Chapter Introduction

Lesson 1 Energy
Processing
in Plants
Lesson 2 Plant
Responses
Lesson 3 Plant
Reproduction
Chapter Wrap-Up
What processes enable
plants to survive and
reproduce?
What do you think?
Before you begin, decide if you agree or
disagree with each of these statements.
As you view this presentation, see if you
change your mind about any of the
statements.
Energy Processing in Plants

• How do materials move inside plants?

• How do plants perform photosynthesis?
• What is cellular respiration?
• How are photosynthesis and cellular
respiration alike, and how are they
different?
Energy Processing in Plants

• photosynthesis
• cellular respiration
 • There are three main types of tissue found
in plants:
1. Dermal tissue is the protective outer
covering of a plant.
2. Vascular tissue (xylem and phloem)
supports the plant body and transports
water and nutrients throughout the plant.
3. Ground tissue produces and stores sugars
and contributes to the physical support of
the plant.
The three organs of seeded plants (roots,
stems, and leaves), are all made of these
three tissues.
Materials for Plant Processes
• Xylem and phloem—the vascular
tissue in most plants—transport
materials throughout the plant.
• Water flows inside xylem to all parts of
a plant.
• Most plants make their own food;
a liquid sugar that moves out of
food-making cells, enters phloem, and
flows to all plant cells.
Materials for Plant Processes (cont.)
Carbon dioxide, oxygen, and water vapor
pass in and out of a plant through tiny
openings in leaves called the stomata.

How do materials move

through plants?
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is a series of chemical
reactions that convert light energy, water,
and carbon dioxide into the food-energy
molecule glucose and give off oxygen.

photosynthesis
from Greek photo–, means “light”;
and synthesis, means “composition”
Photosynthesis (cont.)
• There are two types of mesophyll cells
inside a leaf that contain chloroplasts,
the organelles where photosynthesis
occurs.
• Near the top surface of the leaf are
palisade mesophyll cells, which are
packed together.
• Spongy mesophyll cells have open
spaces between them, and gases
needed for photosynthesis flow through
the spaces.
Photosynthesis (cont.)
• In the first step of photosynthesis, plants
capture the energy in light.
• This occurs in chloroplasts, which
contain plant pigments.
• Chlorophyll, the most common plant
pigment, is necessary for
photosynthesis.
Photosynthesis (cont.)
• Sugars are made in the second step of
photosynthesis.
• In chloroplasts, carbon dioxide and water
are broken down and, using energy
stored in chlorophyll, form sugar
molecules.
Cellular Respiration
• Cellular respiration is a series of
chemical reactions that convert the
energy in food molecules into a usable
form of energy called ATP.
• Glucose molecules break down during
cellular respiration.
• Plants produce sugar, but without cellular
respiration, plants could not grow,
reproduce, or repair tissues.
Cellular Respiration (cont.)
• Most plants, some protists, and some
bacteria carry on photosynthesis.
• Most organisms carry on cellular
respiration.
• Life on Earth depends on a balance of
these two processes.
Cellular Respiration (cont.)

How are photosynthesis and

cellular respiration alike, and how
are they different?
• Materials that a plant requires to
survive move through the plant in the
vascular tissue, xylem and phloem.
• Plants can make
their own food by
using light energy,
water, and carbon
dioxide.
• The products of
photosynthesis
are the reactants
for cellular
respiration.
Which term refers to the
organelles where photosynthesis
occurs?
A. palisade mesophyll cells
B. chlorophyll
C. chloroplasts
D. spongy mesophyll cells
Which process breaks down
glucose molecules?

A. cellular respiration
B. light energy capture
C. first step of photosynthesis
D. second step of photosynthesis
Which have open spaces between
them that gases flow through?

A. spongy mesophyll cells

B. palisade mesophyll cells
C. chloroplasts
D. chlorophyll
Do you agree or disagree?

1. Plants do not carry on cellular

respiration.
2. Plants are the only organisms that
carry on photosynthesis.
Plant Responses

• How do plants respond to

environmental stimuli?
• How do plants respond to chemical
stimuli?
Plant Responses

• stimulus
• tropism
• photoperiodism
• plant hormone
Stimuli and Plant Responses
• Stimuli are any changes in an
organism’s environment that cause a
response.
• A plant responds to light by growing
toward it.
Environmental Stimuli
• A tropism is a response that results in
plant growth toward or away from a
stimulus.
• When the growth is toward a stimulus,
the tropism is called positive.
• Growth away from a stimulus is
considered negative.
The growth of a plant toward or away from
light is a tropism called phototropism
Environmental Stimuli (cont.)
• The response of a plant to touch is called
a thigmotropism.
• Special structures that respond to touch,
called tendrils, can wrap around or cling
to objects.
Environmental Stimuli (cont.)
• The response of a plant to gravity is
called gravitropism.
• Stems grow away from gravity, while
roots grow toward gravity.
Environmental Stimuli (cont.)

What types of environmental

stimuli do plants respond to?
Give three examples.
Environmental Stimuli (cont.)
• For some plants, flowering actually
happens in darkness.
• Photoperiodism is a plant’s response to
the number of hours of darkness in its
environment.
• Plants that flower when exposed to less
than 10-12 hours of darkness are called
long-day plants.
Environmental Stimuli (cont.)
• Short-day plants require 12 or more
hours of darkness for flowering to begin.
• Day-neutral plants don’t seem to be
affected by the number of hours of
darkness. They flower when they reach
maturity, and the environmental
conditions are right.
The number of hours of darkness
controls flowering in many plants.
Chemical Stimuli
• Plant hormones are substances that act
as chemical messengers within plants.
• Auxins are hormones
responsible for
phototropism.
• They cause the cells
on the dark side of
the plant’s stem to
grow longer.
Chemical Stimuli (cont.)
• The plant hormone ethylene helps
stimulate the ripening of fruit.
• Ethylene is a gas that can be produced
by fruits, seeds, flowers, and leaves.

How do plants respond to the

chemical stimuli, or hormones,
auxin and ethylene?
Chemical Stimuli (cont.)
• Rapidly growing areas of a plant, such
as roots and stems, produce
gibberellins, which increase the rate of
cell division and cell elongation.
• Root tips produce cytokinins, a
hormone that increases the rate of cell
division and, in some plants, slows the
aging process of flowers and fruits.
Humans and Plant Responses
• Humans make plants more productive
by using plant hormones.
• Some crops now are easier to grow
because humans understand how plants
respond to hormones.
• Plants respond to
stimuli in their
environments in
many ways.
• Photoperiodism occurs in long-day
plants and short-day plants. Day-
neutral plants are not affected by the
number of hours of darkness.
• Plant hormones
are internal
chemical stimuli
that produce
different
responses in
plants.
Which term refers to the growth
of a plant toward or away from
light?
A. phototropism
B. photoperiodism
C. gravitropism
D. thigmotropism
Which of the following helps
stimulate the ripening of fruit?

A. auxins
B. cytokinins
C. ethylene
D. none of these
Which refers to special plant
structures that respond to touch?

A. roots
B. stems
C. leaves
D. tendrils
Do you agree or disagree?

3. Plants do not produce hormones.

4. Plants can respond to their
environments.
Plant Reproduction

• What is the alternation of generations

in plants?
• How do seedless plants reproduce?
• How do seed plants reproduce?
Plant Reproduction

• alternation of • embryo
generations • seed
• spore • stamen
• pollen grain • pistil
• pollination • ovary
• ovule • fruit
Asexual Reproduction Versus
Sexual Reproduction
• Asexual reproduction occurs when a
portion of a plant develops into a
separate new plant that is genetically
identical to the original, or parent, plant.
• Sexual reproduction occurs when a
plant’s sperm combines with a plant’s
egg. The resulting zygote can grow into
a plant that is a genetic combination of
its parents.
• Alternation of generations is when the life cycle of all
plants and some animals alternates between diploid and
haploid generations.
Humans live their entire lives as diploid
organisms. Some organisms have haploid
and diploid stages called generations.
Alternation of Generations
Alternation of generations is when the
life cycle of an organism alternates
between diploid and haploid generations.

generation
Science Use haploid and diploid
stages in the life cycle of a plant
Common Use the average span of
time between the birth of parents
and their offspring
Alternation of Generations (cont.)
• Meiosis occurs in certain cells in the
reproductive structures of a diploid plant.
• The daughter cells produced from
haploid structures are called spores.
• Spores grow by mitosis and cell division
and form haploid generation of plant.
• Spores grow by mitosis and cell division
and form the haploid generation of a
plant.
Alternation of Generations (cont.)
• Certain reproductive cells of the haploid
generation produce haploid sperm or
eggs by mitosis and cell division.
• Fertilization takes place when a sperm
and an egg fuse and form a diploid
zygote.
• Seedless plants grow from haploid
spores, not from seeds.
Reproduction in Seedless Plants
• Mosses grow by mitosis and cell division
from haploid spores produced by the
diploid generation.
• Ferns produce haploid spores that grow
into tiny plants which produce eggs and
sperm that can unite and form the diploid
generation.
Reproduction in Seedless Plants (cont.)

How do seedless plants such as

mosses and ferns reproduce?
How do seed plants reproduce?
• Unlike seedless plants, the haploid
generation of a seed plant is within
diploid tissue.
• Separate diploid male and diploid female
reproductive structures produce haploid
sperm and haploid eggs that join during
fertilization.
How do seed plants reproduce? (cont.)
• A pollen grain forms in a male
reproductive structure of a seed plant.
• Pollen grains produce sperm cells which
can be carried to female reproductive
structures by wind, animals, gravity, or
water currents.
• The female reproductive structure of a
seed plant where the haploid egg
develops is called the ovule.
Pollination occurs when pollen grains
land on a female reproductive structure of
a plant that is the same species as the
pollen grains.
How do seed plants reproduce? (cont.)
• Following pollination, sperm enter the
ovule and fertilization occurs.
• A zygote forms and develops into an
embryo, an immature diploid plant.
How do seed plants reproduce? (cont.)
An embryo, its food supply, and a
protective covering make up a seed.
How do seed plants reproduce? (cont.)

How do seed plants reproduce?

How do seed plants reproduce? (cont.)
• Flowerless seed plants are known as
gymnosperms.
• The most common gymnosperms are
conifers, such as pines, firs, cypresses,
redwoods, and yews.
• Cones are the male and female
reproductive structures of conifers.
Reproduction in Flowerless Seed Plants
How do seed plants reproduce? (cont.)
• Flowering seed plants are called
angiosperms.
• Reproduction of an angiosperm begins in
a flower, most of which have male and
female reproductive structures.
How do seed plants reproduce? (cont.)
• The male reproductive organ of a flower
is the stamen.
• Pollen grains
form at the tip
of the stamen
in the anther.
How do seed plants reproduce? (cont.)
• The female reproductive organ of a
flower is the pistil.
• Pollen can land
at the tip of the
pistil, or stigma.
• The ovary is at
the base of the
style. It contains
one or more ovules.
How do seed plants reproduce? (cont.)
• The ovary, and sometimes other parts of
the flower, will develop into a fruit that
contains one or more seeds.
• The seeds can grow into new, genetically
related plants that produce flowers, and
the cycle repeats.
How do seed plants reproduce? (cont.)
• In most cases, seeds of flowering plants
are inside fruits.
• Fruits help protect seeds and help
scatter or disperse them.
• The life cycle of a plant includes an
alternation of generations.
• Seedless plants, such as ferns and
mosses, grow from haploid spores.
• In seed plants,
pollination occurs
when pollen
grains land on
the female
reproductive
structure of a plant
of the same species.
In order for this to occur, pollen
grains must land on a female
reproductive structure of a plant.

A. cell division
B. meiosis
C. pollination
D. sexual reproduction
Which term refers to the female
reproductive organ of a flower?
A. embryo
B. pistil
C. seed
D. stamen
What term refers to the life cycle of
an organism alternating between
diploid and haploid generations?
A. pollination
B. meiosis
C. asexual reproduction
D. alternation of generations
Do you agree or disagree?

5. Seeds contain tiny plant embryos.

6. Flowers are needed for plant
reproduction.
Key Concept Summary
Interactive Concept Map
Chapter Review
Standardized Test Practice
Plants transform light
energy into chemical
energy, respond to
stimuli and maintain
homeostasis, and
reproduce with and
without seeds.
Lesson 1: Energy Processing in Plants
• The vascular tissues in most plants, xylem and
phloem, move materials throughout plants.
• In photosynthesis, plants
convert light energy, water,
and carbon dioxide into the
food-energy molecule glucose
through a series of chemical
reactions. The process gives off oxygen.
• Cellular respiration is a series of chemical reactions
that convert the energy in food molecules into a
usable form of energy called ATP.
• Photosynthesis and cellular respiration can be
considered opposite processes of each other.
Lesson 2: Plant Responses
• Although plants cannot move from one place to
another, they do respond to stimuli, or changes in
their environments. Plants respond to stimuli in
different ways. Tropisms are
growth responses toward or
away from stimuli such as
light, touch, and gravity.
Photoperiodism is a plant’s
response to the number of
hours of darkness in its
environment.
• Plants respond to chemical stimuli, or plant
hormones, such as auxins, ethylene, gibberellins,
and cytokinins. Different hormones have different
effects on plants.
Lesson 3: Plant Reproduction
• Alternation of generations is when the life cycle of
an organism alternates between diploid and haploid
generations.
• Seedless plants, such as ferns, reproduce when a
haploid sperm fertilizes a haploid egg, forming a
diploid zygote.
• Seed plants reproduce when pollen grains,
which contain haploid sperm, land on
the tip of the female reproductive organ.
At the base of this organ is the ovary,
which usually contains one or more
ovules. Each ovule eventually will contain
a haploid egg. If the sperm fertilizes the egg, an
embryo will form within a seed.
Carbon dioxide, oxygen, and water
vapor pass into and out of a plant
through which part of a plant?
A. leaves
B. phloem
C. roots
D. xylem
Water flows to all parts of a plant
in which of these?

A. xylem
B. phloem
C. chloroplasts
D. chlorophyll
Which term refers to a response
that results in plant growth
toward or away from a stimulus?
A. photoperiodism
B. photosynthesis
C. stimuli
D. tropism
When the growth is toward a
stimulus, what is the tropism
referred to as?
A. negative
B. photoperiodism
C. photosynthesis
D. positive
Which term refers to a male
reproductive organ of a flower?

A. ovary
B. pistil
C. stamen
D. zygote
Which term refers to a series of
chemical reactions that convert light
energy, water, and carbon dioxide into
the food-energy molecule glucose?

A. cellular respiration
B. photosynthesis
C. xylem
D. phloem
Where does the first step of
photosynthesis occur?

A. xylem
B. phloem
C. mesophyll cells
D. chloroplasts
Which term describes any changes
in an organism’s environment that
cause a response?
A. tropism
B. gravitropism
C. phototropism
D. stimuli
Short-day plants require how
many hours of darkness for
flowering to begin?
A. 12 or more
B. 10 to 12
C. 8 to 10
D. less than 8
Which term refers to the daughter
cells produced from haploid
structures?
A. pollen grains
B. seeds
C. spores
D. zygotes