FLUID MECHANICS

- is defined as the science that deals with the behavior of fluids at rest
( fluid statics ) and in motion ( fluid kinematics ) and the interaction of
fluids in motion to other solids ( fluid dynamics). ( Source: Slideshare)

Source: http://ecoursesonline.iasri.res.in/mod/page/view.php?id=1064

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PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS

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 FLUID AS A CONTINUUM
molecules Density, kg/m3

Continuous Medium
(approximate) Volume
dV, m3

Microscopic uncertainty Macroscopic uncertainty

Property - any characteristic of a system. Some familiar properties are
pressure P, temperature T, volume V, density ρ and mass m. Properties are
considered to be either intensive or extensive.

Intensive properties: Those that are independent of the mass of a

system.

Extensive properties: Those whose values depend on the size—or

extent—of the system.

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 DENSITY AND
DEN SPECIFIC
S I T Y GRAVITY
- defined as the mass per unit volume
𝒎
𝝆= , kg/m3
𝑽
In general sense, it is a measure of a
mass of a fluid occupying one cubic
meter of space

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Density of Common Substances

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 DENSITY
Specific Weight – alsoAND SPECIFIC
known as Weight GRAVITY
Density.

• it is a measure of that weight of a substance occupying one

cubic meter of space.
• technically it is the ratio of the weight of the substance to its
volume.
Specific volume is defined as the number of cubic meters
occupied by one𝑚kg of that particular substance.
𝜌= , kg/m3
𝑉
Technically it is the ratio between the volume and its mass of
or the reciprocal of specific mass or density

𝑽 𝟏
𝒗= = , m3/kg
𝒎 𝝆
𝛾𝑠 = 𝜌 𝑔, 𝑁/𝑚3

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 DENSITY AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY
Specific gravity - the ratio of the density of a substance to the
density of some standard substance at a specified temperature
(usually water at 4°C)

𝝆
𝑺. 𝑮. =
𝛾𝑠 = 𝜌 𝝆 𝑁/𝑚3
𝑔,𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓

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Specific Gravity of Some substances at 20 OC and 1 atm

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 VISCOSITY
The viscosity of a fluid is a measure of its “resistance to
deformation.”
Viscosity is due to the internal frictional force that
develops between different layers of fluids as they are forced to
move relative to each other.

moving plate

stationary plate
Shear Stress between layers of fluid
F

moving plate

shear stress layer

dy

y
du

stationary plate

velocity profile
 Kinematic Viscosity

m2/s or stoke

For liquids, both the dynamic and kinematic

viscosities are practically independent of pressure,
and any small variation with pressure is usually
disregarded, except at extremely high pressures.

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Viscosity and Kinematic Viscosity of Water and Air at 1atm 14
Comparison between the viscosity of water and air 15
 SURFACE TENSION
• The pulling force that causes this tension acts parallel to the surface and is due to
the attractive forces between the molecules of the liquid.

Some consequences of surface tension: (a) drops of water beading up on a leaf, (b) a
water strider sitting on top of the surface of water (c) attractive forces between molecules
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 Surface Tension in a Droplet of Water

Consider the diagram shown,

Surface Tension of Some Fluids 18
 Capillarity
- it is the rise or fall of a liquid in a small-diameter tube
The strength of the capillary effect is quantified by the contact (or wetting)
angle, defined as the angle that the tangent to the liquid surface makes with
the solid surface at the point of contact.

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The contact angle for wetting and non-wetting fluids.

consider the diagram shown,
 COMPRESSIBILITY
Compressibility
The volume (or density) of a fluid changes with a change in its
temperature or pressure.

Fluids usually expand as they are heated or depressurized and

contract as they are cooled or pressurized.

Two properties are:

▪ the bulk modulus of elasticity, 
▪ the coefficient of volume expansion, .

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Bulk Modulus of Elasticity and Coefficient of Volume Expansion
- represents the change in pressure corresponding to a fractional change
in volume or density of the fluid while the temperature remains constant.

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The variation of the coefficient of volume expansion of water with temperature in the range
of 20°C to 50°C.

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Source: https://www.chegg.com/
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CHARACTERISTICS OF GASES

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 KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY OF MATTER
• All matter is made of atoms or molecules
that are in constant motion
• These particles contain energy
• The movement of these particles is random

Solid Liquid Gas

Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases
1.The volume occupied by the individual
particles of a gas is negligible compared to the
volume of the gas itself.
2.The particles of an ideal gas exert no attractive
forces on each other or on their surroundings.
3.Gas particles are in a constant state of random
motion and move in straight lines until they
collide with another body.
4.The collisions exhibited by gas particles are
completely elastic; when two molecules collide,
total kinetic energy is conserved.
5.The average kinetic energy of gas molecules is
directly proportional to absolute temperature
only; this implies that all molecular motion
ceases if the temperature is reduced to absolute
zero.
 REAL VS. IDEAL GAS
• Ideal gas obeys all assumptions of KMT all the time
• It’s a model
• It doesn’t exist
• Real gases
• Molecules really do have volume
• And molecules will interact, especially at
high pressure & low temperature
• When molecules are close together they will interact
GAS LAWS

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 BOYLE’S LAW
Consider a syringe shown,
P

V
Boyle’s Law leads to the mathematical
expression, at constant temperature
CHARLES’ LAW
The volume and absolute temperature (K) of
a gas are directly proportional at constant
mass & pressure.

T
Charles’ Law leads to the mathematical
expression assuming pressure
remains constant
 GAY-LUSSAC’S LAW/AMONTONS' LAW
Consider the diagram shown,
The pressure and absolute temperature (K)
of a gas are directly proportional at constant
mass & volume

T
 AVOGADRO’S LAW
Consider the diagram shown,

Source:
The volume and the number of moles of the
gas are directly proportional at constant
temperature and pressure.
 COMBINED GAS LAW
By combining Boyle’s, Charles’ and Gay
Lussac’s Laws, the following equation is derived:

P1V1 P2V2
T1 = T2
 IDEAL GAS LAW
By combining Boyle’s, Charles’, Gay Lussac’s
and Avogadro’s Law, the following equation is
derived:
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 Sample Problems
1. Calculate the density, specific weight and weight
of 1.5 liters of oil of specific gravity of 0.7

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 2. A large plate moves with a speed of Vo over a
stationary plate on a layer of oil. If the velocity profile
is that of a parabola, with the oil at plates having the
same velocity, derive the equation of shear stress of the
moving plates from the oil.
y
F

d
3. A 0.06 mm-diameter glass tube in inserted into
water at 20 oC in a cup. Determine the capillary rise of
water in the tube.

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4. A weather balloon with a volume of 2000L at a
pressure of 96.3 kPa rises to an altitude of 1000m,
where the atmospheric pressure is measured to be
60.8kPa. Assuming there is no change in the
temperature or the amount of gas, calculate the
weather balloon’s final volume.
5. A birthday balloon is filled to a volume of 1.5L of
helium gas in an air-conditioned room at 293K. The
balloon is taken outdoors on a warm day where the
volume expands to 1.55L. Assuming the pressure
and the amount of gas remain constant, what is the
air temperature outside in Celsius?
6. The pressure of the oxygen gas inside a canister
with a fixed volume is 5.0atm at 15oC. What is the
pressure of the oxygen gas inside the canister if the
temperature changes to 263K? Assume the amount
of gas remains constant.
 7. A gas occupies 7.84 cm3 at 71.8 kPa & 25°C. Find
its volume at STP.