EECE1041P Lab Manual
EECE1041P Lab Manual
Academic Plan
For
B.Tech (ECE )
III Semester
List of Experiments:
1. Current-Voltage Characteristics of BJT / Measurement of scale current & common emitter
current gain.
2. Measurement of small signal parameters (gm, ro, rπ, re) of BJT at a given operating point Ic.
3. Design, Simulate and Implement BJT amplifier and Inverter logic gate, Current-Voltage
Characteristics of MOSFET / Measurement of threshold voltage.
4. Design, Simulate and Implement Current-Voltage Characteristics of MOSFET /
Measurement of threshold voltage.
5. Measurement of small signal parameters (gm, ro, gmb) of MOSFET at a given operating
point (Id,Vds).
6. Design and simulation of basic NMOS current mirror, cascode NMOS current mirror and
current steering circuit.
7. Design, Simulation and Implementation of Common Source Amplifier for Gain, Power
dissipation requirements.
8. Design, Simulation and Implementation of Common Drain Amplifier (Voltage Buffer) for
Gain, Output Impedance, Level Shift requirements.
9. Analysis and Verification of Basic NMOS Differential Pair for Gain, Input Common Mode
Range, Maximum Input differential voltage requirements.
10. Design, Simulation and Implementation of Differential Amplifier with active current
mirror load for gain, power dissipation CMRR requirements.
EXPERIMENT 1
Aim: To obtain the input and output characteristics of a transistor in Common Emitter
Configuration and calculate scale current & common emitter current gain.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
2 Voltmeter 0-1V 1
0-30V 1
3 Ammeter 0-50mA 1
0-100A 1
4 Bread Board 1
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor 1K 1
100K 1
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
0-50mA
-
1K
+
A
0-500A
100K C
+ -
A B
BC107
+ +
0-30V V 0-1 V V 0-30 V 0-30V
- -
E
PROCEDURE:
Tabular Forms
Input Characteristics
VCE=0V VCE=6V
S.NO
VBE(V) IB(μA) VBE(V) IB(μA)
Output Characteristics
RESULT: The H-Parameters for a transistor in CE configuration are calculated from the input
and output characteristics.
Aim:
Apparatus Required:
1. PC
2. OrCAD 9.2
Circuit Diagram:
Procedure:
1. Start capture CIS in OrCAD. A blank circuit window will appear on the screen along
with a component tool bar.
2. Using component tool bar, place all the components on the circuit window and wire the
circuit.
3. Connect the circuit as shown in circuit diagram.
4. Go to simulation profile ->Analysis->DC sweep -> set the voltage sweeps (Primary and
secondar) and simulate for the output.
Model Graphs:
From output Characteristic curve, at any perticular value of VCE, measure the scale currents IC
and IB. From that, current gain is calculated as,
β=IC/IB.
Result:
Thus the input and output characteristics of BJT in CE configuration was verified and
the graph was plotted.
EXPERIMENT 2
Aim: To Measure small signal parameters (gm, ro, rπ, re) of BJT at a given operating point Ic.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
2 Voltmeter 0-1V 1
0-30V 1
3 Ammeter 0-50mA 1
0-100A 1
4 Bread Board 1
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Resistor 1K 1
100K 1
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
0-50mA
- 1K
+
A
0-500A
100K C
+ -
A B
BC107
+ +
0-30V V 0-1 V V 0-30 V 0-30V
- -
E
Procedure:
1. The circuit is connected as per the circuit diagram.
2. From the input and output characteristics find the following parameters
I. Determination of transconductance (gm)
∆(𝐼𝐶1 − 𝐼𝐶0 )
𝑔𝑚 =
∆(𝑉𝐵𝐸1 − 𝑉𝐵𝐸0)
III. Determination of rπ
∆(𝑉𝐵𝐸1 − 𝑉𝐵𝐸0 )
𝑟𝜋 =
∆(𝐼𝐵1 − 𝐼𝐵0 )
∆(𝑉𝐵𝐸1 − 𝑉𝐵𝐸0 )
𝑟𝑒 =
∆(𝐼𝐸1 − 𝐼𝐸0 )
USING SIMULATION TOOL
Aim:
To Measure small signal parameters (gm, ro, rπ, re) of BJT at a given operating point Ic.
Apparatus Required:
1. PC
2. OrCAD 9.2
Circuit Diagram:
Procedure:
I. Determination of transconductance (gm)
1. Connect the circuit in OrCAD editor as per the given circuit diagram.
2. At a fixed value of VBE named as VBE0, note down the value of IC named as IC0.
Vary VBB to change VBE slightly named as VBE1. Note down the corresponding IC
named as IC1. Then
Calculate Transconductance (gm) as rate of change of Collector current ∆(𝐼𝐶 )
with the rate of change in base to emitter voltage ∆VBE.
∆(𝐼𝐶1 − 𝐼𝐶0 )
𝑔𝑚 =
∆(𝑉𝐵𝐸1 − 𝑉𝐵𝐸0)
3. Compare the above practical value of g m with theoretical value calculated as
𝐼𝐶
𝑔𝑚 =
𝑉𝑇
1. Connect the circuit in OrCAD editor as per the given circuit diagram.
2. Vary VBB to make IB to a fixed value and vary VCC to fix IC to a constant value IC0.
Note down the VCE at that particular IC as VCE0
3. Vary VCC slightly and to make IC0 to IC1 and note down corresponding VCE named
as VCE1.
Calculate output resistance as reciprocal of rate of change of collector current
(∆(𝐼𝐶 )to rate of change of Collector to Emitter voltage (∆(𝑉𝐶𝐸 )
1
𝑟0 = ∆(𝐼𝐶1 −𝐼𝐶0 ) at a fixed 𝐼𝐵
⁄
∆(𝑉𝐶𝐸1 −𝑉𝐶𝐸0 )
4. Compare the above value with theoretical value calculated as
𝑟0 = 𝑉𝐴 /𝐼𝐶
Where VA is BJT parameter and take the value as indicated in datasheet
III. Determination of rπ
1. Connect the circuit in OrCAD editor as per the given circuit diagram.
2. Vary VBB to make IB to a fixed value named as IB0 and note down the VBE named as
VBE0.
3. Vary VBB to change IB slightly named as IB1 and Note down the Corresponding VBE
named as VBE1.
4. Calculate rπ as the ratio of rate of change of base emitter voltage ∆ VBE to rate of
change of base current ∆ IB.
∆(𝑉𝐵𝐸1 − 𝑉𝐵𝐸0 )
𝑟𝜋 =
∆(𝐼𝐵1 − 𝐼𝐵0 )
5. Compare the above value with
𝛽
𝑟𝜋 =
𝑔𝑚
1. Connect the circuit in OrCAD editor as per the given circuit diagram.
2. Vary VBB to make IB to a fixed value and note down the emitter current named as
IE0 and note down the VBE named as VBE0.
3. Vary VBB to change IE slightly named as IE1 and Note down the Corresponding VBE
named as VBE1.
4. Calculate re as the ratio of rate of change of base emitter voltage ∆ VBE to rate of
change of base current ∆ IE.
∆(𝑉𝐵𝐸1 − 𝑉𝐵𝐸0 )
𝑟𝑒 =
∆(𝐼𝐸1 − 𝐼𝐸0 )
5. Compare the above value with
1
𝑟𝑒 =
𝑔𝑚
Result:
Hence, the small signal parameters of BJT was calculated practically and verified with
theoretical value.
APPARATUS:
COMPONENTS:
2
3 Capacitor 10f
1
100f
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Vcc
12V
1K
68K
10uF
_
+
10uF
_
+
BC107
+
Vo
1K
Vi CRO
FG 20mV 18K
_
100uF
_
470 ohms
PROCEDURE:
OBSERVATIONS:
MODELWAVE FORMS:
FREQUENCY RESPONSE
RESULT: The voltage gain and frequency response of the single stage RC coupled CE
amplifier are obtained. Also gain bandwidth product of the amplifier is calculated.
USING SIMULATION TOOL
Aim: To Design, Simulate and Implement BJT amplifier and to observe BJT as a inverter
Apparatus Required:
1. PC
2. OrCAD
Circuit Diagram:
Design:
Procedure:
Readings
Input Wave:
Output Wave:
Frequency Response:
Transistor as switch:
Procedure:
Tabular Forms:
Model Graph:
EXPERIMENT 4
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
2 Voltmeter 0-20V 2
3 Ammeter 0-50mA 1
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
1 Resistor 1K 1
2 MOSFET 1
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in fig.
2. By keeping VGS constant note down different values of ID for different values of
VDS
3. Repeat the above step for different values of V GS.
4. Plot the graph by taking VDS on X-axis and ID on Y-axis for different values of
VGS.
OBSERVATIONS:
Transfer Characteristics:
Drain Characteristics:
MODEL GRAPH:
PRECAUTIONS:
RESULT:
Aim:
To observe the current voltage characteristics of MOSFET and to calculate the threshold
Voltage.
Apparatus:
1. PC
2. OrCAD Software
Circuit Diagram:
Procedure:
Transfer Characteristics:
1. Fix the VDS to some voltage and vary VGS to note down the ID values.
2. Plot between VGS Vs ID is known as transfer characteristics or input characteristics of
MOSFET.
3. Repeat the step 1 for other values of VDS.
Drain Characteristics:
1. Fix the VGS to some value and note down the values between VDS and ID.
2. Repeat the step 1 for different values of VGS.
3. Plot between VDS Vs ID is known as Drain Characteristics or Output Characteristics of
MOSFET.
Tabular Form:
Transfer Characteristics:
Drain Characteristics:
Model Graphs:
Result:
Hence the V-I Characteristics of N-Channel Enhancement mode MOSFET has been observed
and from which threshold voltage was calculated as,
VT=______
EXPERIMENT 5
Aim: To measure small signal parameters (gm, ro, gmb) of MOSFET at a given operating point
(Id,Vds).
Apparatus:
1. PC
2. OrCAD
Circuit Diagram:
Procedure:
Result:
Aim:
To design and simulation of basic NMOS current mirror, cascode NMOS current mirror
and current steering circuit.
Apparatus:
1. PC
2. OrCAD software
Circuit Diagram:
1 𝑊
𝐼𝑅𝑒𝑓 = 𝐾𝑛 ′ (𝑉𝑂𝑉 2 )
2 𝐿
𝑉𝐺𝑆 = 𝑉𝑂𝑉 + 𝑉𝑡
(𝑉𝐷𝐷 − 𝑉𝐺𝑆 )
𝑅=
𝐼𝑅𝑒𝑓
Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram on to the OrCAD editor.
2. Calculate the value of resistance as per the design equations.
Procedure for Current mirror circuit and Cascode current mirror circuit:
1. Initially for λ=0, measure the output current at the drain terminal of transistor Q2 and
compare it with Iref by inserting measurement probe at the drain terminals of input and
output transistors.
2. For λ=0.1, draw the DC sweep curve between output voltage and output current.
3. For λ=0.1, from the DC sweep curve between output voltage and output current,
calculate the output resistance as,
∆(𝑉0 )
𝑅0 =
∆(𝐼0 )
Observations:
λ= 0 λ =0.1
IRef Io IRef Io Ro
Curren Mirror
Cascode current Mirror
Model graph:
1. Arrange the circuit as per the circuit diagram on to the OrCAD editor.
2. Insert measurement probe at the drain terminals of all the transistors.
3. Note down the drain currents of all the transistors.
Observations:
Hence, a constant current source (current mirror) circuit, Cascode current mirror
circuit and current steering circuit had designed simulated and analysed.
Through the analysis, we conclude that, on comparison with normal current mirror, a
cascade current mirror provides high output resistance.
EXPERIMENT 7
Aim: To design and Simulate Common Source Amplifier for Gain, Output Impedance, Level
Shift requirements.
Apparatus:
1. PC
2. OrCAD software
Circuit Diagram:
Design:
To calculate CC1, CC2 and CS let FL=100Hz
CS=gm/(2*Pi*fL)
CC1=gm/((2*Pi*fP1)*(RG+Rsig))
CC2=gm/((2*Pi*fP3)*(RD+RL))
fP1=fP3=10Hz.
Procedure:
Input Wave:
Output Wave:
Ferquency Response:
Theoritical Calculations:
Rin=(RG1 II RG2)
𝑅𝑖𝑛
𝐺𝑉 = (𝑔 (𝑅 𝑙𝑙 𝑅𝐿 ))
𝑅𝑖𝑛 + 𝑅𝑆𝑖𝑔 𝑚 𝐷
Where VDS=VDD-ID*RD
Result:
Hence, we designed and simulated the common source amplifier and caliculated and
compatred theoritical and practical gain.Also calculated the power dissipation.
Aim: To design and Simulate Common Drain Amplifier for Gain, Power dissipation
measurements.
Apparatus:
1. PC
2. OrCAD software
Circuit Diagram:
Design:
Procedure:
Input Wave:
Output Wave:
Result:
Hence, Source follower circuit was analyzed and calculaed the amplifier parameters.
Aim:
To Analyse and Verification of Basic NMOS Differential Pair for Gain, Input Common
Mode Range, Maximum Input differential voltage requirements.
Apparatus:
1. PC
2. OrCAD software
Circuit Diagram:
Acm=vo/vi
Ad=vo/vi
7. Calculate CMRR as
CMRR= Ad/Acm
Observations:
Hence, Analysed and Verified Basic NMOS Differential Pair for measurement of differential
gain, common mode gain and CMRR for different values of drain resistance.
EXPERIMENT 10
Aim:
Apparatus:
1. PC
2. OrCAD software
Circuit Diagram:
V3
1.8v
M3
M2N6806 M4
M2N6806
C2
10u
R1V
1k
M2 0
M2N6759
M1
M2N6759 V2
V1 VOFF = 0
VOFF = 0 VAMPL = 10mv
VAMPL = 10mv FREQ = 1k
FREQ = 1k
I1
1Adc
Procedure:
V3
1.8v
M3
M2N6806 M4
M2N6806
C2
10u
R1V
1k
M2 0
M2N6759
M1
M2N6759
V1
VOFF = 0
VAMPL = 10mv
FREQ = 1k
I1
1Adc
Procedure:
CMRR= Ad/Acm
Result: The differential gain, common mode gain and CMRR are determined.