Degree/ Branch: B.

E / Civil Engineering Semester/ Year: II / III

Subject Code / Name: CE3302/Construction Materials and Technology
UNIT I STONES - BRICKS - CONCRETE BLOCKS – LIME
Part A (2 marks for each question)

1. List any four tests on stones.Apr/May 2015

 Attrition test
 Crushing test
 Freezing and thawing test
 Hardness test
 Impact test
 Microscopic test
2. What do you mean by lightweight concrete blocks? Nov/Dec2015
 Light weight concrete brick it is also called as Autoclaved Aerated concrete.
 It is a light weight, precast building material that simultaneously provides
structures, insulation, and fire resistance.
3. How are rocks classified?
 Igneous rocks
 Sedimentary rocks
 Metamorphic rocks
4. List the characteristics to be considered in selection of stones. may/june
2016 Nov/Dec2015
1. Crushing strength 5. Fracture
2. Appearance 6. Density
3. Durability 7.Easiness of dressing
4. Fire resistance
5. What are the tests for bricks?
1. Absorption test 2. Crushing strength test
3. Hardness test 4. Shape and size test
5. Soundness test 6. Test for presence of soluble salts
 6. Define water absorption.
 It is defined as the ability of a material to absorb and hold the water. Water absorption
can be expressed in terms of percentage of weight or percentage of volume of that
material.
7. What are the methods of quarrying stones?
1. Digging or excavating 2.Heating
3. Wedging 4. Blasting
8. What are the classification of bricks?
1. First class bricks 2. Second class bricks
3. Third class bricks 4. Over burnt or Jhama bricks
5. Under burnt or pilla bricks
9. What are the uses of stone in construction?
 Masonry
 Pavements
 Flooring
 Facing work in buildings
 Concrete aggregates
10. Classify bricks according to their use.
 Common bricks
 Engineering bricks special bricks for carrying heavy loads)
 Facing bricks
 Fire bricks
 Specials special shapes)
11. List the tests made on bricks.
 Compressive strength
 Water absorption
 Efflorescence
 Hardness
 Soundness.
 Structure
12. Classify minerals based on abrasion.
 Talc
 Gypsum
  Calcite
 Apatite
 feldspar
 Quartz
 Diamond.

13. What is Preservation of stones?

 It is the preventing process of stones from deterioration by external agencies.

14. Name any four preservatives used in the preservation of stones?

 Coal tar
 Linseed oil
 Paint
 Paraffin
 Alum soap solution

15. What is the standard size of a brick?

19cm x 9cm x 9cm WITHOUT MORTAR)
16. list the different types of refractory bricks. may/june 2016
Silica bricks
Magnesite bricks
Dolomite brick
Bauxite brick
High alumina brick
17. Define the term Efflorescence.Apr/May 2015
The soluble salts if present in the bricks cause white deposit on the surface of bricks
which is called as efflorescence.

18.List the physical tests on Cement.

 Fineness test
 Consistency test
 Soundness test
 Setting time test
19.What is hydration of cement?
 Hydration of cement is a chemical reaction that happens when cement is introduced to
water and it produces heat. In very massive construction, this effect can raise the
temperature of concrete as much as 50°C. In such cases, we should use low—heat
cements or adopt cooling methods.
20.Define flakiness index.
 The flakiness or elongation index of an a aggregate is defined as the percentage weight
of particles in the given aggregate which has its length greater than 1.8 times and its
least dimension thickness) is less than 3/5 or 0.6 times its mean dimension.
21.What is Impact test?
 This test is for aggregates in concrete that undergoes impact as in runways in airports.
Materials passing through 12.5 mm and retained as 10 mm are tilled in the standard
cylinder in three layers, each layer tamped with 25 strokes of an iron rod. A hammer
weighing 14 kg is dropped from a height of 380 mm 15 times and the resulting material
is sieved through a 2.36 mm I.S. sieve. The percentage fine is the aggregate impact test
value.
22.Write notes on Abrasion test.
 This test is for the stones used in road construction. We use the Deval’s abrasion testing
machine or the Los Angeles abrasion machine for this purpose. It should not be more
than 16 per cent for a good aggregate.

23.What is curing? State its importance.

It is absolutely essential that moisture should be present in the initial stages for the development
of strength of cement. This process of supplying moisture environment is known as curing.
Thus, curing of the products of cement is very important in all the works connected with
cement like construction of masonry. Plastering, concreting. etc.

24.What is White cement and where is it used?

 White cement is made from chalk or limestone or shelllime free from impurities and
white clays like china clay free from oxides of iron, manganese, etc. White cement is
very much used for making of mosaic tiles, coloured cements, etc.
25.What are the types of cement produced in India?
  Ordinary portland cement OPC)
 Portland pozzolana cement PPC)
26.What are the IS specifications of Cement?
 Ordinary portland cement OPC) in 3 grades
 Grade 33 IS 269-1989 designated as C-33
 Grade 43 — IS 8112-1989 designated as C-43
 Grade 53 — IS 12269-1987 designated as C-53
 Portland pozzolana cement PPC) a mixture of OPC and Pozzolanas)
 IS 1489 Pan 0 -1991 flyash -based
 IS 1489 Part II -1991 calcined clay -based
 Sulphate -resisting cement—IS 12330-1988
 Portland slag cement—IS 455-1989 PSC)
 Low -heat cement—IS 12600-1989
 Rapid -hardening cement—IS 8041-1990
27.List the tests conducted on aggregates. Nov/Dec2015
 Particle Size,grading shape and flakiness 3tests)
 Organic impurities
 Moisture content
 percent fines value
 Water absorption and specific gravity
 Aggregate crushing value
 Aggregate impact value
28.Define mortar.
 The mortar is a paste like substance prepared by adding required
amount of water to a dry mixture of sand or fine aggregate with some
binding material like clay, lime or cement.
29.What are the types of mortars?
1.Mud mortar
2.Lime mortar
3.Gauged mortar
30.What are the normal ingredients of cement Apr/May 2015
Lime 60-70%
 Silica – 17 – 25%
Alumina 3 – 8%
Iron – oxide 0.5 – 5%
Calcium sulphate 3 – 4%
Magnesia 1 – 3%
Sulphur tri-oxide 1-3%
Alkalis 0.4 – 1.3%
31.Define Elongation index Apr/May 2015
The elongation index iscalculatedas the total weight of the material retained on the
various length gauges, expressed as a percentage of the weight of the sample gauged.
32.Write the setting time of cement Nov/Dec2015
Initial setting time -30minutes
Final setting time -10 hours.

UNIT II OTHER MATERIALS

1. What is timber?
Timber is obtained from trees. Timber denotes structural wood.
2.What is standing timber?
A standing living tree is known as standing timber.

3. What is rough timber?

When tree has been cut and its stem and branches are roughly converted into pieces of
suitable lengths, it is known as rough timber.
4.What is converted timber?

When roughly converted timber is further sawn and converted into commercial sizes
such as planks, logs, battens, posts, beams, etc, it is called converted timber.
5.What is conversion of timber?
The process by which timber is cut and sawn into suitable marketable sizes is known as
conversion of timber.

6. Define seasoning of timber?(Nov/Dec 2015

A freshly felled tree contains lot of moisture which is usually in form of sap. The
excess of moisture have to be removed, before timber can be used for any structural purposes.
The process of removing excess surplus moisture from freshly converted timber is
known as seasoning of timber.
7.Name some common diseases of timber.
i Dry rot ii Wet rot
8. What is meant by distempering?
It is a process of applying wash or coating like white-washing or colour washing on the
surface.

9. What is meant by varnish?

Varnish is a solution of some resinous substance in alcohol, oil or turpentine. The
process of covering the surface with varnish is known as varnishing. Varnishing is done on
wooden surface.
10.What are the constituents of the varnish?
 Resinous material
 Driers
 Solvents
11.What are the constituents of oil paints? Nov/Dec 2015
A base, an inert extender or filler, a vehicle or carrier, a drier, a solvent or
thinner, a colouring pigment.
12.Define glazing.
It is a process of covering the earthen ware, stone ware and porcelain products with an
impervious film of glaze. It is a glassy coat of about 0.1 to 0.2 mm thickness, applied on the
surface and then fused into the product by burning at high temperature.
13. Write notes on Varnishes.
Varnish is a transparent, hard, protective finish or film primarily used in wood
finishing but also for other materials. Varnish is traditionally a combination of a drying
oil, a resin, and a thinner or solvent.
Varnish finishes are usually glossy but may be designed to produce satin or
semi-gloss sheens by the addition of "flatting" agents.
14. What is bitumen?
 Bitumen is a sticky, black and highly viscous liquid or semi-solid form of
petroleum.
  It may be found in natural deposits or may be a refined product.
15. Define Plywood.
Plywood is a laminate made of thin layers of wood.
16. Write about Veneer.
 In woodworking, veneer refers to thin slices of wood, usually thinner than 3
mm, that typically are glued onto core panels typically, wood, particle board or
medium-density fibreboard to produce flat panels such as doors, tops and panels
for cabinets, parquet floors and parts of furniture.

17. List the application of Aluminium composites.May/June 2016

A popular application for aluminium composite is folded structures. From
sign trays to fascia panels and column cladding aluminium composite is easy to
form and light enough to install easily. Using the correct type of tooling
aluminium composite can be scored and then folded.
18. Write notes on Paint.
Paint is any liquid, liquefiable, or mastic composition that, after application
to a substrate in a thin layer, converts to a solid film. It is most commonly used to
protect, colour, or provide texture to objects.
19. What is a binder?
The binder is the film-forming component of paint. It is the only
component that must be present. The binder imparts adhesion and strongly
influences properties such as gloss, durability, flexibility, and toughness.
20. What are the Advantages of using veneer?
Furniture made with wood veneer uses less wood than the same piece
of furniture made with solid wood. Some projects built using wood veneer would
not be possible to construct using solid lumber, owing to expansion and contraction
caused by fluctuation of temperature and humidity.
21. List the applications of Thermocole.Apr/May 2015
Its high thermal insulation makes it an excellent material to use in the
construction of walls and ceilings and its high sound absorption makes it the ideal
choice forsound-proofing.
Another recent application of Thermocol EPS is as ―Geofoaml in landfills.
This application is made possible because of Thermocol’s(EPS’s) light
weight,water resistance, dimensional stability and inert nature.
 22. list the various forms of steelMay/June 2016
Mild steel bars
High yield strength deformed bars

UNIT III CONSTRUCTION PRACTICES & SERVICE REQUIREMENTS

1.Write short notes on construction j oints?(May/ June 2013)

􀁸 Th ist ype o jf oints are provided a tt h el ocation wher et he constructio ni s
stopped a t he end o tf he days wor kf or any othe r eason so a st o bridge
the old work an dt he new work by proper bond.
􀁸 The constructio nj oint may be vertical, horizontal o ir nclined depending
o nt h et ype of structure.
2. What is a shoring? (AUC May June -2013)
Shoring is a temporary structure used to support tilted or endangered
walls. The walls might have been endangered due to unequal settlement
of foundation, removal of adjoining structures or making large opening in the
walls.

3.Enumerat et he advantages of concrete hollow brick masonry?(Nov/Dec

2014)
Advantages
1. Thermal insulation (having dual character of keeping building coo il n
summer and warm in winter).
.2 Sound i nsulatio n( to decrease disturbance du et o external noise).
.3 Adequate strength and structural stability.
.4 Hi ghly durable.
.5 Fi r er esistan.t
4.Define scaffolding? (May/ June 2013)
Scaffolding also called stagin g,i t is a temporary structure used to support a work crew and material st o aid
in the construction, maintenance and repair of buildings, bridges and all other manmade structures.
5.What you meant by stretcher bond? (Nov/Dec 2011)
Int h ist ype of bond, a ltl he bricks ar el aid wi tht he ilr ength parall etl ot he
longitudinal direction o tf he wall. Since stretchers alone are visibl ei n direction I. ti s
known a s tretcher bond.
6. What ar et he causes of dampness? (Nov/Dec 2011)
􀁸 Moistur er ising u pf rom t he groun dt ot he wall
􀁸 Rai nt rave fl rom wa ltl op
􀁸 Rain beating against external walls
7.How are steel stresse sf abricated and grouped? (April/May 2011)
Roof trusses usually consists of structural members such as principal rafter, ties, struts, purlins, cleats etc.
they a rejointed together by means of guesset plates rivet, bolt etc. or by welding.
8. Define slip forms. What are the advantages of slip forms? (AUC:
MayJune2016 () AUC: April- May-10 () AUC: Nov Dec-10)
Slip form construction is a construction method in which concrete is poured into a continuously moving
form. Slip forming is used for tall structures (such as bridges, towers, buildings, and dams), as well as
horizontal structures, such as roadways.

Advantages:
􀁸 High speed of erection.
􀁸 Time saving
􀁸 Minimal use of cranes as formwork is used by hydraulic jacks.
􀁸 Optimal quantity of scaffoldings and work platforms.
􀁸 Uniformity of wall sections
􀁸 Reduced labour costs.
9.State the main purpose of damp proof courses in buildings. (AUC:
Nov-Dec-10)
Damp proof courses are provided in building walls and floors to prevent moisture from passing into the
interior spaces. Damp problems are one of the most F requent problems encountered in homes.
10.Define sli pf orm and braced domes? (Nov/Dec 2012)
Sli pf orm construction is a construction method in which concrete is poured into a continuously moving
form. Slip forming is used for tall structures (such as bridges, towers, buildings, and dams), as well as
horizontal structures, such as roadways.
Braced domes are much more popular and a vast majority of domes of a larger span. Braced domes can be
subdivided into
• Frame or skeleton type( single l ayer dome)
• Truss type (double layer dome), extremely rigid and suitable for very large spans.
11.What i s meant by bond i n masonry and draw any on et ype of bond for
one bricktick masonry wall? (Nov/Dec 2012)
Bond i st he method of arrangin gt he brick si n course s ot ha it individual
joints of the successive courses do no tl ie i n same vertica l ine.
12. Write short notes on expansion j oints (. Nov/Dec 2013)
 These are structural separation between building elements that allow
independent movement without damage to the assembly.
 Expansion joints are designed to safely absorb the thermal expansion
and c ontraction of various construction materials, to absorb vibration.
 They are commonly provided in bridges ,r ailway tracks, piping systems,
and other structures.
13. What ar et h ef unctions o f oundation?(May/June 2014)
 Distribution o fl oad.
 Minimization of differential settlement
 Safety against sliding and overturning
 Provision o fl evel surface.

14. Define caisson. What ar ei t st ypes? [AU Nov/Dec 2015]

Caissons are structural boxes or chamber. These are sun ki n plac et houg ht he
ground or water by excavating below t he bottom o ft he unit which i s enable st he caisson
t or eac ht h ef inal depth.
15. Wha ti s a sheet pile? [AU Nov/Dec 2015]
Whe nt he depth of excavation exceeds 10m t he use of vertica tl imber sheeting
becomes generally uneconomical. In such situations other methods of sheeting and
bracing are commonly employed. One such procedur ei s driving of steel sheet piling
aroun dt he boundary o tf he excavation. A st he so iil sr ecovere df rom enclosure wales
and struts are i nserted.
16. Wha ti s meant by underpinning? [AU Nov/Dec 2006,2012]
Underpinnin gi s the method of supporting structures while new foundation or
carrying out repairs and alterations without disturbing the stability of the existing
structure
17. Enlist different dewatering techniques.[AU Nov/Dec 2013]
􀁸 Pumping
o From open sumps and ditches
o From well point systems
􀁸 Electro- osmosis
􀁸 Elimination o r eduction of ground water by
o Cement grouting
o Chemical stabilization
18. Wha ti s a pneumatic caisson? [AU Nov/Dec 2012]
Pneumatic caisson have bottom and top are closed with an open working
chamber. Compressed a iri s use dt o sto pt he entry of wate ri nt ot he working chamber.
The excavation and concreting are don ei n dry condition. The caisso ni s sunk a st he
excavatio ni s preceded. After reachin gt he desired dept ht he working chambe ri sf illed
with concrete.
19. Wha ti s at win-circled well? [AU Nov/Dec 2012]
In which wells are placed closur et ogether and connected by a common well cap.
The spacing betwee nt he wells an dt he diameter of the wells can be adjusted so a st o
accommodat et he width and l ength o ft he pier.
20. Wha ti s a caisson? When i ti s used?[AU, May/June 2007, 2014, Nov/Dec 2011]
Caissons are structural boxes or chambers. These are sun ki n plac et hroug ht he
ground or water by excavating below t he bottom o tf he unit which enable st he caisson
t or eac ht h ef inal depth. Caissons are used i n,
􀁸 Bridge piers
􀁸 Break waters
􀁸 Large wate rf ront structures

21. Wha ti s sli pf orm ?[ AU Nov/Dec 2009, 2013]

Sli pf orms are also called as climbin gf orms. Durin gt he process of construction
the sli pf orms ar er aised whil et he concret ei si n a plastic state. These are use df o tr he
construction o ft all structures.
22. What ar et he uses of sheet pile wall ?[ AU May/June 2009, 2011]
􀁸 High salvage value
􀁸 On lan df o r etaining earth
􀁸 Temporary construction work s
􀁸 Light weight construction
23. Define coffer dam.[AU Nov/Dec 2009, 2010]
Coffer dams ar et emporary or permanent structures. These are constructed by
driving sheet pile si n the form of cells which are filled with granular materials and
become self-stabilizin gr etaining structures.
24. Wha ti s grouting? [AU ABE, Nov/Dec 2010]
Groutin gi s a process whereby stabilizers, eithe ir nt h ef orm of suspension or
solution are injected into surface soli or rock for control of ground water during
construction and strengthening adjacen tf oundation during excavation, pile driving etc
25. What do you understand by Diaphragm walls? [AU Nov/Dec 2009]
A diaphragm wall is basically a deep trench excavated in soil in to which
reinforced concret ei s placed. Diaphragm walls are use di n permanent an dt emporary
foundation wall sf or deep basement si n eart hr etention scheme sf or highway an dt unnel
projects, as permanent wall sf or deep shaft sf o rt unnel.
26. Wha ti s mucking? [AU CH Nov/Dec 2009]
Muckin gi st he operation o lf oadin gt he broke nr ock piece sf ro mt h et unne lI. n
sma tll unnels hand carts are used. Machines are equipped with dippers are use di n
larg et unnels.
27. Giv et he various methods o tf unneling t hroug hr ock. [AU Nov/Dec 2010]
􀁸 Fu lfl ace method
􀁸 Heading and bench method
􀁸 Cantilever car pump method
􀁸 Drift system
28. Giv et he applications of Box Jacking [AU May/June 2012]
􀁸 Underground Pipes
􀁸 Ducks
􀁸 Culverts

UNIT IV CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENTS

1. Define dredging (. AUC: April- May-10)
Dredging is the process of excavating from river bed, lake or sea for the purpose of deepening them. It is an
important operation in navigation canals, harbours, dams etc. Dredgers are of three types namely
2. Define mucking ?( AUC:Nov Dec-09)
Muckin gi st he operation o floading the broke nr ock or earth for removal room a tunnel.
Mucking is done by hand i n small tlunnels, drifts and pilo tunnels.
3.Name some equipment used for underground open excavation (. AUC:Nov Dec09
() AUC:April- May-10)
􀁸 Tractors
􀁸 Bull dozers
􀁸 Crawlors
􀁸 Tunnel Boring Machine
4.What do you understand b yt ruck agitators ?( AUC:Nov Dec-09)
A mechanical device use dt o maintain plasticity an dt o prevent segregation, particularly
in concrete and mortar.
5.What ar et h et ypes of earth moving equipmen (t (AUC:April- May-10)
Classified i nt of ollowin gt ypes
􀁸 Production equipment
􀁸 Equipment use df or digging and moving
􀁸 Service equipment
􀁸 Dozers and motor girders
6.What are the equipments and methods used for compacting concrete?
(AUC:Nov Dec-10 () AUC:Apr- May-11 () AUC: May June-13)
Methods:
1. Hand Compaction
2. Compaction by Vibration
a. Needle Vibrator:
b. Formwork Vibrator
3. Compaction by Spinning
4. Compaction by Jolting
5. Compaction by Rolling
Equipments:
􀁸 Immersion Vibrators
􀁸 Form vibrators
􀁸 Tamping board vibrators
􀁸 Table vibrators
􀁸 Rammers
􀁸 Rollers
􀁸 Vibratory plates
7.What ar et he various method st o dewater deep excavations ?( AUC:Apr- May-11)
􀁸 Well point systems
􀁸 Deep well drainage systems
􀁸 Vaccum dewatering systems
􀁸 Electro osmosis
􀁸 Freezing
8.What ar et he different operations performed by motor grader ?( AUC: May
June -12)
􀁸 Land clearance
􀁸 Snow clearance
􀁸 Material mixing
􀁸 Hard surface cutting
􀁸 Ditc hf illing or digging
􀁸 Bank cutting an dr eshaping
9.What are equipments use df o rt renching an dt unneling ?( AUC: May June -12)
Trenching equipment s: whee tl rencher
􀁸 Chain Trencher
􀁸 Rock Wheel
􀁸 Portable Trencher
􀁸 Micro Trencher
􀁸 Tunnelling Equipments:
􀁸 Tunnel Boring Machine
􀁸 Immersed Tunnels
􀁸 Tunnel Jacking
􀁸 Mechanical drilling/ cutting
10.What ar et he equipments use df o rt all building construction ?( AUC: May June -12)
􀁸 Tower crane
􀁸 Mobile cranes
􀁸 Telescopic cranes
􀁸 Over head crane
􀁸 Loader crane etc
11.List out the material handling device s( AUC: May June -13)
1. Lifting and l owering device s( Vertical motion)
􀁸 Block an dt ackle
􀁸 Winches
􀁸 Hoists
􀁸 Elevators
􀁸 Pillar crane
􀁸 Overhead cranes
2. Transportation device s( horizontal motion)
􀁸 Wheel barrows and han dt ruck
􀁸 Narrow-gauge min er a irl oad
􀁸 Tractors an dt railors
􀁸 Skids
􀁸 Pipe l ine
3. Combination device s( Lifting and l owering plus Transportation)
􀁸 Spiral chute
􀁸 Lift rack
􀁸 Cran et ruck
􀁸 Forklif t ruck
􀁸 Conveyors of variou st ypes
4. Aria tl ransport
􀁸 Cable ways
􀁸 Rope ways
12. Define compaction?
Compactio ni s defined as the process of densifying o ir ncreasin gt he unit weight of a
soil mas st hroug ht he application of static or dynami cf orce, wit ht h er esulting expulsion
of air.
13. Nam et he equipments use df or volume batching?
The equipments use df or volume batching are:
􀁸 aggregat ef eeders cement silo
􀁸 water measuring device and mixing unit
14. What ar et he variou st ypes of conveyors?
The variou st ypes of conveyors are
􀁸 Belt convey or Roller conveyor
􀁸 Chain or cable conveyor Pipe l ine conveyor
􀁸 Screw conveyor and Elevating conveyor

15. What ar et he advantages of using belt conveyors?

Advantages of using belt conveyors are
􀁸 I it s capable of handling light or heavy, f ine or coarse, wet or dry material.
􀁸 It can handle thousands o tf ones of material per hour rf or several kilometers. It can handle not materials
u pt o 1600c.
􀁸 it operates without noise.

UNIT V CONSTRUCTION PLANNING

1. What is planning?(AUC May/June2012)

Planning aims at formulation of a time based plan of action for coordinating various
activities and resources to achieve specified objectives. Planning is the process of
developing the project plan. The plan outlines how the project is to be directed to achieve
the assigned goals. It specifies a predetermined and committed future course of action,
based on discussions and decisions made on the current knowledge and estimation of future
trends.
2. What is construction planning

The construction planning process is stimulated through a study of project

documents. These documents include but are not limited to the available technical
and commercial studies and investigations, designs and drawings, estimation of
quantities, construction method statements, project planning data, contract
documents, site conditions, market survey, local resources, project environment
and the client’s organization. The planning process takes in to account, the
strengths and weakness of the organizations.
3. What are the objectives of planning?

Proper design of each element of the project

Proper selection of equipment and machinery in big projects, the use of large capacity
plants are found economical
Procurement of materials well in advance
Proper arrangement of repair of equipment and machinery
Employment of trained and experienced staff on the project
To provide incentive for good workers
To arrange constant flow of funds for the completion of project
To provide proper safety measures and ventilation, proper arrangement of light and water.

4. What are the types of project plans?

Planning the entire project from its inception to completion requires a vast
coverage, varied skills and different types of plans. The nature of plans
encountered in a typical construction project are indicated below
Types of project plans
Development stage - nature of plan

Inception stage - project feasibility plan

Engineering stage - project preliminary
plan Implementation stage - project construction
plan

5. Define work tasks? (AUC May/June2012)

Work tasks represent the necessary frame work to permit scheduling of
construction activities, along with estimating the resources required by the
individual work tasks and a necessary precedence or required sequence among the
tasks. The terms work tasks or activities are often used interchangeably in
construction plans to refer to specific defined items of work.
6. List out the project planning techniques?

Stages Planning process Techniques/methods

Planning time Breaking down project Work break down,
work, developing network analysis, gnat
time network plans chart
Planning resources Forecasting resource Man power scheduling
requirements, planning Material scheduling
manpower requirements, Resource allocation
planning material Cost planning &
requirements, budgeting budgeting Equipment
costs, designing selection and scheduling
organizational structure
Planning implementation Formulating Resource productivity
monitoring control, time control,
methodology contribution control,
budgetary control

7. What are the steps involved in planning? (AUC May/June2012)

1. Defining the scope of work to be performed
2. Preparing the logic or network diagram to establish a relationship among activities and
integrating these diagrams to develop the network model
3. Analyzing the project network or models to determine project duration, and identifying critical
and non-critical activities
4. Exploring trade-off between time to cost to arrive at optimal time and costs for completing
the project.
5. Establishing standards for planning and controlling men, materials, equipment, costs and income
of each work package
6. Forecasting input resources, production costs and the value of the work done
7. Forecasting the project budget allocations for achieving targets assigned to each organizational
unit
8 Designing a control system for the organization

9 Developing the resources, time and cost control methodology.

 8. What is the purpose of coding?(AUC May/June2013)

1. To identify the data connected with each work package, as work packages
from the database for managing various project functions.
2. To aid in the organization of data from the very detailed to the very broad
levels
3. To enable the processing, sorting, and extraction of information required
at various levels of management and functional units.
4. To computerize the data processing system

9. How many categories available in codification?

In construction projects, the codes used can be broadly divided in to two
categories i.e. project interfacing codes or simply referred as project codes and
department specialized codes.

Project interface codes:

These are the common codes used for developing an inter department
database. Ex: a project code for the foundation of a building.

Departmental specified codes:

These codes are developed by the departmental heads for their use.
Ex: to indicate the location of materials in site ware houses

10. Define the types of labeling approach?

a. alphabet codes

b. numerical codes

c. alphanumeric codes
Alphabet codes:
Alphabet letters A to Z, single or combined, can be used to represent a
 code. An alphabet in a single character space can represent 26 variations as
compared to numerals 0 to 9, which can depict maximum of 10 variations
Numerical codes:
It is the most important form of coding in numerical codes, each character
can be represented by a numerical varying from 0 to 9

Alpha numerical codes:

It is the combination of alphabets and numerals to develop a each code.
11. Defining precedence relationship among activities?
Precedence relations between activities signify that the activities must take
place in a particular sequence. Numerous natural sequences exist for construction
activities due to requirements for structural integrity, regulations
and other technical requirements.
For example
Excavate place formwork place reinforcement pour concrete
Trench

12.Define the following terms?(AUC May/June2009)

i. activity

ii. event

Activity: a project can be broken down in to various operations and process

necessary for its completion. Each of these operations and processes, which
consume time and possibly resources, is called activity. The activities are
represented by arrows.
For example: Excavation

2
Event: it is the state between the completion of a preceding activity and the
beginning of the succeeding one. It has no duration an event is shown by a circle
 or ellipse

12. Define activity direct cost?

This is the cost that can be traced in full with the execution of a specific
activity. It consists of costs of direct labour, direct equipment and other direct costs.
For example: in the activity of roof concreting, the following direct costs would be
involved.

Types of costs item of costs

Direct materials cost of concrete and steel
Direct labour cost of labour employed
13. Define activity indirect cost?
This is the cost that incurred while performing an activity, but cannot be
traced directly to its execution. In other words, all costs other than the direct ones fall
in this category. These represent the apportioned share of supervision; general and
administration costs are commonly refer to as overheads.

14.What are the characteristics of a dummy activity? (AUC May/June2013)

A dummy activity is an imaginary activity included in network. Since it is not a real
activity, it does not consume time , manpower and material resoures . it is included in a network to
maintain the logic and to avoid ambiguity. It is represented by a dotted line and arrow.

15.What do you understand by job shop scheduling? (AUC May/June2012)

Job planning :
Each job or unit of construction has further planned with

respect to the following

:
 1. Manner of execution of the jobs :
The job may be executed departmentally or through contractor
.In the case work is done through the contractor type of contractor is to be identified.

1. Duration of the jobs :

(i) Urgency of the work
(ii) Availability of resources
(iii) Position of the construction with reference to ther net
work
2. Planning of resources:
Resources of a construction project comprises of the following
(iv) Plant, equipment and machinery
(v) Construction stores
(vi) Construction material
(vii) Both technical and non techanial staff and skilled and
unskilled labour.
14. What are the advantages of coding system. . (AUC Apr/May/2010)
The most widely used standard coding system for constructed facilities is the
MASTERFORMAT system developed by the Construction Specifications Institute (CSI) of the
United States and Construction Specifications of Canada. After development of separate
systems, this combined system was originally introduced as the Uniform Construction Index (UCI)
in 1972 and was subsequently adopted for use by numerous firms, information providers,
professional societies and tradeorganizations.
15.What is the object of scheduling?.
Scheduling means putting the plan on calendar basis. A project network shows the sequence and inters
dependencies of activities, their time and their earliest and latest completion time, but these needs to be
scheduled to determine commencement and termination dates of each activity. Using optimum resources
or working within resource constraints, it is a time table of work. A basic distinction exists between
resource oriented scheduling techniques. The project is divided into number of operations.
16.List out the advantages of scheduling.
1. By studying of any work and the many alternative methods of execution, we can choose the
best one.
2. It gives a clear idea regarding the required men, materials and equipments at different
stages of work.
3. Resource utilization is optimized.
4. Actual progress of the work is monitored with the actual plan. If there is any delay, proper
remedial measures can be taken to avoid such delays.

17.What is the purpose of work scheduling?

The bar – chart type work schedule provides a simplified version of the work plan, which can easily be
understood by all concerned with planning, co – ordination, execution and control of the project.
(b) It validates the time objectives:
A work schedule shows the planned sequence of activities, data – wise while putting the
work plan on a calendar basis, it takes into account reduced efficiency of resources to adverse
climatic conditions and other factors.
(c) It evaluates the implications of scheduling constraints:
A work schedule brings out the implications of constraints and enables preparation of a plan of
work within the frame work of these constraints.
18.What are the steps involved in schedule chart?
(a) Select the EST point of activity layout on the graph, and draw a line sloping equal to its rate of
execution i.e., 1 unit per day.
(b) Plot the lowest rate slowing line and mark its intersection with the top to foundation horizontal
line.
( c ) Starting from the point of intersection, move forward horizontally on the top line and identify
latest completion point of subsequent activity as indicated by the set back.
19.What are the factors affecting work scheduling? (AUC Nov/Dec 2010)
(a) Time:
Most of the projects carry time constraints in the form of imposed dates, these dates may include
constraints on start and completion of activities.