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Shallow Foundation Gate Notes 57

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69 views

Shallow Foundation Gate Notes 57

Hi Hello Namaste

Uploaded by

srisaikiranrelangi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Shallow Foundation

A shallow foundation is a foundation type, and foundations are those structures


designed to transfer a load of superstructure beneath a layer of soil. The design of the
shallow foundation is carried out when the bearing capacity of the top layer of the soil is
sufficient enough to transfer the load of the superstructure.

In the case of a shallow foundation, the depth of its foundation is relatively less, and it
would be lesser than the width of the foundation. In such cases bearing capacity of soils
should be such that it can bear the load of the superstructure and not allow the
differential settlement of the foundations. This is a high-scoring concept for the GATE
exam. Let's understand more about the bearing capacity of soils.

Bearing Capacity of Soils


The bearing capacity of soil is the load-carrying capacity of the soil. Based on the
bearing capacity of the soil type, a foundation is preferred for the design of structures.
The bearing capacity of soils can be classified into many types based on considering
different parameters.

Ultimate Bearing Capacity or Gross Bearing Capacity (qu)

It is the least gross pressure that will cause the shear failure of the supporting soil
immediately below the footing.

Net Ultimate Bearing Capacity (qnu)

The net pressure applied to the footing by external loads will initiate failure in the
underlying soil. It is equal to the ultimate bearing capacity minus the stress due to the
weight of the footing and any soil or surcharge directly above it. Assuming the density of
the footing (concrete) and soil (γ) are close enough to be considered equal, then

qnu = qu - γDf

Where Df is the depth of footing

Safe bearing capacity

It is the bearing capacity after applying the factor of safety (FOS). safe bearing capacity
can be classified into two types,

1. Safe net bearing capacity (qns)

The net soil pressure that can be safely applied to the soil considering only shear
failure.
It can be expressed as qns = qnu/FOS.

2. Safe gross bearing capacity (qs )

It is the maximum gross pressure that the soil can carry safely without shear failure.

It can be expressed as qs = qns + γDf.

Allowable Bearing Pressure

The maximum soil pressure without any shear or settlement failure that can be allowed
for a particular structural member is called allowable bearing pressure.

Method to Determine Bearing Capacity


Determination of the bearing capacity is very important before designing the structure.
The bearing capacity of soil can be determined with the help of different methods based
on the soil type and foundations.

(i) Rankine's Method (C - ∅ soil)

With the help of Rankine's method bearing capacity of the C-∅ soil is determined based
on the following equations.

qu = γDf tan2{45° + (φ/2)}

(ii) Bells Theory (C - ∅)

qu = CNc + γDfNq

where Nc and Nq are bearing capacity factors.

(iii) Fellinious Method (Cohesive soil)

• The failure is assumed to occur by slip, and the consequent heaving of a soil mass is on
one side.

Qult = [W.Ir + CR ]/b.I0

qu = 5.5 C

• Location of Critical circle


For strip footing

qu = CNc + γDfNq + 0.5γBNγ

For square footing

qu = 1.3CNc + γDfNq + 0.4γBNγ

For rectangular footing

qu = {1 + 0.3(B/L)}CNc + γDfNq + 0.5{1 - 0.2(B/L)}γBNγ

For circular footing

qu = 1.3CNc + γDfNq + 0.3γBNγ

where,

• D = Dia of circular footing


• CNc → Contribution due to the soil's constant component of shear strength.
• γDfNq → Contribution due to surcharge above the footing
• 0.5γBNγ → Contribution due to bearing capacity due to self-weight of soil.

Bearing capacity factors

Nq = Nφθπtanφ
where,

• Nφ= influence factor


• Nφ = tan2{45° + (φ/2)}
• Nγ = 1.8 tan φ(Nq - 1)
• NC = cot φ(Nq - 1)

For C-soil

NC = 5.7, Nq = 1, Nγ = 0

(vi) Skemptons Method (c-soil)

This method gives the net ultimate value of bearing capacity.

Applicable for purely cohesive soils only.

qnu = CNc

For strip footing.


Nc = 5 to 7.5

For circular and square footing.

Nc = 6 to 9

Values of NC

(Df/B) = 0 ⇒ i.e. footing at the surface.


Then NC = 5 For strip footing.
NC = 6.0 For square and circular footing.
where Df = Depth of foundation.

• If 0 ≤ (Df/B) ≤ 2.5
Nc = 5[1 + 0.2(Df/B)] For strip footing
Nc = 6[1 + 0.2(Df/B)] For square and circular footing.
B = D in the case of circular footing.
Nc = 5[1 + 0.2(B/L)][1 + 0.2(Df/B)] For rectangular footing
• If (Df/B) ≤ 2.5 ⇒ NC =7.5
For strip footing
NC = 9.0 for circular, square and rectangular footing.

(vii) Meyorhoff's Method → (C - ∅ soil)

qu = CNcscdcic + γDfNqsqdqiq + 0.5γBNγsγdγiγ

(viii) IS code

qnu = CNcscdcic +γDf(Nq - 1)sqdqiq + 0.5γBNγsγdγiγ

Type of Shallow Foundation


Shallow foundations are the foundation used to transfer a load of the superstructure to
the subsequent layer of the soil. A shallow foundation is provided when the top layer of
the soil has the sufficient bearing capacity to transfer the load. The types of shallow
foundations depend on various parameters including their shape and size.

Shallow foundations can be classified into the following types:

• Isolated footing
• Wall footing
• Strap footing
• Mat footing
• Combined footing
Comparison of Shallow Foundation and Deep
Foundation
Shallow foundation and deep foundation both are types of foundation. These foundation
types are classified based on the depth of the foundation. If the depth of the foundation
is lesser than the width of the foundation then it is called a shallow foundation and if the
depth of the foundation is greater than the width of the foundation then it is called a
deep foundation.

A deep foundation is provided at great depth when the above layer of soil does not have
the sufficient bearing capacity to transfer the load. While shallow foundations are
provided at a shorter depth of foundation and in some cases, they can also be placed at
the ground level.

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