GNED O2 ACTS OF MAN

ETHICS • Refers to instinctive actions and

are not within the control of the will.
LESSON 1: INTRODUCTION
• Such actions are the biological
TO ETHICS and physiological movements in
man such as metabolism,
ETHICS
respiration, fear, anger, love, and
• Comes from the Greek word ethos
jealousy.
which means characteristic way of
acting.
CONSTITUENTS OF HUMAN
• The study of morality (rightness
ACTS
or wrongness) of the human act
• KNOWLEDGE
- Awareness of what moral
The ethos of man as is revealed in
agent is doing.
the following:
• VOLUNTARINESS
1. One is able to distinguish
- Comes from the Latin word
between good and evil, right
voluntas meaning will of a
and wrong, moral and immoral.
human.
2. One feels within
• FREEDOM
himself/herself an obligation
- A quality by which one is
to do what is good and to avoid
able to choose one or more
what is evil.
alternatives.
3. One feels accountable for
his/her actions, expecting
MODIFIERS OF HUMAN
reward or punishment for
ACTS
them.
1. IGNORANCE
• It refers to the absence of
MORALITY
knowledge that a person ought to
• System of behavior in regard to
possess.
standards of right or wrong
• Example: A lawyer is expected to
behavior know his law; the doctor, his
medicine; and the manager, his
FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS
business operations.
OF ETHICS
2. PASSIONS
HUMAN ACT
• Also known as concupiscence,
• Are actions which man performs
refers to the psyche responses of a
knowingly, freely, and voluntarily. man which holds positive and
• These actions are the result of
negative emotions.
conscious knowledge and are
subjected to the control of will. 3. FEAR
• Refers to the disturbance of the
mind of a person who is confronted
by an impending danger or harm to • The end of the doer is called the
himself or loved ones. motive, which is the reason why a
• Distinction is made however performs an act.
between an act done with fear and
an act done out or because of fear. KINDS OF ENDS
A. PROXIMATE END
4. VIOLENCE • The purpose which a doer wishes
• Refers to any physical force to accomplish immediately by
extended on a person by another his/her action.
free agent for the purpose of EXAMPLE: The proximate end of
compelling said person to act eating is the satisfaction of hunger.
against his will. B. REMOTE END
• Examples: Bodily torture, • The purpose which a doer wishes
maltreatment, isolation, and to accomplish in a series of acts.
mutilation. EXAMPLE. The remote end of
eating is the promotion of health.
5. HABITS C. INTERMEDIATE END
• Habits are acquired inclinations • The purpose which is desired as a
towards something to be done. means for obtaining another thing.
• It also implies that a habit is not D. ULTIMATE END
that easy to overcome or alter. • The purpose which is desired for
• It requires a strong-willed person its own sake and not because of
to correct a habit successfully something else.
within a limited period of time. EXAMPLE. You, students, may
assign your graduation as an
THE ENDS OF THE HUMAN ultimate end. The intermediate end,
ACT in this case, would consist of all of
those activities leading toward
WHAT IS THE MEANING OF graduation, such as attending
"END?" classes, taking exams, participating
• It refers to the purpose or goal of in recitation, and so on.
an act.
A. END OF THE ACT - it is the DETERMINANTS OF
natural termination of an activity. MORALITY
Example: The end of eating is 1. THE OBJECT OF THE
nourishment; that of reading is ACTION
comprehension, and that of jogging • The substance of the act.
is physical exercise. • There are concrete acts that are
always wrong to choose because
B. END OF THE DOER - the their choice entails disorder to the
personal purpose intended by the will.
person performing the act.
INSTRINSIC EVIL - refers to WHAT - refers to the act itself and
actions or behaviors that are the quality and quantity of such act.
Inherently and objectively immoral, WHERE - refers to the
regardless of the circumstances or circumstance of the place where the
intentions surrounding them. act is committed.
EXAMPLE OF INTRINSIC EVIL WITH WHOM - refers to the
• Murder, Robbery, Rape, Adultery, companion or accomplices in the
Slavery act performed.
WHY - the motive of the doer.
EXTRINSIC EVIL - refers to HOW - manner how the act is
actions that may be morally made possible.
acceptable or unacceptable WHEN - refers to the time of the
depending on the circumstances. act.
EXAMPLE OF EXTRINSIC EVIL
• Eating meat by Catholics on the MORAL AND NON-MORAL
Friday of Lent STANDARDS
• Giving alms to beggars as
prohibited by law in Manila MORAL STANDARDS
• Pertains to rules and actions we
2. THE MOTIVE OF THE ACT believe to be morally acceptable
• The motive of an act is the and morally unacceptable.
purpose which the doer wishes to • It promotes "the good" that is, the
achieve by such action. welfare and well-being of humans,
• Without a motive, an act is animals, and the environment.
meaningless, an accident. NORMS (general rules about
• "THE END DOES NOT actions or behaviors) + VALUES
JUSTIFY THE MEANS" (enduring belief of what is good
and desirable, or not) = MORAL
3. CIRCUMSTANCE OF THE STANDARDS
ACT
• Conditions that affect the human NON-MORAL STANDARDS
act by increasing or decreasing the • Refers to the standards by which
responsibility of the agent. we judge what is good or bad and
• Morality also takes into account right or wrong in a non-moral way.
the circumstances surrounding the • Matters of taste and preference.
act.
• These circumstances are who, 1. ETIQUETTE: Etiquette refers
what, where, with whom, why, how, to the customary code of polite
and where. behavior in society or in a particular
WHO - refers primarily to the doer group or setting. It includes
of the act and at times to the practices such as good manners,
receiver of the act. social protocols, and appropriate
conduct in various situations.
2. LAW: Law is a system of rules choose between what is good/right
and regulations that are enforced and what is bad/wrong.
through social institutions to To be an authentic person is to be a
govern behavior within a society. It responsible person. An individual
is designed to maintain order, knows how to use his/her freedom
resolve disputes, and protect the only as an instrument to do good.
rights and interests of individuals
and groups.
3. AESTHETICS: Aesthetics is
the branch of philosophy that deals
with the nature and appreciation of
beauty, art, and taste. It explores
questions related to the perception
of beauty, the principles of artistic
expression, and the criteria for
evaluating works of art.
4. RELIGION: Religion
encompasses beliefs, practices,
rituals, and moral values associated
with a particular faith or spiritual
tradition. It often involves worship
of a divine being or higher power
and provides a framework for
understanding the purpose and
meaning of life.
5. LINGUISTICS: Linguistics is
the scientific study of language and
its structure, including its sounds,
grammar, semantics, and socio-
cultural aspects. Linguists analyze
language patterns and systems to
understand how languages are
formed, evolve, and function in
human communication.

CONCLUSION
“Ang masama ay gawa-gawa ng
tao lamang” does not mean that
evil is man’s invention.
Rather, it means that man uses his
freedom to do wrong. Only man
can do something morally wrong,
because only man has the power to