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BOX JACKING EXPLANATION

•It is the process in which a pre-cast R.C.C box or a rigid box is pushed
into the soil with the help of hydraulic jacks
•It is non-intrusive method beneath the existing surface.
•It is more often used when a subway or a aqueduct or a underground
structure is to be
constructed.
•It enables the traffic flow without disruption.

METHODS OF BOX JACKING

Box Jacking

Non –intrusive method beneath existing surface infrastructure

Frequently used where an existing road or rail tracks is an
embankment and space exists for the structure to be cast at the side
Enables traffic flows to be maintained disruption

Procedure

It involves the advancement of a site-cast rectangular or other

shaped box using high capacity hydraulic jacks.
An open ended reinforced concrete box is cast on a jacking base.
A purpose designed tunneling shield is provided at its leading end
and thrust jacks are provided at its rear end reacting against a

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jacking slab
The box is then jacked carefully through the ground
Excavation and jacking take place in small increments of advance.
Measure are taken to ensure stability of the tunnel face and to
prevent the ground from being dragged forward by the advancing
box
When the box has reached its final position the shield and jacking
equipment are removed.

R.C.C box jacking

Is adopted where it is not possible to constructed in situ R.C.C

boxes
These boxes are used for canal siphon, road under bridge and
culvert for conveying water/service pipes
The box is provided with a shield in front in front called “Front
shield”

Which pierces through the soil by cutting

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R.C.C BOX JACKING

•First the box section is designed and cast at the site or can be
transported to the site according to the requirement.
•The foundation boxes are jacked into the ground designed to carry the
dead and the live loads.
•Then the high capacity jacks are placed at the back and it pushes the
box into the ground.
•A purpose designed tunneling shield is provided in the front end.

•Then the box is jacked carefully through the earth.

•Excavation and jacking are done in small increments in advance.
•Measures should be taken to prevent the soil being dragged towards
the box.

R.C.C BOX JACKING

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Throustboring method

Is a process of simultaneously jacking pipe through the earth while

removing the soil inside the encasement by means of a rotating
auger.
In unstable soil conditions, the end of the auger is kept retracted
back inside the encasement so as not to cause voids.
In stable conditions, the auger can be successfully extended
beyond the end of the encasement.

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ARCHED JACKING

THRUST BORING METHOD

•It is a process of simultaneously jacking the pipe through the earth

while removing the
earth inside the box by means of a rotating auger.
•Unstable conditions- the end of auger is kept retracted inside the
encasement so as not to cause voids.
•Stable conditions- the auger can be successfully extended beyond the
encasement.
•This can be successfully used in any kind of soil conditions.
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PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED IN JACKING

•Settlement of the above ground.

•Seepage of ground water.
•Caving in of soil etc.

FREEZING OF GROUN

•This method is used when we encounter the problem of ground water

seepage and settlement of ground.
•In this method a brine solution is continuously passed through the
pipes fixed in the soil.
•The temperature of the brine would be -30°c.

•So when this brine solution is circulated through these pipes it freezes
the ground and the ground behaves like an ice block.
•The spacing of the freezing pipes will vary according to the type of
soil, its permeability and other factors.
•Generally it is kept at a spacing of 1.2 m

PROBLEMS IN FREEZING

•The main problem in the freezing method is the UPHEAVING of the

above ground.
•To avoid the upheavement problem we should be careful in the ground
freezing process and the temperature of the brine solution.
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CASE STUDY - SOUTHERN BOSTON PIERS TRANSIT WAY

•The carriageway has to go beneath – a Russian building,100 year

old •2m thick soil was frozen.
•Under pinning was also done using mini piles.
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PLAN OF THE RUSSIAN BUILDING

ADVANTAGES

•Timely completion of project.

•No disruption of traffic.
•No need to divert the traffic.

DISADVANTAGES

•Cost of project increases.

•Skilled personnel required.
•Safety precautions to be done properly.
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PIPE JACKING

ABOUT THE TECHNIQUE

•It is generally referred as “Micro tunneling”

•Pipes are pushed through the ground behind the shield using powerful
jacks.
•Simultaneously excavation takes place within the shield.
•This process is continued until the pipeline is completed.
•The method provides a flexible, structural, watertight, finished
pipeline as the tunnel is excavated.
•No theoretical limit to the length of individual pipelines.
•Pipes range from 150mm to 3000mm diameter can be installed in
straight line or in curvature.
•Thrust wall is provided for the reaction of the jacks.
•In case of poor soil, the thrust wall may punch inside the
soil. •Then piles or ground anchoring methods can be used.
PROCEDURE

•The thrust pit and the reception pit are excavated at the required
places.
•Then the thrust wall is set up in the thrust pit according to the
requirement.
•In case of mechanized excavations, a very large pit is required.
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•But in case of manual excavation, a small pit is enough.

•Thrust ring is provided to ensure the even distribution of stress along
the circumference of the pipe.
•The number of jacks vary upon the frictional resistance of the soil,
strength of pipes etc.,
•The size of the reception pit is to be big enough to receive the jacking
shield.
•To maintain the accuracy of alignment a steer able shield is used
during the pipe jacking.
•In case of small and short distance excavations, ordinary survey
method is sufficient.
•But in case of long excavations, remote sensing and other techniques
can be used.
GENERAL ARRANGEMENTS
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PIPE JACKING SETUP

THRUST SETUP
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COMPUTER GUIDANCE SYSTEM

•The computer system enables us to control the work remotely.

ADVANTAGES

•It avoids the excavation of trenches. So it is also called as “Trench

less Technique”.
•There won’t be any leak problems in the
future. •Timely finish of projects.

DISADVANTAGES
•Very costly method.
•Skilled personnel is required.
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3.2 DIAPHRAGM WALL

Diaphragm wall are structure elements, which are constructed underground to

prevent the seepage into the excavated area
Various methods adopted to construct a diaphragm wall

Slurry trench technique

1. Soil mixing method

2. RC continuous diaphragm wall

3. Precast diaphragm wall

4. Glass diaphragm walls

Slurry trench technique

The technique involves excavating a narrow trench that is kept full of an

engineered fluid or slurry
The slurry exerts hydraulic pressure against the trench walls and acts as
shoring to prevent collapse
Slurry trench excavations can be performed in all types of soil even
below ground water table

Soil mixing method

This is the method used to make continuous walls by churning up piled

soil using an auger, pouring in cement milk and marking soil mortar
columns in the ground using the soil as aggregate
This is an in situ mixing and churning method
In the method after completing excavation of the groove wall using an
excavator, soil cement is produced by mixing and churning excavated soil
The excavated soil is classified and graded with cement milk after being
put through a termite

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Then the soil cement is poured into the groove wall, after which the steel
material is built as the core material

RC continuous diaphragm wall

This method of building a very long continuous diaphragm wall

Excavate a given groove between the surface and underground using a
stabilizing liquid
Insert a given steel bar pour in concrete, thereby building a reinforced
concrete wall underground.

Precast diaphragm wall

With this method, a continuous trench or longer panels are excavated
under self- hardening cement- bentonite (CB) slurry.
The precast concrete wall sections are lifted and positioned by a
crane The CB slurry sets to form the final composite wall
The trench is excavated under bentonite slurry, which is then displaced
with CB slurry.

Glass diaphragm walls

For contained enclosure, a diaphragm wall system consisting of special

glass panels with a sealing made out of glass are used.
The panels are 50cm wide and up to 15cm long

Common uses of diaphragm wall walls

 To provide structural support for the construction

 To provide retaining wall

 To provide deep diaphragms

Applications of diaphragm wall

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As permanent and temporary foundation wall foundation walls for deep

foundation for deep basements
In earth retention schemes for highway and tunnel
projects As permanent walls for deep shafts for tunnel
access
As permanent cut - off walls through the core of earth dams
In congested areas for retention systems and permanent foundation
walls Deep groundwater barriers through and under dams

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3.3 TUNNEL BORING MACHINE

Tunnel boring machine (TBM) as mole recent developments in the tunnel driving
technique. The function of TBM is to loosen the earth or break the rock
continuously in the entire section of the tunnel, in to cuttings and convey to the
rear of the machine, where it can be loaded into muck cars or dumpers or on to
conveyor belts for the transportation to the ultimate disposal site.

Working principle and construction features of TBM

These machines perform the boring operation through rotation of the front head
against the rock face. The mole has circular cutter head in the front provided with
fixed cutters of desired shape. The cutter head while rotating is pressed against
the rock to cut or pulverize it. The cuttings while failing down is collected in the
buckets provided around the cutter head periphery. These buckets discharge the
muck into a hopper to feed it into the belt conveyor leading to the rear of the
machine. This conveyor then discharges the muck either into the mine car or to
another belt conveyor leading to the portal of the tunnel. The muck of cuttings
can also be disposed off by using the slurry pipelines after mixing the fine muck
into water to form slurry.

For driving through full- face on full-face TRMs number of cutter heads is
mounted on a drum. The drum when rotates in one direction, the individually
driven cutter heads having projected Tungsten carbide tipped tools can be rotated
in another direction and the drum advances into the tunnel face, by providing a
thrust with the help of hydraulic systems. The tips of the tools when worn out can
be easily replaced. The tips are kept cooled by spraying a mixture of water and

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compressed air into the cutting area. This also suppress the dust formed during
cutting.

Advantages of tunnel boring machines

 There is very less danger of fall outs in machine bored tunnels, since
adjacent or surrounding rocks are undistributed as no blasting is done.
 Mucking is also safe and convenient, since muck is conveyed from the face
to the rear of the machine and is loaded automatically by means to the rear of the
machine and is loaded automatically by means of belt conveyors.
 Higher speed of excavation.

 Reduction in the tunnel supports requirement.

 Less manpower requirement.

Various types of tunneling technique

Tunneling techniques are

1.Drilling
2.Drilling jumbo

3.Loading and firing

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Drill jumbo

Drill jumbos used in tunnels are also known as tunnel jumbos. A drill
jumbo is a portable carriage having one more carriage having one or
more working platforms equipped with columns, bars or booms to
support and guide the drills, enabling the drills to perform drilling
operation at any desired pattern. These platforms have arrangement for
the supporting the compressed air pipes, water pipes. The booms are
operated by hydraulic fluid or air and support the drifters, and are
equipped with control enabling the operator to spot a drill in any
desired position conforming to the drilling pattern. The platforms are
constructed as per the size of tunnel and can be raised or lowered so as
to allow mockers or hauling equipment to pass under the jumbo several
drill can be operated from each platform for speedy excavation

The jumbos either on rails on pneumatic tyres depending upon the type
of work. The jumbo can be equipped with electricity feeding cables,
pneumatic concrete placers etc. Mobile jumbos of modern design with
four wheels drive and centrally articulated steering speeds production
and reduce tunneling costs

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Loading and firing

Drilling pattern when followed produces most economical and efficient

breakage of rock for a given tunnel, and is determined by conducting tests
using different patterns. Explosive selected for working in tunnels should have
low fumes characteristics. Ammonium nitrate explosives are therefore
preferred over dynamics due to less toxic fumes

Drilling

For driving a tunnel number of holes are drilled as per drilling pattern in size
and depth as decided depending upon the size of the tunnel and its formation
Drifters are generally used for drilling in the tunnels where in water is used to
remove the cuttings from the holes instead of compressed air to reduced the
amount of dust in the air. Holes are drilled slightly deeper than the advance per
round to taken care of loss in depth during blasting. Depth advanced due to
drilling and blasting operation is called as one round. Types of well point
systems

1. Pumping from open sumps

2. Pumping from well points

Well point systems are installed in two ways:

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a) Line system

b) Ring system

Types of 3. Pumping from bored wells

piles

(a) Driven piles – Timber, recast concrete, Prestressed concrete , steel H-

section, Box and tube
(b) Driven and cast-in place piles

(c) Bored piles

(d) Composite piles

Use of H-piles

H-Piles are used in construction of bridges where they can be driven through
existing construction in small spaces they are used useful for driving close to
existing structures since they cause little displacement of soil. It can be
withstand large lateral forces. They require less space for shipping and storing
than wood, pipe or precast concrete
They not require special slings or special care in handling.

DEEP EXCAVATIONS
Problems normally developed during deep excavations
To prevent the collapsing of sides of the trenches
To prevent water oozing or coming out from the sides and bottom
of the trenches
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The remedial measures to avoid the problems deep excavation

Providing shoring for the trenches

Dewatering of the trenches

Line system

This system is employed when excavation area is long. The header is

laid out along the sides of the excavation, and the pumping is
continuously in progress in one length as further points are jetted ahead
of the pumped down section and pulled up from the completed and back
filled lengths and repeated till entire length is completed. For narrow
excavation, like trenches, header is laid only on one laid, while for wide
excavations, the header are required to be placed on both sides of the
area.

Ring system

When excavation is done in area of appreciable width, line system is

inadequate. The ring system is used in such condition and the header
main surrounds the excavations completely. This system is used for
rectangular excavations such as for piers or basements.

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3.4 CAISSON

Caisson has come to mean a box like structure, round or rectangular, which
is suck from the surface of either land or water to some desired depth. Caissons are
of three types:

(a) Box caisson

(b) open caisson

(c) Pneumatic caissons

Box caisson

A box caisson is open at top and closed at the bottom and is made of timber,
reinforced concrete or steel. This caisson is built on land, then launched and
floated to pier site where is suck in position. Such a type of caisson is used where
bearing stratum is available at shallow depth, and where loads are not very heavy.
Open caisson
A small cofferdam that is set in place, pumped dry, and filled with concrete to
form a foundation (as for a pier)

Pneumatic caisson
A caisson in which air pressure is used to keep out the water a pneumatic
caisson is a watertight box or cylinder-like structure that is closed at the top and
open at the bottom, resting on the bed of the water body. They are used for
underwater construction of foundations for bridge piers, abutments in rivers, and
foundations for large multi-story buildings. They are designed to keep water out

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of the construction zone and act as a seal that keeps the inside of the caisson dry
for workers to carry out work safely.

The inside of the caisson is kept dry by using compressed air to force water
out of the structure. This process creates an airtight working chamber where
construction activities, such as excavations, can be carried out safely. Pneumatic
caissons are ideal for challenging situations where it is not possible to carry out
wet ground excavations in the open. However, this method is complex, time-
consuming, and relatively expensive when compared to other types of caissons.

SHEET PILES

Sheet piles are thin piles, made of plates of concrete, timber or steel, driven
into the ground for either separating members or for stopping seepage of water.
They are not meant for carrying any vertical load. They are driven into ground
with help of suitable pile driving equipment, and their height is increased while
driving, by means of addition of successive installments of sheets.

Functions of sheet piles

1. To enclose a site or part thereof to prevent the escape of loose subsoil, such as
sand, and to safeguard against settlement.
2. To retain the sides of the trenches and general excavation.

3. To protect river banks.

4. To protect the foundations from scouring actions of nearby river, stream etc.

5. To construct costal defense works

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3.5 COFFERDAM

Types of cofferdam

1. Cantilever sheet pile cofferdam

2. Braced cofferdam

3. Embankment protected cofferdam

4. Double wall cofferdam

5. Cellular cofferdam

Grout anchors used in constructions

In most cases, however anchorages may be embedded below ground

level, with backstays connecting them to adjacent towers, or they may
constitute the end abutments of the end spans. In addition to stability sliding,
the anchorage structure must also be checked for stability against tilting and
overturning.

Methods o f ground water control

Following methods of ground water control are adopted

1. Pumping from open sumps

2. pumping from well points

3. Pumping from bored wells

(1) Pumping from open sumps

This method is most commonly used where area is large enough for
allowing excavation to be cut back to stable slopes and where there are no

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important structures close to the excavation to effect their stability by

settlement resulting from erosion due to water flowing towards the sump. This
method is also applicable for rock excavations.

This method costs comparatively low for installation and maintenance.

In this method one or more sumps are made below the general level of the
excavation. In order to keep the excavator area clear of standing water, a small
grip or ditch is cut around the bottom of the excavation failing towards the
sump. For grater depths of excavation the pump is used or submersible deep
well pump suspended by chains and progressively lowered down. Pumps
suitable for operating from open sumps are:

 Pneumatic sump pumps

 Self-priming centrifugal pumps

 Mono pump sinking pumps

Pumping is simple and less expansive, but has serious limitations. When fine
sand or cohesion less soil lie below the water, this type of pumping removes
the fine material from the surrounding soil and results in settlement of adjacent
structures. To product it sumps lined with gravel filter are sometimes used.

(2) Pumping from well points

This system comprises the installation of a number of filter wells

generally 1m long, around the excavation. These filter wells are conducted by
vertical riser pipes to a large dia header main at ground level which is under
vacuum from a pumping unit. The water flows to the filter well by gravity and
then drawn by the vacuum up to the header main and discharged through the
pump. This system has the advantage that the water is filleted as it removed
from the ground and carries almost no soil with it once steady discharge
conditions are attained. This system has the limitation of limited suction lift.
Therefore for deeper excavations the well points are installed in two or more

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stages.

The filter wells or well points are usually 1m long and 60 to 75mm
diameter gauge screen surrounding a central riser pipe. The capacity of a single
we;; point with 50mm raiser is about 10 lit/min. Spacing between two well
points depends on the permeability of the soil and on the time available to
effect the drawdown. In fine coarse sand or sandy gravels a spacing of 0.75 to
1m is required, while in silty sands of low permeability a 1.5m spacing is
sufficient .In permeable course gravels spacing should be as low as only
0.3m.A normal set of well point system comprises 50 to 60 points to a single
150 or 200mm pump with a separate 100mm jetting pump.

(3) Pumping from bored wells

Pumping from wells, for draw-down depth of than the meters can be
under taken by surface pumps with their suction pipes installed in bored wells.
When dewatering is required to be undertaken from a considerable depth, electrify
driven submersible pumps are installed in deep bore holes with rising main to the
surface. Since heavy boring equipment is used, installation of wells can be done in
all ground conditions including boulders and rocks. Due to higher costs of
installation, this method is adopted where construction period is long and other
methods of dewatering are not possible. Installation of bore well consists of
sinking of a casting having a dia of about 20-30 cm larger than the inner well
casting. The dia of inner well casting depends on the size of submersible pump.
This inner well casing is inserted after complete sinking of borehole screen over
the length where dewatering of the soil is required and it terminates in a 3-5 m
length of unperformed pipe to act as a sump to collect any fine material which
may be drawn through the filter mesh. Screen having slots are preferable to holes,
since there is less risk of blockage from round stones.

Component parts of pipe jacking

Pipe jacking is specialist tunneling method for installing underground

pipelines by assembling the pipes at the foot of an access shaft and pushing
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them through the ground with the minimum of surface disruption

Component parts of jacking systems

The pump unit has two distinct hydraulic systems

A high pressure systems supplies oil for the main jacking cylinders and till
intermediate jacking stations
A low pressure system supplies oil, via hydraulic lines, for the boring head and
conveyor. An auxiliary power pack may be easily installed to double the low
pressure hydraulic flow. This may be necessary for larger and more powerful
boring heads

Thrust yoke

The yoke is the frame that the main cylinders push against to advance
the boring head and pipe. The ring provides a 360 degree surface against the
pipe to minimize point pressure and reduce the chance of breakage.

Skid base

The skid base is the foundation of the pump unit and yoke. It also acts as
a guide for launching the boring head and pipe into the ground.

Power packs
Power packs with high and low pressure systems typically are matched with
the multiple cylinder system.
When tunneling, a lower pressure power pack may be selected to supply oil for
the tunnel boring machine (TBM)
Power required depend on the size and features of the boring head
A mobile electric power pack may be positioned in the boring head/ TBM
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Intermediate jacking stations

Installing intermediate jacking stations is a simple economical way of

adding and distributing thrust for pipe jacking
The size and joint of the pipe, cost, length of push and versatility are important
considerations that configure intermediate stations
Most popular design is effective with a variety of pipe sizes and design. Each
design consists of ram segments. Each segment has 5 rams. All stations are
supplied oil by one set of lines from the power pack and operated from one
point in the jacking shaft.

Methods of providing shoring for the trenches

Methods for providing shoring for the trenches

1. Stay bracing

2. Box sheeting

3. Vertical sheeting

4. Runners

5. Sheet piling

(1) Stay bracing

Carried out in moderately firm ground
It is adopted when the depth does not exceed 2m
The vertical sheets are placed opposite each other against the sides of the trench
The vertical sheets are held in position by one or two rows of struts
The sheets are placed at an interval of 3 to 4m and they extend to full depth of
the excavation
The normal sizes of

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o Polling boreds 200*40&200*50mm

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o Struts 100*100mm (For trench width upto 2m)

o Structs 200*200 (For trench width more 2m)

2. Box sheeting

Carried out in loose soil

It is used when depth of excavation does not exceed 4m
A box like structure is formed by providing sheeting, walls, structs and
bracing
In this arrangement, the vertical sheets are placed nearer and touching each
other
The sheets are kept in position by longitudinal rows of Wales, usually two and
then, structs are provided across the wales

3. Vertical sheeting

Carried out in soft ground

Adopted when the depth is about 10m
This is similar to box sheeting except that the work is carried out in stages and
at each stage, an offset is provided
For each stage, vertical sheets, wales, structs and braces are provided as
usual
The offset is provided at a depth of 3 to 4m and it various from 30 to 60cm
per stages
Suitable for laying sewers or water pipes at considerable depths

4. Runners

Carried out in extremely loose and soft ground which requires immediate
support as the excavation progresses
The runners which are long thick wooden sheets or planks are used in this
arrangement
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These are driven by hammering about 30cm

The wales and struts are provided as usual

5. Sheet piling

provided when large area is to be excavated for a depth greater than 10m
Used when the soil is soft or loose
Provided when the width of the trench is large
It is also provided when the subsoil water is present

Large reservoir construction with membranes and earth system

The main problem in reservoirs is the loss of water due to seepage

So even if the capacity of the reservoir is large much water by lost due to it
It can be made impermeable by construction of impervious membranes on
the embankment

The impervious membrane can be placed on

1. The upstream face of the dam

2. Core inside the embankment

Most of the major earth dams constructed before 1925 were provided with
central concrete core walls or concrete slabs on the upstream face

The impervious advantages for the impervious membrane placement in the

upstream side or core of the embankment

Concrete slab

Concrete slab can be used successfully up to a height of 150ft

The performance of concrete slab will directly on the quality of concrete
Even though the earth earth embankment is not required to act as a water
barrier, it should be well compacted in order to minimize post-construction

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settlement of the upstream

slope

When single reinforced slab is adopted, some leakage will occur due to the
hairline cracks so drains should be provided.

Steel plates

Steel plate can be used where reinforced concrete is used

The life is approximately the same as that of concrete
It can be directly placed on the soil containing appreciable percentage of silt
or clay
It is expansive but it has two
advantages It is watertight
It is more flexible and can adapt to differential settlement in a better manner

Asphaltic concrete

They are less costly than concrete or steel

They are more flexible than reinforced concrete and can adapt to
differential settlement better
They can be constructed quickly
Under certain circumstances the leaks development are self-sea line
The portion above the reservoir level are easy to repair than either concrete
or steel

Advantages of upstream membrane

When the membrane is on the upstream side optimum stability condition are
produced ,so the volume of embankment can be reduced
Since the upstream slab is exposed ,damage can be inspected and repaired
easily
The upstream membrane can be built after the embankment is completed
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Foundation grouting can be carried out while the dam is being built
The membrane can serve a secondary function as wave protection

Internal impervious membrane

Concrete is used mostly for internal membrane steel is used rarely
Since it is not exposed for investigation very little reliable performance is
available
It is less influenced by embankment settlement and less likely to crack as a
result

Advantages of internal membranes

The area of the membrane is smaller than that of an upstream facing, so less
material is required
The surrounding embankment protects the internal membrane
The core can be made almost watertight even if cracking develops, by placing
thin layer of clay upstream
A vertical extension of the core membrane below the base of the dam can be
used through soil deposits in the foundation
The length of the grout curtain in is shorter.

Well sinking operation procedures

1. Laying the well curb

If the river bed is dry, lying of well curb presents no difficulty. In

such a case, excavation up to half a meter above subsoil water level is carried
out and the well curb is laid. If, however, there is water in the river, suitable

cofferdams are constructed around the site of the . Well and is lands are made.
The sizes of the island should be such to allow free working space necessary to

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operate tools and plane for movement of labour etc. When the island is made,
the center point of the well is accurately marked and the cutting

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edge is placed in a level plane. It is desirable to insert wooden sleepers below

the cutting edge at regular intervals so as to distribute the load and avoid
setting of the cutting edge unevenly during concrete.

2. Masonry in well staining

The well staining should be built in initial short height of about

2m only. It is absolutely essential that the well staining is built in one straight
line from the bottom to top. To ensure this staining must be built with
straight edges preferably of angle iron. The lower portions of the straight
edges must be kept butted with the masonry of the lower stage throughout
the building of the fresh masonry. In no case should a plumb bob be used to
build more than 5m at a time. The well masonry is fully cured for at least 48
hours before starting the loading or sinking operations.

3. Sinking operations

A well is ready to be set in after having cast the curb and having
built first short stage of masonry over it. The well is suck by excavating
material from inside under the curb. In the initial stage of sinking, the well is
unsuitable and progress can be very rapid with only little material being
excavated out. Great care should therefore be exercised during this stage, to
see the well sinks to true position. To sink the well straight it should never be
allowed to go out of plumb.

Excavation and scooping out of the soil inside the well can be
done by sending down workers inside the well till such a stage that the depth
of water inside becomes about 1m.As the well sinks deeper, the skin friction
on the sides progressively increases. To overcome the increased skin friction
and the loss in weight of the well due to buoyancy, additional loading known
as Kent edge is applied on the well.

Pumping out the water from inside the well is effective in sinking

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of well under certain conditions. Pumping should be discouraged in the

initial stage. Unless the well has gone deep enough or has passed through a
ring of clayey strata so that chances of tilts and shifts are minimized during
this process. Complete dewatering should not be allowed when the well
has been sunk to about 10m depth.

4. Tilts and shifts

The primary aim in well sinking is to sink them straight and at

the correct position. Suitable precautions should be taken to avoid tilts and
shifts. The precautions to avoid tilts and shifts are as follows

1. The outer surface of the well curb and staining’s should be as regular and
smooth as possible.
2. The radius of the curb should be kept 2 to 4 cm larger than outside of well
staining
3. The cutting edge of the curb should be of uniform thickness and sharpness
since the sharper edge has a greater tendency of sinking than a blunt edge.
4. As soon as tilt exceeds 1 in 200, the sinking should be supervised with
special care and rectifying measures should be immediately taken.
5. Completion of well

When the well bottom has reached the desired strata, further
sinking of the well stopped .A concrete seal is provided at the bottom. The
bottom plug is made bowl shaped so as to have inverted arch action. As
generally under watering concerting as to done, no reinforcement can be
provided. Under watering concreting is done the help of tremie. However,
if it is possible to dewater the well successfully, the concrete can be placed
dry also.

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well is capped at its top, with help of reinforced concrete slab. If however sand
has been filled inside, top plug of lean concrete is interposed between the wall
cap and sand filling.

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COFFERDAM

Types of cofferdam

1. Cantilever sheet pile cofferdam

2. Braced cofferdam

3. Embankment protected cofferdam

4. Double wall cofferdam

5. Cellular cofferdam

Grout anchors used in constructions

In most cases, however anchorages may be embedded below ground level, with backstays

connecting them to adjacent towers, or they may constitute the end abutments of the end spans.

In addition to stability sliding, the anchorage structure must also be checked for stability

against tilting and overturning.

Methods o f ground water control

Following methods of ground water control are adopted

1. Pumping from open sumps

2. pumping from well points

3. Pumping from bored wells

(1) Pumping from open sumps

This method is most commonly used where area is large enough for allowing excavation

to be cut back to stable slopes and where there are no important structures close to the excavation

to effect their stability by settlement resulting from erosion due to water flowing towards the

sump. This method is also applicable for rock excavations.

This method costs comparatively low for installation and maintenance.In this method

one or more sumps are made below the general level of the excavation.In order to keep the

excavator area clear of standing water, a small grip or ditch is cut around the bottom of the

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excavation failing towards the sump.

For grater depths of excavation the pump is used or submersible deepwell pump

suspended by chains and progressively lowered down.Pumps suitable for operating from open

sumps are:

ƒ Pneumatic sump pumps

ƒ Self priming centrifugal pumps

ƒ Monopump sinking pumps

Pumping is simple and less expansive, but has serious limitations. When fine sand or cohesion

less soil lie below the water, this type of pumping removes the fine material from the

surrounding soil and results in settlement of adjacent structures. To product it sumps lined with

gravel filter are sometimes used.

(2) Pumping from wellpoints

This system comprises the installation of a number of filter wells generally 1m long,

around the excavation. These filter wells are conducted by vertical riser pipes to a large dia

header main at ground level which is under vacuum from a pumping unit. The water flows to the

filter well by gravity and then drawn by the vacuum upto the header main and discharged

through the pump. This system has the advantage that the water is filleted as it removed from the

ground and carries almost no soil with it once steady discharge conditions are attained. This

system has the limitation of limited suction lift. Therefore for deeper excavations the well points

are installed in two or more stages.

The filter wells or well points are usually 1m long and 60 to 75mm diameter gauge screen

surrounding a central riser pipe. The capacity of a single we;; point with 50mm raiser is about 10

lit/min. Spacing between two well points depends on the permeability of the soil and on the time

available to effect the drawdown. In fine coarse sand or sandy gravels a spacing of 0.75 to 1m is

required, while in silty sands of low permeability a 1.5m spacing is sufficient .In permeable

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course gravels spacing should be as low as only 0.3m.A normal set of wellpoint system

comprises 50 to 60 points to a single 150 or 200mm pump with a separate 100mm jetting pump.

(3) Pumping from bored wells

Pumping from wells, for draw-down depth of than the meters can be under taken by

surface pumps with their suction pipes installed in bored wells. When dewatering is required to

be undertaken from a considerable depth,electrity driven submersible pumps are installed in deep

bore holes with rising main to the surface. Since heavy boring equipment is used, installation of

wells can be done in all ground conditions including boulders and rocks. Due to higher costs of

installation, this method is adopted where construction period is long and other methods of

dewatering are not possible.Installation of bore well consists of sinking of a casting having a dia

of about 20-30 cm larger than the inner well casting. The dia of inner well casting depends on the

size of submersible pump. This inner well casing is inserted after complete sinking of borehole

screen over the length where dewatering of the soil is required and it terminates in a 3-5 m length

of unperforted pipe to act as a sump to collect any fine material which may be drawn through the

filter mesh. Screen having slots are preferable to holes, since there is less risk of blockage from

round stones.

Component parts of pipe jacking

Pipe jacking is specialist tunneling method for installing underground pipelines by assembling

the pipes at the foot of an access shaft and pushing them through the ground with the minimum

of surface disruption Component parts of jacking systems The pump unit has two distinct

hydraulic systems ™ A high pressure systems supplies oil for the main jacking cylinders and till

intermediate jacking stations ™ A low pressure system supplies oil, via hydraulic lines, for the

boring head and conveyor. An auxiliary power pack may be easily installed to double the low

pressure hydraulic flow. This may be necessary for larger and more powerful boring heads

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Thrust yoke The yoke is the frame that the main cylinders push against to advance the boring

head and pipe. The ring provides a 360 degree surface against the pipe to minimize point

pressure and reduce the chance of breakage. Skid base The skid base is the foundation of the

pump unit and yoke. It also acts as a guide for launching the boring head and pipe into the

ground. Power packs ™ Power packs with high and low pressure systems typically are matched

with the multiple cylinder system. ™ When tunneling, a lower pressure power pack may be

selected to supply oil for the tunnel boring machine (TBM) ™ Power required depend on the size

and features of the boring head ™ A mobile electric power pack may be positioned in the boring

head/ TBM Intermediate jacking stations ™ Installing intermediate jacking stations is a simple

economical way of adding and distributing thrust for pipe jacking

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