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SQL Transactions

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45 views

SQL Transactions

Uploaded by

dillip singh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SQL

Topperworld.in

Transactions

• A transaction is a unit or sequence of work that is performed on a database.


Transactions are accomplished in a logical order, whether in a manual
fashion by a user or automatically by some sort of a database program.

A transaction is the propagation of one or more changes to the database. For


example, if you are creating, updating or deleting a record from the table, then
you are performing a transaction on that table. It is important to control these
transactions to ensure the data integrity and to handle database errors.

❖ Properties of Transaction
Transactions have the following four standard properties, usually referred
to by the acronym ACID.
• Atomicity: The outcome of a transaction can either be completely
successful or completely unsuccessful. The whole transaction must be
rolled back if one part of it fails.
• Consistency: Transactions maintain integrity restrictions by moving the
database from one valid state to another.
• Isolation: Concurrent transactions are isolated from one another,
assuring the accuracy of the data.
• Durability: Once a transaction is committed, its modifications remain in
effect even in the event of a system failure.

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SQL

❖Transactions Control Command


Transactional control commands are only used with the DML Commands
such as - INSERT, UPDATE and DELETE. They cannot be used while creating
tables or dropping them because these operations are automatically
committed in the database. Following commands are used to control
transactions.

• BEGIN TRANSACTION Command

✓ It indicates the start point of an explicit or local transaction.

Syntax:
BEGIN TRANSACTION
transaction_name ;

• SET TRANSACTION Command

✓ The values for the properties of the current transaction, such as the
transaction isolation level and access mode, are set using the SET
TRANSACTION Statement in MySQL.

Syntax:
SET TRANSACTION [ READ WRITE | READ
ONLY ];

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• COMMIT Command

✓ If everything is in order with all statements within a single transaction,


all changes are recorded together in the database is called committed.

✓ The COMMIT command saves all the transactions to the database since
the last COMMIT or ROLLBACK command.

Syntax:

COMMIT;

Example:

Sample Table1

Following is an example which would delete those records from the table
which have age = 20 and then COMMIT the changes in the database.

Query:
DELETE FROM Student WHERE AGE = 20;
COMMIT;

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Output:

Thus, two rows from the table would be deleted and the SELECT statement
would look like,

• ROLLBACK Command

✓ If any error occurs with any of the SQL grouped statements, all changes
need to be aborted.

✓ The process of reversing changes is called rollback.

✓ This command can only be used to undo transactions since the last
COMMIT or ROLLBACK command was issued.

Syntax for ROLLBACK command:

ROLLBACK;

Example:

From the above example Sample table1,


Delete those records from the table which have age = 20 and then ROLLBACK
the changes in the database.

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SQL

Query:

DELETE FROM Student WHERE AGE = 20;


ROLLBACK;

Output:

• SAVEPOINT Command

✓ SAVEPOINT creates points within the groups of transactions in which to


ROLLBACK.

✓ A SAVEPOINT is a point in a transaction in which you can roll the


transaction back to a certain point without rolling back the entire
transaction.

Syntax for Savepoint command:

SAVEPOINT
SAVEPOINT_NAME;

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SQL

✓ This command is used only in the creation of SAVEPOINT among all the
transactions.

✓ In general ROLLBACK is used to undo a group of transactions.

Syntax for rolling back to Savepoint Command:

ROLLBACK TO
SAVEPOINT_NAME;

Example:

From the above example Sample table1, Delete those records from the table
which have age = 20 and then ROLLBACK the changes in the database by
keeping Savepoints.

Query:

SAVEPOINT SP1;
//Savepoint created.
DELETE FROM Student WHERE AGE = 20;
//deleted
SAVEPOINT SP2;
//Savepoint created.

Here SP1 is first SAVEPOINT created before deletion.In this example one
deletion have taken place.
After deletion again SAVEPOINT SP2 is created.

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SQL

Output:

Deletion have been taken place, let us assume that you have changed your
mind and decided to ROLLBACK to the SAVEPOINT that you identified as SP1
which is before deletion.
deletion is undone by this statement.

Query:

ROLLBACK TO SP1;
//Rollback completed

Output:

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SQL

• RELEASE SAVEPOINT Command

✓ This command is used to remove a SAVEPOINT that you have created.

Syntax:
RELEASE SAVEPOINT
SAVEPOINT_NAME

Once a SAVEPOINT has been released, you can no longer use the ROLLBACK
command to undo transactions performed since the last SAVEPOINT.
It is used to initiate a database transaction and used to specify characteristics
of the transaction that follows.

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