CITY COLLEGE OF CALAMBA

MMW 101

in the
modern world
CITY COLLEGE OF CALAMBA
3
➢ It is one of the widely utilized
probability distributions.
➢ The mathematical equation of the
normal curve was developed by
Abraham de Moivre in 1773.
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➢ It is also called the Gaussian
distribution in honor of Karl Freidrich
Gauss who also derived the equation
in the 19th century.

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1. The curve is symmetrical and bell-
shaped.
2. The number of cases is infinite. This
is the reason why the curve is
asymptotic to the baseline.
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3. The 3 measures of central tendency,
Mean, Median and Mode, coincide at
one point at the center of the
distribution.

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4. The height of the curve indicates the
frequency of cases, expressed as
probability, proportion or percentage.
The total area under the normal curve is
1.0 in terms of probability or proportion
and 100% in terms of percentage. 8
5. The basic unit of measurement is
expressed in sigma units (𝜎) or
standard deviations along the baseline.
The sigma units are also called z-
𝑥
scores ( ).
𝜎
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6. Two parameters are used to describe
the curve. One is the parameter mean
which is equal to zero (𝑥ҧ = 0) and the
other is the standard deviation which is
equal to 1 (𝜎 = 1).
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7. Standard deviations or z- scores departing
away from the mean towards the right of the
curve or above the mean are expressed as
positive values, while the scores departing
away from the mean to the left of the curve or
below the mean is in negative values.
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 -3s -2s -1s 𝑥ҧ 1𝑠 2s 3s

The Subdivision of the Horizontal Axis into Equal Sub-intervals with

1 Unit equal to 1 Standard Deviation

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➢ From the figure, we shall consider three
specific intervals with which we can
associate three mathematical facts called
Empirical Rule.

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➢ For any normally distributed set of data, we can say that
1. At least 68% of the values in the given set of data fall within
plus or minus 1 standard deviation from the mean. In symbols,
ഥ − 𝟏𝒔 − 𝒙
the interval is given by 𝒙 ഥ + 𝟏𝒔 .

68%

-3s -2s -1s 𝑥ҧ 1𝑠 2s 3s 14

2. At least 95% of the values in the given set of data fall within
plus or minus 2 standard deviation from the mean. In symbols,
ഥ − 𝟐𝒔 − 𝒙
the interval is given by 𝒙 ഥ + 𝟐𝒔 .

95%

-3s -2s -1s 𝑥ҧ 1𝑠 2s 3s 15

3. At least 99% of the values in the given set of data fall within
plus or minus 3 standard deviation from the mean. In symbols,
ഥ − 𝟑𝒔 − 𝒙
the interval is given by 𝒙 ഥ + 𝟑𝒔 .

99%

-3s -2s -1s 𝑥ҧ 1𝑠 2s 3s 16

Consider the NCEE scores of the students in a certain
college whose mean score is 75 and a standard deviation
of 8. Assuming normality of the data, then from the
empirical rule, we can say that
1. Approximately, 68% of the students in that college
have NCEE scores between 75 plus or minus 1, that is,
𝟕𝟓 − 𝟏 𝟖 − 𝟕𝟓 + 𝟏 𝟖
𝟔𝟕 − 𝟖𝟑
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2. Approximately, 95% of the students in that college
have NCEE scores between 75 plus or minus 2 times the
standard deviation, 8. Thus, 𝟕𝟓 − 𝟐 𝟖 − 𝟕𝟓 + 𝟐 𝟖
𝟓𝟗 − 𝟗𝟏
3. Approximately, 99% of the students in that college
have NCEE scores between 75 plus or minus 3 times the
standard deviation, 8. Thus, 𝟕𝟓 − 𝟑 𝟖 − 𝟕𝟓 + 𝟑 𝟖
𝟓𝟏 − 𝟗𝟗
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 51 59 67 75 83 91 99

The Graph of the NCEE Scores of the Students in a Certain College.

The length of the Subinterval is Equal to 1 Standard Deviation

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➢ It represents a normal distribution
with mean 𝑥ҧ = 0 and a standard
deviation 𝑠 = 1.

𝑥−𝑥ҧ
Formula: 𝑧=
𝑠
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The average efficiency rating of the faculty
members of a certain university is 85 with a
standard deviation of 4. Assuming that the
efficiency rating of the faculty members is
normally distributed, then the values can be
presented into a horizontal score as shown
below. 21
 73 77 81 85 89 93 97

By using standard score, the values 73, 77, 81 and

so on can be transformed into the standard scores by
using the given formula.

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Suppose 𝑥 = 85. Then, when 𝑥ҧ = 85 and 𝑠 =4,
the z score shall be:

𝑥 − 𝑥ҧ
𝑧=
𝑠
85 − 85 0
𝑧= = =0
4 4

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Suppose 𝑥 = 89. Then, when 𝑥ҧ = 85 and 𝑠 =4,
the z score shall be:

𝑥 − 𝑥ҧ
𝑧=
𝑠
89 − 85 4
𝑧= = =1
4 4

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Suppose 𝑥 = 81. Then, when 𝑥ҧ = 85 and 𝑠 =4,
the z score shall be:

𝑥 − 𝑥ҧ
𝑧=
𝑠
81 − 85 −4
𝑧= = = −1
4 4

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➢ The total area under the normal
curve is equal to 1. Since a normally
distributed set of data is symmetric,
then the total area from 𝑧 = 0 to the
right is equal to 0.5. The area from 𝑧 =
0 to the left is also equal to 0.5. 26
➢ The area under the curve of any two
points in a horizontal scale given in
the table. The values in the table
corresponds to the curve from 𝑧 = 0 to
a specified value of 𝑧.
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Such conversions can be continued and we shall
come up with a normal curve in standard units as
shown below.

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

ഥ = 𝟎 and a standard deviation of 1

The Normal Curve with 𝒙
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➢ Such value of 𝑧 can be positive or
negative but the area under the curve
will always be positive.
➢ Note that the table has no negative
values of for 𝑧.
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 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

The area from 𝑧 = 0 to 𝑧 = 1.25

symbolized as 0 < 𝑧 < 1.25 is equal to
.3944.
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 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

The area from 𝑧 = 0 to 𝑧 = −1.25

symbolized as −1.25 < 𝑧 < 0 is equal to
.3944.
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➢ It was mentioned earlier that the total
area under the curve is equal to 1.
Thus, we can associate these areas
under the normal curve as
probabilities.
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➢ Generally, the capital letter 𝑍 is used
to represent a certain event that is
greater than a standard score
represented by small letter 𝑧 . Such
event is denoted by 𝑍 > 𝑧.
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➢ An event that is less than a standard
score shall be denoted by 𝑍 < 𝑧.
➢ The notation 𝑧1 < 𝑍 < 𝑧2 where
𝑧1 < 𝑧2 shall indicate that the event is
between two standard scores.
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➢ To determine the area under the
normal curve or the probability of the
event, we shall use the notations:
𝑃(𝑍 > 𝑧)
𝑃(𝑍 < 𝑧)
𝑃(𝑃𝑧1 < 𝑍 < 𝑧2 ) 35
1. Find the probability value of
𝑃 𝑍 > 1.5 .

𝑃 𝑍 > 1.5 = 0.5 − 𝑃 0 < 𝑧 < 1.5

𝑃 𝑍 > 1.5 = 0.5 − 0.4332
𝑃 𝑍 > 1.5 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝟔𝟖
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2. Find the probability value of
𝑃 𝑍 < −0.5 .

𝑃 𝑍 < −0.5 = 0.5 − 𝑃 −0.5 < 𝑧 < 0

𝑃 𝑍 < −0.5 = 0.5 − 0.1915
𝑃 𝑍 < −0.5 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟎𝟖𝟓

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3. Find the probability value of
𝑃 −0.5 < 𝑍 < 1.5 .
𝑃 −0.5 < 𝑍 < 1.5 = (𝑃 −0.5 < 𝑍 < 0 + 𝑃 0 < 𝑍 < 1.5

𝑃 −0.5 < 𝑍 < 1.5 = 0.1915 + 0.4332

𝑃 −0.5 < 𝑍 < 1.5 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟐𝟒𝟕

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4. Find the probability value of
𝑃 1.25 < 𝑍 < 2.31 .
𝑃 1.25 < 𝑍 < 2.31 = (𝑃 0 < 𝑍 < 2.31 − 𝑃 0 < 𝑧 < 1.25

𝑃 1.25 < 𝑍 < 2.31 = 0.4896 − 0.3944

𝑃 1.25 < 𝑍 < 2.31 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟗𝟓𝟐

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5. Find the probability value of
𝑃 𝑍 < 1.25 .

𝑃 𝑍 < 1.25 = 0.5 + 𝑃 0 < 𝑧 < 1.25

𝑃 𝑍 < 1.25 = 0.5 + 0.3944
𝑃 𝑍 < 1.25 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟗𝟒𝟒

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6. The efficiency rating of 300 faculty members of a certain
college were taken and resulted in a mean rating of 86 with a
standard deviation of 4.25. Assuming that the set of data are
approximately distributed, how many of the faculty members
have an efficiency rating of
a. greater than 86?
b. greater than 80?
c. between 80 - 90?
 ഥ = 𝟖𝟔, 𝒔 = 𝟒. 𝟐𝟓, 𝒏 = 𝟑𝟎𝟎
SOLUTION: 𝒙
a. The standard score 𝒛 when 𝒙 = 𝟖𝟔.
𝑥 − 𝑥ҧ 86 − 86
𝑧= = =0
𝑠 4.25
𝑃 𝑥 > 86 = 𝑃 𝑍 > 0
𝑃 𝑥 > 86 = 0.5
Thus, we can say that 0.5 or 50% of the faculty
members have an efficiency rating of above 86 or
50% of 300 = 0.5 300 = 𝟏𝟓𝟎.
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 ഥ = 𝟖𝟔, 𝒔 = 𝟒. 𝟐𝟓, 𝒏 = 𝟑𝟎𝟎
SOLUTION: 𝒙
b. The standard score 𝒛 when 𝒙 = 𝟖0.
𝑥 − 𝑥ҧ 80 − 86
𝑧= = = −1.41
𝑠 4.25
𝑃 𝑥 > 80 = 𝑃 𝑍 > −1.41
𝑃 𝑥 > 80 = 0.5 + 0.4207 = 0.9207
Thus, we can say that 0.9207 or 92.07% of the
faculty members have an efficiency rating greater
than 80 or 92.07% of 300 = 0.9207 300 = 𝟐𝟕𝟔.
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 ഥ = 𝟖𝟔, 𝒔 = 𝟒. 𝟐𝟓, 𝒏 = 𝟑𝟎𝟎
SOLUTION: 𝒙
c. The standard score 𝒛 when 𝒙 = 𝟖0 and 𝒙 = 𝟗0 .
𝑥 − 𝑥ҧ 90 − 86
𝑧= = = 0.94
𝑠 4.25
𝑃 80 < 𝑥 < 90 = 𝑃 −1.41 < 𝑍 < 0.94
𝑃 80 < 𝑥 < 90 = 0.4207 + 0.3264 = 0.7471
Thus, we can say that 0.7471 or 74.71% of the
faculty members have an efficiency rating 80 − 90 or
74.71% of 300 = 0.7471 300 = 𝟐𝟐𝟒.
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M.T.S. CALABIA