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Control Volume Notes - Protected

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SanthoshMBSanthu
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BASIC CONCEPTS OF A CONTROL VOLUME

D EPA RTM EN T O F C I V I L EN G I N EER I N G


PRESIDENCY UNIVERSITY, BANGALORE-64
BY
SANTHOSH M B
ASSTISTANT PROFESSOR

Course: CE F212 Transport Phenomena 3 0 3 CE A 207 Transport Phenomena


Concepts of System and Control Volume

 This approach is to concentrate on a finite region of flow and find out


how the flow properties change in that region.
 The concepts of system and control volume are introduced here to
tackle the mathematical model of the basic laws in fluid flows
 In fluid mechanics, a system is defined as the chunk (compact mass) of
fluid particles whose identity does not change during the course of
flow. Here, the identity means that the chunk is composed of same
fluid particles as it flows. The natural consequence of this definition is
that the mass of the system is constant since it is composed of the
same fluid particles.
Control volume
In fluid mechanics and thermodynamics , a control volume is a mathematical
abstraction employed in the process of creating mathematical models of
physical processes
Control volume
Control Volume Analysis
Consider the control volume in more detail for both mass, energy, and
momentum:
– open and closed systems

Control Volume
 encloses the system or region of interest
 can have multiple inlets/exits or none at all if it is a closed system (as
we have seen)
 is important much like the free body diagram
Basic Laws for a System
The basic laws we will apply are
A. conservation of mass
B. Newton’s second law
C. The angular-momentum principle and
D. The first and second laws of thermodynamics.
Conservation of Mass

If the numerical value of mass does not change when the system undergoes
a change, then it is treated as “conservation of mass”. In fluid flow situation,
if one chooses a system of fluid particles, then the identity remains the
same by definition of system and hence the mass for a system is constant. It
does not matter whether any chemical reaction/heating or any other
process is taking place within the system. Mathematically, it is represented
as the time rate of change of mass of a system is zero.
Newton’s Second Law

For a system moving relative to an inertial reference frame, Newton’s second law
states that the sum of all external forces acting on the system is equal to the time
rate of change of linear momentum of the system,
The Angular-Momentum Principle

The angular-momentum principle for a system states that the rate


of change of angular momentum is equal to the sum of all torques
acting on the system

Torque can be produced by surface and body forces (here gravity) and also
by shafts that cross the system boundary,
The First Law of Thermodynamics
First law of thermodynamics: This law is nothing but the energy
conservation law which states that energy can neither be created nor be
destroyed but, can be changed from one form to another.
The First Law of Thermodynamics

Q (the rate of heat transfer) is positive when heat is added to the system from the
surroundings
W (the rate of work) is positive when work is done by the system on its surroundings
u is the specific internal energy
V the speed and z the height (relative to a convenient datum) of a particle of substance
having mass dm.
The Second Law of Thermodynamics
Relation of System Derivatives to the Control Volume Formulation
We now have the five basic laws expressed as system rate equations. Our task in this
section is to develop a general expression for converting a system rate equation into
an equivalent control volume equation.

Instead of converting the equations for rates of change of M, P, H, E, and S one by one,
we let all of them be represented by the symbol N

Hence N represents the amount of mass, or momentum, or angular momentum, or


energy, or entropy of the system. Corresponding to this extensive property, we will also
need the intensive (i.e., per unit mass) property η. Thus

we see that if:


Let us imagine an arbitrary piece of the flowing fluid at some time t0, as shown in Fig a .

Fig a & b System and control volume configuration

This initial shape of the fluid system is chosen as our control volume, which is fixed
in space relative to coordinates xyz.
After an infinitesimal time Δt the system will have moved (probably changing
shape as it does so) to a new location, as shown in Fig b
The laws we discussed above apply to this piece of fluid—for example, its mass will
be constant
By examining the geometry of the system/control volume pair at t = t0 and at t = t0 + Δt,
we will be able to obtain control volume formulations of the basic laws.

From Fig. a we see that the system, which was entirely within the control volume at
time t0 , is partially out of the control volume at time t0 + Δt

In fact, three regions can be identified. These are: regions I and II, which together make
up the control volume, and region III, which, with region II, is the location of the system
at time t0 + Δt .

From the definition of a derivative, the rate of change of Nsystem is given by


From the geometry of Fig. a & b,

Our task now is to evaluate each of the three terms of above equation
Term 1 in above equation simplifies to

To evaluate term 2 we first develop an expression for N 111) t0 + Δt by looking at the


enlarged view of a typical subregion (subregion (3)) of region III shown in fig C

Fig. C Enlarged view of subregion (3) from Fig. b.


We can perform a similar analysis for subregion (1) of region I,

For subregion (1), the velocity vector acts into the control volume, but the area
normal always (by convention) points outward (angle α > π/2), so the scalar product in
above equation is negative
and the two last integrals can be combined because CSI and CSIII constitute the entire
control surface,
Physical Interpretation
We now have a formula that we can use to convert the rate of change of any extensive
property N of a system to an equivalent formulation for use with a control volume.

We can now use above equation in the various basic physical law equations one by
one, with N replaced with each of the properties
Conservation of Mass
The first physical principle to which we apply this conversion from a system to a
control volume description is the mass conservation principle: The mass of the
system remains constant,
The system and control volume formulations are related by equation

Where
In the above equation the first term represents the rate of change of mass
within the control volume; the second term represents the net rate of mass flux
out through the control surface.

The mass conservation equation is also called the is also called the continuity
equation . In common-sense terms, the rate of increase of mass in the control
volume is due to the net inflow of mass:
Special Cases
Consider first the case of an incompressible fluid, in which density remains constant.
When ρ is constant, it is not a function of space or time. Consequently, for
incompressible fluids,

A useful special case is when we


have (or can approximate) uniform
velocity at each inlet and exit . In
this case Equation simplifies to
Special Cases

The integral of V dA over a section of the control surface is commonly called


the volume flow rate or volume rate of flow. Thus, for incompressible flow,
the volume flow rate into a fixed control volume must be equal to the
volume flow rate out of the control volume. The volume flow rate Q, through
a section of a control surface of area A, is given by
Problem: A pipe line of 60 cm diameter bifurcates at a y- junction into two
branches 40 cm and 30 cm in diameter. If the rate of flow in the main pipe is
1.5 m3/s and mean velocity of flow in 30 cm diameter pipe is 7.5 m/s,
determine the rate of flow in the 40 cm diameter pipe.

Answer: Q = 0.97 m3/s


Momentum Equation for Inertial Control Volume
Newton’s second law for a system moving relative to an inertial coordinate system is
given by

The system and control volume formulations are related using Eq.
In fluid mechanics the body force is usually gravity, so
Problem: On a circular conduit there are different diameters: diameter D1 = 2 m
changes into D2 = 3 m. The velocity in the entrance profile was measured: v1 = 3 m/s .
Calculate the discharge and mean velocity at the outlet profile (see fig. 1).

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