dig www.google.com
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Linux Client Configuration ZOOM

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TECHNOLOGIES,

To access the website

Open a browser (Mozilla, Fire Fox, etc).
In the URL address box type
http://www.zoomgroup.com or http://192.168.0.253
http://www.google.com or http://192.168.0.251

0 195
 Port Based Virtual Hosting ZOOM
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DNS Server
192.168.0.252

192.168.0.253:5000

Linux Client
192.168.0.1

Port Based Virtual Hosting Configuration ZOOM

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TECHNOLOGIES,

Edit the configuration file

[root@webserver -]# vi /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf

r Change the below options

Listen 8000
<VirtualHost 192.168.0.253:8000>
ServerAdmin [email protected]
DocumentRoot /var/www/html
ServerName www.zoomgroup.com
Directorylndex zoomgroup.html
</VirtualHost>

0 196
 Port Based Virtual Hosting Configuration ZOOM
lJ
^TECHNOLOGIES

(ftLISTEN 9000
<VirtualHost 192.168.0.251:9000>
ServerAdmin [email protected]
DocumentRoot /var/www/html
ServerName www.google.com
Directorylndex google.html
V^</VirtualHost>

Port Based Virtual Hosting Configuration ZOOM

u
TECHNOLOGIES,

( \
Restart the web service
[root@webserver -]# service httpd restart
v )
( ' N
Restart the web service permanent
[root@webserver -]# systemctl enable httpd
v )

0 197
 Linux Client Configuration ZOOM
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TECHNOLOGIES

To access the website

Open a browser (Mozilla, Fire Fox, etc).

In the URL address box type
http://www.zoomgroup.com:8000 or
http://192.168.0.251:9000

0 198
 Webmin ZOOM I
^TECHNOLOGIES^

• Webmin is a 3rd party Graphical User Interface (GUI) tool used for Linux /Unix system
and network administration.

• Webmin can be downloaded from the link http://webmin.com/

• Webmin is available in a .rpm format as well as a .tar.gz format.

• Download the file from internet or copy it from any media in /opt directory.

Webmin Installation ZOOM

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TECHNOLOGIES,

To install Webmin using .tar.gz package

[root@server -]# cd /opt
[root@server opt]# tar -xvzf webmin-1.360.tar.gz
[root@server opt]# cd webmin-1.360
[root@server opt ]# ./setup.sh

Accept the default values

0 199
 Webmin access ZOOM
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^TECHNOLOGIES

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To access Webmin
Open a web browser and type http://localhost:10000
v y

FJIe Edit view History Bookmarks Tools Help

^ https ;;locolhost:1000<y

AF | ^ localhost local host i NCXI ~ a :«~ Jll

Login to Webmin

\tou must enter a username and password to login to the

Webmin server on ioc«iho«t.
Username | a cl mi r

Password

- i OJI

O Remember login pemnoncntly?

0 200
Webmin Installation
-**» Applications

EHe Edit view

Places

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Webmin 1.360 on web.zoomgroup.com (Centos Linux 6.3)

Bookmarks Tools b©*P
Mozilla Firefox
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13 Servers module lonflgi.t >iioM Is incorrect
Apache Webserver The BIND package con be automatically installed by Webmin to hove it downloaded and installed using
BIND DNS Server YUM
CVS Server
DHCP Server
Dovecot IMAP;P0P3
Server
Fetchmall Mail Retrieval
Frox FTP Proxy
Jabber IM Server
Majordomo List Manager
MySQL Database Server
OpenSLP Server
Po&tflx Configuration
Postqr eSQL Database
Server
Prof TPD Server
Procmaii Mail Filter
QMflil Configuration
Read user Mail
SSH Server
Samba Windows File
Sharing
Sendmail Configuration
SpamAssassm Mail Filter
Squid Analysis Report
Cie»nerrtrnr
https V^ocairtost 10000/s oft waie^l -bindB/&«etuiiKlesc = BIND DNS Server

Webmin Installation

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Webmin 1.360 on web.zoomgroup.com (Centos Linux 6.3) - Mozilla Firefox

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MySQL Database Server -» Finished Orpr«>drr<cy Rnoluticn
OpenSLP Server
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Postfix configuration
PostgreSQL Database
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Read User Mail
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Sarnbrt Windows File Install 2 Package(s)
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Sendmail Configuration Installed (IM; 9.4 M
SpamAssassin Mail Filter Downloading Packages i

Squid Analysis Report 9.9 Hl/i | 4.8 I

Generator femping n* chock debug
ftjnnlng Transaction Test
Squid Proxy Server 0

201
Webmin Installation

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BIND DNS Server
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Li System
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b Global Server Options
Apache Webserver
BIND DNS Server
CVS Server
DHCP Server
Dovecot IMAP/POP3
Server
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Other DNS
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Logging and Access Control Flies and Forwarding and
S
Addresses aid
Servers Errors UttS Directories Transfer* Topology
Fctchmail Mail Retrieval
Frox FTP Proxy
Jabber IM Server
Major domo List Manager
My5QL Database Server
Miscellaneous
m
Control interface DNS Keys
€>
Zone Defaults
m
Cluster Slave
J?
Setup RNDC
Options Options Servers
openSLP Server
Postfix Configuration
PostgreSOL Oat a base
Server
Prof TPD Server Edit Confkj File
Procmai! Mail Filter
UMail configuration L Existing DNS Zones
Read User Mail
Create master rone | Create slave rone | Create stub rone | Create forward rone | Create delegation rone |
5SH Server Create zones from botch file.
Samba Windows File
Sharing
Sendmaii Configuration
SpamAsvissin Mail Filter
Squid Analysis Report
Generator
Squid Proxy Server

Webmin uninstalling ZOOM

u
TECHNOLOGIES,

( \
To uninstall Webmin
[root@server -]# sh /etc/webmin/uninstall.sh
L /

202
 MCSE-2012 FUII Course
MICROSOFT CERTIFIED SOLUTIONS EXPERT
Practicals in real-time environment. Detailed curriculum with all 5 papers
Duration: 1 Month | 4 Hrs Per Day (starts on 30* of every month)
Batches: Morning: 8.30 to 10.30 • Afternoon: 2.00 to 4.00 • Evening: 7.30 to 9.30 \
CCNA (v 2.0) Full Course
CISCO CERTIFIED NETWORK ASSOCIATE Complete Package
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+ 14% Service Tax

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Duration: 3 Months
Duration: 2 Weeks | 4 Hrs Per Day (starts on is* &30,h of every month) 4 Hrs Per Day
Batches: Morning: 8.00 • Afternoon: 1.30 • Evening: 7.00

I'.'iilillWIliJJiJIhAHiWIlWjWlllliltWIi: 100%
►/
• Ethical Hacking, Cyber Security and Firewall • Open Source: A glimpse into advance Linux
• VMware vSphere and MS Private Cloude • Cisco WAN Technology & Collaboration

Free MCSE & CCNA Exam Practice Questions GUARANTEED

[UAr | Ethical Hacking &
EI1UE I Countermeasures Expert
Course is mapped to EHCE course from US-Council (www.us-council.com)
Fees: ? 9,500/-
JOB
+ 14% Service Tax.
(Pre requisite is CCNA / MCSE / LINUX) ASSISTANCE
1
Duration: 2 Weeks | 4 Hrs Per Day (starts on is " & 30th of every month)
Batches: Morning: 7.30 or Evening: 6.00

CCNP R&S
rcisco CERTIFIED NETWORK PROFESSIONAL^
Duration: 1 Month | 4 Hrs Per Day (starts on 15th of every month)
Batches: Morning: 7.30 • Afternoon: 2.00 • Evening: 6.00 Fees: ^ jBfOCG/;
• Labs on latest routers with IOS version 15.X Introductory Special Offer
Monitoring, Diagnostics & Troubleshooting Tools
• PRTG • Wireshark • SolarWinds, etc.
Fees: ? 5,500/-
+ 14% Service Tax
Exam Practice Challenge Labs

CCIE R&S
tcisco CERTIFIED INTERNETWORK EXPERT
Duration: 1 Month | 4 Hrs Per Day (starts on is1" of every month)
Batches: Morning: 7.30 • Evening: 6.00
• Individual Rack For Every Student Fees: ?
• Real time scenarios by 20+ years experienced CCIE certified industry expert who
has worked on critical projects worldwide. Introductory Special Offer
Written + Lab Exam Focus Fees: ? 9,999/-
FREE Full Scale 8 Hours Exam Lab Included + 14% Service Tax
Unlimited Lab Access For 1 Year
 Fees: ? 2,500/-
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Duration: 2 Weeks | 4 Hrs Per Day (starts on is* & 30* of every month) + 14% Service Tax
Batches: (Contact the Counselors for the next available batch)

Fees: 2,500/-
Duration: 2 Weeks | 4 Hrs Per Day + 14% Service Tax
Batches: (Contact the Counselors for the next available batch)

Fees: ? 2,500/-
Duration: 2 Weeks | 4 Hrs Per Day (starts on 15* & 30* of every month) + 14% Service Tax
Batches: (Contact the Counselors for the next available batch)

CCNA SECURITY (Pre requisite is CCNA R&S)

Fees: ^ 7,500/-
CISCO CERTIFIED NETWORK ASSOCIATE - SECURITY]
+ 14% Service Tax
Duration: 2 Weeks | 4 Hrs Per Day (starts on 15* of every month)
Batches: Morning: 7.30 or Evening: 6.00

CCNP SECURITY (Pre requisite is CCNA Security at ZOOM)

Fees: ^ 9,500/-
CISCO CERTIFIED NETWORK PROFESSIONAL - SECURITY
Duration: 2 Weeks | 4 Hrs Per Day (starts on 30* of every month) + 14% Service Tax
Batches: Morning: 7.30 or Evening: 6.00

CCIE SECURITY (Pre requisite is CCNA & CCNP Security at ZOOM)

Fees:^15,500/-
CISCO CERTIFIED INTERNETWORK - SECURITY.
+ 14% Service Tax
Duration: 1 Month | 4 Hrs Per Day
Batches: (Contact the Counselors for the next available batch)

VMware vSphere (Pre requisite is MCSE) Fees: ? 4,950/-

Duration: 1 Month | 4 Hrs Per Day (starts on 15* of every month) + 14% Service Tax
Batches: Morning: 7.30 and Evening: 7.30

VMware vCloud (Pre requisite is VMware vSphere) Fees: ? 2,500/-

Duration: 1 Week | 4 Hrs Per Day (starts on 15* of every month) + 14% Service Tax
Batches: Morning: 9.30 to 11.30

■diiJd'iJiiiniJhnHHT Fees: ^ 5,500/-

Duration: 2 Weeks | 4 Hrs Per Day + 14% Service Tax
Batches: (Contact the Counselors for the next available batch)

We also offer the following courses (Contact the Counselors for the next available batch)
► CCNA Voice @ ^7,500/- ► CCNA Data Center @ ^7,500/-
► CCNP Voice @ ?9,500/- ► CCNP Data Center ?9,500/-
► CCIE Collaboration @ 5,500/- ► CCIE Data Center 5,500/-
► IPv6 Migration @ ^5,500/-
► All Senior Engineers of Zoom working on Live projects
FACULTY * Training Engineers of British Army, CISCO, CMC, GE, BSNL, Tata Teleservices and
Several Corporates etc for 18 Years.

www.zoomgroup.com
 FREE Training
Zoom Technologies offers a number of free resources for the professional development of network
engineers.

Register on our website to get access to the video recordings of live sessions on:

■ MCSE - Windows Server 2012

■ Cisco - CCNA "1
■ Cisco-CCNP r All Tracks (R & S, Security and Voice)
■ Cisco-CCIE J
■ Exchange Server 2013

- Ethical Hacking and Countermeasure Expert (www.us-council.com)

Find us at: www.zoomgroup.com

Like us on Facebook and get access to free online webinars as well as special offers and discounts.
https://www.facebook.com/ZoomTechnolgies

Online Training
Online Training at Zoom is a cost effective method of learning new networking skills from the
convenience of your home or workplace.

Taking an online training course has many advantages for everyone (Freshers / Working Professionals).
Zoom offers online training for the highly coveted CCNA, CCNP and CCIE courses as well as MCSE,
Linux, VMware, Ethical Hacking and Firewalls, IPv6 with more courses planned for the near future.
These are live instructor led courses, using Cisco WebEX. Check out our online course offerings at:
http://zoomgroup.com/online_course

Job Opportunities
There is a high demand for network and security professionals at all times. Apart from job opportunities
in India and the Middle East, network and security administrators are also sought-after in the US and
Europe.

If you do not have the right skills, then get them now! Choose the experts in network and security
training, an organization which has already trained over one hundred thousand engineers.

For the latest job openings in networking and security, register and upload your resume on:
http://zoomgroup.com/careers or visit zoom to choose job offering from several multinational
companies.
0
 ABOUT US

ZOOM Technologies India Pvt. Ltd. is a pioneering leader in network and security train-
ing, having trained over a hundred thousand engineers over the last two decades.

We offer a world class learning environment, with state-of-the-art labs which are fully
equipped with high-end routers, firewalls, servers and switches. All our courses are
hands-on so you'll get much needed practical experience.

The difference between us and the competition can be summed up in one simple sen-
tence. Our instructors are real-time network professionals who also teach.

Zoom has designed, developed and provided network and security solutions as well as
training to all the big names in the Indian industry, for the public sector as well as corpo-
rate leaders. Some of our clients are:

TATA
BSNL
VSNL
Indian Railways
National Police Academy
Air Force Academy
IPCL- Reliance Corporation
CMC
British Army

No other training institute can boast of a customer base like this. This is the reason for
the resounding success of our networking courses. If you do not have the right skills, then
get them now. Come, join the experts!

Training Centers in Hyderabad, India.

Banjara Hills Ameerpet Secunderabad Dilsukhnagar

HDFC Bank Building, 2nd Floor, # 203, 2nd Floor, Navketan Building, 1st Floor, # 16-11-477/B/1 &B/2,
Road #12, Banjara Hills, HUDA Maitrivanam, Ameerpet, 5 Floor, # 501 Shlivahana Nagar, Dilsukhnagar,
Hyderabad - 500 034 Hyderabad-500 016 Secunderabad - 500 003 Hyderabad - 500 060
Telangana, Telangana, Telangana, Telangana,
India. India. India. India.

Phone: +91 40 23394150 Phone: +91 40 39185252 Phone: +91 40 27802461 Phone: +91-40-24140011
Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected]

website: www.zoomgroup.com