BSW 5 B 08

RURAL AND URBAN

COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
Module I Community development-
• CD: Concept, Philosophy & Methods
• Early experiments in Rural Community Development (Srinikethan,
Marthandom, Atwah, Firka, Baroda)
• Rural Community-meaning & characteristics
• Problems of rural communities in India: poverty, illiteracy,
unemployment, homelessness, crime, social evils, lower living
standards, lack of facilities, services, and health.
Module II Rural Development
• RD: Approaches
• Rural Development Administration
• Role of NGOs in Rural Development in India
• 73rd Constitutional Amendment
• Panchayath Raj, Structure and Functions.
• Decentralised planning
Module III Rural development programmes
• Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY)
• Indira Aawas Yojna (IAY)
• Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act-2005
• National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP)
• Pradhan Manthri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY)
• Aajeevika
• Kudumbashree
Module IV: Origin & Growth of Cities-
• Origin & Growth of Cities
• Industrialization
• Urbanization
• Modernization
• Characteristics of urban communities.
• Problems of Urban Communities.
Module V –Urban Community Development
• UCD: Concepts & Strategies.
• Urban development and poverty alleviation programmes- NULM,
PMAY, RAY, JNNURM
• 74thConstitutional Amendment Act – An Overview
 References
• Singh, Katar, Rural Development- Principles, Policies and Management, Third
Edition. Sage Publications, NewDelhi2009
• Jain, Reshmi, Communicating Rural Development Strategies and Alternatives.
Rawat Publications, NewDelhi,2003.
• V Sudhaker, New Panchayath Raj System-Local Self-Government in Community
Development: Mangal Deep Publications, Jaipur2002
• S L Goel & Shalini Rajneesh, Panchayath Raj in India Theory & Practice, Regal
Publications,2009
• Jacob Z Thudipara Urban Community Development, Rawat Publications New
Delhi 2007
• Bhattacharya, B. Urban Development in India Since Pre-Historic
Times,Concept,2006
Community?

• “A community is a relatively self-sufficient population, residing

in a limited geographic area, bound together by feelings of
unity and interdependency.” - Bryon Munon

• “Community is a collection of people who share a common

territory and meet their basic physical and social needs
through daily interaction with one another” (Allan Johnson)
Community Development
• Community development has two terms, community and
development
• Development as a concept would imply that there is progress
or change for the better in such a way to enhance the
security, freedom, dignity, self-reliance and self-development
of groups of people.
• Domains of development: Majorly social and economic
aspects
• Community development may be defined as a process by
which the efforts of the people themselves are combined
with those of governmental authorities, to improve the
economic, social and cultural conditions of communities to
integrate these communities into the life of the nation and to
enable them to contribute fully to national progress.
• Community development is a collaborative, facilitative
process undertaken by people (community, institutions, or
academic stakeholders) who share a common purpose of
building capacity to have a positive impact on quality of life.
Community development- Values
• Social Justice - enabling people to claim their human rights,
meet their needs and have greater control over the decision-
making processes, which affect their lives.
• Participation - facilitating democratic involvement by people
in the issues, which affect their lives, based on full
citizenship, autonomy, and shared power, skills, knowledge
and experience.
• Equality - challenging the attitudes of individuals, and the
practices of institutions and society, which discriminate
against and marginalize people.
• Learning - recognizing the skills, knowledge and expertise that people
contribute and develop by taking action to tackle social, economic,
political and environmental problems.
• Co-operation - working together to identify and implement action,
based on mutual respect of diverse cultures and contributions.
Approaches Used in Community Development
• Using an asset-based approach that builds on strengths and existing
resources
• Encouraging inclusive processes that embrace community diversity
• Community ownership through collaboratively planned and led
initiatives
Aims of Community Development
• Creating equitable conditions and outcomes for wellbeing
• Improving the health and prosperity of the community as a whole
• Fostering sustainable community initiatives and self-sufficiency for
the people involved
• Increasing personal worth, dignity, and value
• Building awareness of and resolving issues in the community.
Assumptions in CD
• Individuals, groups and local institutions within community areas
share common interests that bind them together. This commonness
also propels them to work together.
• The state is a supra body that is impartial in the allocation of
resources and that through its policies it does not further inequalities.
• Every individual is entitled to access the resources equality
Components of CD
• Child development programmes
• Adolescent development programmes
• Youth development programmes
• Women development programmes
• Welfare of the senior citizens
• Health and family welfare programmes
• Family life education
• Agricultural and allied activities
• Co-operative Service Society
• Education
• Communication
Early experiments in Rural Community
Development
• (Srinikethan, Marthandom, Atwah, Firka, Baroda
• The concept of community development in India was initiated well
before independence.
• Rural development and reconstruction by Gandhi: communal
harmony, economic equality, social equality, recovery from alcohol
and narcotics addition, promotion of ‘Khadi’ (hand-woven cloth) and
village industries, sanitation, health care, education and
empowerment of women.
 • Sir Daniel Hamilton
1. Scheme for Rural • Year : 1903
Reconstruction • Place : Sundarban (Bengal)
• Objectives : Achieving overall
development by creating model
villages.
• Execution : It is based on cooperative
principles, organized one cooperative
credit society which functioned up to
1916. In 1924, organized a Central
Cooperative Bank and Cooperative
Marketing Society. In 1934,
established a Rural Reconstruction
Institute which provided training
facilities in cottage and subsidiary
industries.
“The working capital of the world is, therefore, not money, but
Men. When the Government of India grips and acts on the truth
of this positive reality, India’s restless sea will settle and its
storm clouds disappear.”
 2. Gurgaon Experiment
• F.D. Brayne • Methods followed : Propaganda
• Year : 1920 through radio broadcast, Magic
• Place : Gurgaon lantern slide shows, dramas posters,
Objectives : exhibitions, demonstration etc.,
• Overall – to remove poverty of the • Limitations: More or less one man
people show. Purely Government backed
• Use of improved agricultural implements programme. Not a people’s
• Increase the productivity of crops. movement. Village guides were
having lack of experience, training
• Improve the health of the people and had low educational
• Improve the home with special qualification. No plan of work or any
reference to women’s education organization to keep the work
• Organize cleanliness campaigns going.
3. Sriniketan
• Shri. Rabindranath Tagore
• Year : 1922
• Place : Bolepur near Calcutta where
Sriniketan is situated
Objectives :
• To create a real interest in people for
rural welfare work.
• To study rural problems and to
translate conclusions into action.
• Help villagers to develop their
resources.
• To improve village sanitation.
Methods followed :
• Established a Rural Reconstruction Institute at Sriniketan.
• A group of eight villages was the Centre of the programme.
• The activities of the Institute were development of agriculture, co-
operatives, industries and education through village organizations..
• Objectives were achieved by
i. Creating a spirit of self – help
ii. Developing village leadership
iii. Organizing village scouts called Brati Balika.
iv. Establishing training centres for handicrafts.
v. Establishing demonstration Centres.
• Limitations : Programme was limited to eight villages only. Institute could
not get much help from Government. Over emphasis on cultural aspects of
life
 4. Sevagram Project
• Mahatma Gandhili
• Year : 1921
• Place : Sevagram in the district of Wardha,
Madhya Pradesh.
• Objective : The service to the under privileged
with a sense of dedication.
• Method: initiated a rural rejuvenation
programme to emancipate rural masses from
poverty and misery, and to bring about an all
round development of villages, physically
economically, socially, culturally and
spiritually.
5. Marthandam Project
• Dr. Spencer Hatch
• Year : 1921
• Place : Marthandam (Then Travancore State).
• Objectives : It was intended to symbolize the three- fold development
of sprit, mind and body and evolved a five – sided programme,
representing a development, not only spiritual, mental and physical
but also economic and social. The essential technique of the centre
was ‘Self – help with intimate expert counsel”
Methods followed :
• From the demonstration Centre at Marthandam, about hundred
villages were covered through Y.M.C.A. Centres in villages.
• Exhibitions, dramas, Melas, demonstrations and lectures were
conducted.
• The extension secretary supervised the work.
Limitations :
• Lack of adequate funds
• Lack of Government support
• Lack of continuous contact with the villagers as the workers were
required to return to the Centre in the evenings.
• The religious standing of the institutions.
6. Firka Development Scheme
• Shri. Prakasam
• Year : 1947
• Place : Madras State (34-50 Firkas)
Objectives :
• Rural reconstruction – The scheme derived its inspiration from the ideas of
Mahatma Gandhi “Village Swaraj”
• Firka Development Committee formed with officials and non – officials.
• In the short term plans rural communication, water supply, formation of
panchayat, co-operatives and sanitation were carried out.
• In the long term plans Agriculture, irrigation and live stock improvements,
setting up of khadi and Cottage industries were carried out.
Limitations :
• These efforts were found restricted scope due tom Lack of coordination
between officials of the various departments
• Lack of support from the central authority.
7. Etawah Project
• Albert Mayer
• Year : 1948
• Place : Mahlwa village

Objectives :
• Improvisations in production, social improvement, development of
initiative, co operation
• Distribution of improved varieties of seeds, specially of wheat and
potatoes. Green manure, quality seeds, and chemical fertilizers
• Use of improved tools and implements was demonstrated and facilities
were provided for their employment, wherever they were desired.
Result :
• The project was found successful and the pattern was accepted for
the starting of Community Development project.
• Villagers participated very well through planning and an integrated
approach to village life.
8. Nilokheri Experiment
• S.K. Dey (Later union Minister for
Community Development and
Cooperation up to 1965).
• Year : 1948
• Place : Nilokheri, Hariyana
• "Mazdoor Manzil"
Objectives :
• Rehabilitate 7000 displaced persons from Pakistan
• Establish essential services like health, education,
public works, power supply, marketing, shopping
recreation etc.
9. Baroda Village Reconstruction Project
• Shree B.T. Krishnamachari
• Baroda, Gujarat State
• Year: 1932.
Objectives:
(1) To improve the life style of rural people rapidly.
(2) To spread education and industrialization.
(3) To develop the necessary factors for the progress of agriculture.
Many programmes such as gardening, poultry-farming, beekeeping. spinning
and weaving were organized.
Re-stabilization of ‘Panchayats’ and other programmes of village progress
were organized.
The adult education had been extended.
 Rural Urban
Occupation- Agriculture and allied Manufacturing, trade, commerce,
1. source profession and non-agricultural
Primary Sector based occupation- Secondary and Tertiary

Direct relationship with nature for Predominance of man-made

2. economic and livelihood, socio- environment. Greater isolation from
cultural, food, recreation, etc. nature.

Homogeneity in culture, belief,

3. language, rituals & practices, dressing, More Heterogeneity
behaviour etc.
Social stratification is more visible; Less visible
4. social status and social role of the Achieved social status
individual is based on particular caste,
social groups etc.
Ascribed
5
Social Mobility: Lack of SM, No change More scope for social mobility
in social status, occupation. Traditional Socio-economically more prosperous
transaction generations

6
Systems of social interaction : based on
primary contact, interpersonal Secondary contact, formal contacts short-
relationship, face-face, durable, simple term contact
and sincere

7
Social Control: family & neighborhood Formal control, legal based rules and
that control life and the society, restrictions, secondary institutions have more
informal rules roles
8
Social solidarity and unity: Stronger and Less predominant in Urban areas
informal
9 Culture: conservative and tradition Less traditional, more scientifically temper,
bound, homogenous practices, it work less role in social control
as a strong social control, superstitious
 Neighbourhood: Strong, visible, non- More formal type of neighbourhood
10
formal neighbourhood network. Works as organization, residential associations,
vehicle for mutual help, good will and clubs, leisure centres
unity.

11 Income and livelihood: Per capita income,

poverty line status, monthly expenditure
data

Status and role of women: Participation in

12
politics, work force etc.

Family system
13
Problems in Rural India
• Health and hygiene (IMR, MMR)
• Poverty
• Livelihood issues
• Political issues
• Transportation and communication
• Lack of Education and illiteracy
• Social taboos and beliefs
Health Issues
• Communicable diseases: infectious and waterborne diseases
such as diarrhea, amoebiasis, typhoid, infectious hepatitis,
worm infestations, measles, malaria, tuberculosis, whooping
cough, respiratory infections, pneumonia and reproductive tract
infections.
• Non-communicable diseases: such as cancer, blindness,
mental illness, hypertension, diabetes, accidents and injuries
are also on the rise among rural population.
• About 75% of health infrastructure, medical man power and
other health resources are concentrated in urban areas where
27% of the population live.
NMR, IMR, U5MR, MMR
Illiteracy
• Illiteracy is when individuals do not possess the basic literacy
skills of reading, writing and numeracy.
• Due to lack of literacy skills, they certainly experience problems
in the implementation of tasks and activities
Poverty
• “Poverty is that condition in which a person either because of
inadequate income or unwise expenditures, does not maintain a scale
of living high enough to provide for his physical and mental efficiency
and to enable him and his natural dependents to function usefully
according to the standards of the society of which he is a member.”

- Gillin and Gillin

Causes of Poverty
• Unemployment
• Dependency over agriculture
• Climate factors
• Capital deficiency
• Casteism
• Illiteracy and lack of education
• Defective Political System
• Landlessness
Unemployment
Types of Unemployment
1- Seasonal unemployment
• Agriculture cannot provide work to the rural population of the country
throughout the year.
• Tea Industry, Jute Mills, Sugar Mills, Oil Pressing Mills, Paddy Husking Mills etc
• A large number of rural population has to sit idle 5 to 7-months in a year.
2- Disguised or perennial unemployment.
• Excess number of workers in agricultural sector, the surplus of labours
• 1951 more than 100 million persons were engaged in the agricultural and
allied activities whereas in 1991 about 160 million persons are found engaged
in the same sector
Rural Indebtedness
• Ancestral debt
• Poverty
• Extravagance
• Agriculture becoming more non viable employment
• Heavy burden of land revenue and rent
• Exploitative system of money lending
• Neglect of marketing facilities

Impact of Indebtedness
Casteism
• Casteism is partial or one-sided loyalty in favor of a particular caste
• The sense of caste is converted into casteism only when consideration
of superiority between castes and the tendency to consider the
interest of one’s own castes as opposed to the other castes are
attached to it.
• “Casteism as a social problem is an over-riding, blind and supreme
group loyalty that ignores the healthy social standards of justice,
fairplay, equity and universal brotherhood”
-Kaka Kalekar
Lack of connectivity
• Rural population account for 1/3rd of the total internet users
• National telecom policy-2012: ‘Right to Broadband’
• Merely 268 million rural population had access to internet as opposed
to 430 million of urban population.

• Policy shortfalls
• Affordability
• Inadequate electrification
• Illiteracy
• Rural Connectivity becomes a critical component in the socio-
economic development of rural people by providing access to
amenities like education, health, marketing etc.
• It has been established that investments in rural roads lifts rural
people above the poverty line.
• There had been imbalanced development of the rural road network in
country.
• Problems in construction, maintenance, insufficient funds, lower
quality, sub-contracting etc
Rural Development Approaches
• Sectoral Approach
• Participatory Approach
• Area Development Approach
• Target Approach
• Basic Needs Approach
• Employment-oriented Integrated Approach to Rural Development
• Integrated Development Approach
• Growth Center Approach
• Community-driven development (CDD)
• Gandhian Approach
Community Development Programme
• The community development program initiated in 1952 made an
attempt to increase involvement of rural people in the development
process.
• The main objective of CDP was to build infrastructure in rural areas
with the active involvement or participation of people through the
organizational set up of National Extension Services.
• Multiple programs
Sectoral Approach
• Sectoral development planning in individual sectors like education,
health, housing and social security are included in sectoral approach
of development.
• This approach advocates compartmentalization of development in
different sectors as if these are watertight compartments and have
nothing to do with each other.
• Its inadequacies stem from this compartmentalized approach.
• Little attempts are to be made to integrate them.
• The interwoven structure of the rural sectors is such that if any of
them is completely ignored, the other can’t be developed in isolation.
• Intensive Agriculture Development Programme (IADP) 1960 and
Agricultural Area Programme (IAAP) 1963
• Questioned social justice and equality
Target Approach
• The unprivileged or vulnerable section of the society deprived of the
benefits from the package program, were selected under target
approach.
• 1971-72
• SFDA (Small Farmers Development Agency)
• MFAL (Marginal Farmers and Agricultural Laborers), Food for Work
Programme, etc.
• The SFDA was later merged with Integrated Rural Development
Program (IRDP).
• This approach saw little success in terms of better information and
administration.
Area Development Approach
• This approach emphasized upon the need to focus on specific
backward regions.
• It started with the Area Development Programme (TADP, 1972)
• Hill Area Development Programme (HADP, 1974-75), Drought Prone
Area Programme (DPAP, 1970), Desert Development Programme
(DDP, 1977-78), and Command Area Development Programme (CADP,
1975).
• These programmes were successful in terms of implementation.
• Criticized for disproportionate allocation of funds
Integrated Approach
• Learning from defects of Area
Development Approach
• Integrated Rural Development Program
(IRDP), which was an amalgam of
several previous programs
• Training Rural Youth for Self-
Employment (TRYSEM), Development
of Women and Children in Rural Areas
(DWCRA) and Jawahar Rozgar Yojana
(JRY)
• Successful in eliminating poverty and
uplifting the level of education and
training.
Basic Need Approach
• This approach sees development in terms of the fulfilment of
basic needs of all (Food, clothing, housing, education etc)
• It aims to satisfy the consumption needs at personal as well as
social levels keeping in mind the human rights of each
individual.
• The minimum needs program launched in 1974 was aimed at
providing basic support to the poor
• The major criticism for this approach comes from Amartya
Sen’s philosophy of capabilities approach. He argues that
instead of consumption-centric programs, we should focus on
building the capabilities of people.
 Participatory Approach
• When the rural individuals are participating actively,
then their participation would be productive.
• A process to engage local populations in development
projects.
• Uses local decision making and capacities to steer and
define the nature of an intervention
• Participation at the micro level of projects such as
project planning and design decisions, project
implementation, monitoring and evaluation.
• PRA and RRA
• Swarnajayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojna replaced previous
schemes like TRYSEM, IRDP. It was renamed as
National Rural Livelihood Mission in 2011 and finally
merged with Deen Dayal Upadhyay – Antyoday Yojna
(DDU-AY)
1. Information-sharing tools: News and updates via media
2. Consultation tools: Discussion forums, debates, focus groups etc.
3. Collaborative planning tools: Establishment of local-level planning
committees

Natural Resource Management

Gandhian Approach
• An ideal village is free of quarrels and thefts, harmony among
communities.
• Untouchability is absent
• Gandhian approach to rural development may be labelled as “idealist”
• “The future of India lies in its villages”
• “The soul of India lives in its villages”
• “for me, India begins and ends in villages”
• Gandhis idea of RD was Holistic and People centric
• Influenced by Tolstoy, Ruskin and the teachings of the Gita
• He placed more emphasis on moral and spiritual values than
economic motives as a means of overall development
• Development of India > develop rural villages, rural economy, rural
industry and rural skills
• Self-sufficient Village Economy
• Decentralisation (Panchayat, Election, Decision making)
• Panchayati Raj (power of managing its affairs, including defense,
legislative, executive and judicial functions necessary for smooth
functions of the village economy. Various departments)
• Khadi and Village Industries
• Co-operatives (Labour, agriculture)
• Trusteeship (equal right over land and resource, no accumulation of
wealth)
• Village sanitization
• Removal of untouchability
• Nai Talim- New education/ Education for all
 NGO
• The term "non-governmental organization” was first coined in 1945
• According to the UN, any kind of private organization that is independent from
government control can be termed an "NGO", provided it is not-for-profit.
• The Central Statistical Institute of India announced in 2009 that there were 3.3
million NGOs registered in India
• The Central Statistical Institute of India reports that the country has 33 lakh NGOs
(Non-Government Organizations)
• As per the International Business Standards Organization, the world has 1 crore
NGOs.
• One NGO for every 400 Indian citizens.
• NGOs in Kerala
NGOs and Rural Development
• NGOs are registered under an appropriate act such as the
Societies Registration Act-1860, the Indian Trust Act-1882
• Companies Act, 1956, u/s 25.
• Charitable and Religious Trusts Act, 1920.
• Sikh Gurdwara Act, 1925.
• Trustees and Mortgagees Powers Act, 1866.
• Wakf Act, 1995.
• Indian Trustees Act, 1866
• Voluntary Organizations (VO)
• It was not until the 1970s that the government recognized the role of
voluntary agencies in supplementing government’s effort in rural
development
• It was primarily in the Seventh Five Year Plan (1985-90) that role of
NGOs was explicitly recognized and clearly articulated as partners in
rural development
• With assistance from international donor agencies, the Ministry of
Agriculture formed an independent organization called ‘Freedom
from Hunger Campaign’ to support voluntary organizations involved
in rural development.
• People’s Action for Development-India-PADI- in 1976
• Council for Advancement of Rural Technology in 1984
• Renamed as Council for Advancement of People’s Action and Rural
Technology-CAPART-1986
• Central Social Welfare Board (CSWB) is a major State funding agency to
provide grants-in-aid and other forms of support to registered
VOs/NGOs engaged in welfare and development activities for women
and children.
• In the last two decades, several initiatives of non-governmental
organizations have had a significant impact on development.
• Widespread success of these initiatives have encouraged many state
governments to launch schemes to promote people’s participation
• Several centrally sponsored schemes have also been set up to build
the capacity of community-based organizations to plan and
implement their programmes.
Role of NGOs
• NGOs have displayed an explicit concern with people's participation
• Greater commitment to social upliftment of disadvantaged sections
of rural society
• They act as planners and implementers of developmental plans.
• Help in mobilizing the local resources to be used for development.
• Precipitate the process of building a self-reliant and sustainable
society.
• These agencies play the role of mediator between people and
government.
• NGOs are the facilitator of development, education and
professionalization.
• In the programs called Rashtriya Mahila Kosh, Development of
Women and Children in Rural Areas, Mahila Samakhya Scheme, the
NGOs constitute the main state partner.
• State policy linkage has facilitated the Union Health Ministry to
involve more than 7000 NGOs in Health Programmes such as Leprosy
Eradication, Blindness Control, HIV/AIDS Control, etc
• The Department of Family Welfare funds 97 Mother NGOs covering
412 districts and over 800 NGOs.
Rural Development Administration
Administration refers to the process of running an organisation. This
includes creating rules & regulations, making decisions, management
of operations, creating organisation of staff/employees/people to
direct activities towards achieving a common goal or objective”
Nature of Administration:-
• It is universal
• It is holistic
• It is continuous & ongoing process
• It is goal oriented
• It is social & human nature
• It is dynamic
• It is creative or innovative.
• Elements of Administration:-
• POSDCORB
1. Planning.
2. Organizing.
3. Staffing.
4. Directing.
5. Co-ordinating.
6. Reporting.
7. Budgeting.
THE CONSTITUTION (73RD AMENDMENT) ACT, 1992

• This Amendment of the Constitution is known as the Constitution (Seventy-

Third Amendment) Act, 1992.
• This Act was brought in to force by a notification with effect from April 24,
1993.
• This Act makes the details of the transfer of power to the Panchayat
• By virtue of this Act, no one will be able to take away the powers,
responsibilities and finances given to the Panchayats.
• They are expected to play a much bigger role in the development of their
respective areas and people.
• It is also expected that everyone will be able to take part in this process
including the poorest of the poor
• Authority and power to Panchayats to enable them to function as
effective institutions of self-government.
• It implies that they have to be democratic in nature with allocated
values, priorities and policies
• Need to act as welfare governments, which implies that they have to
initiate, plan and executive development activities and bring about
social justice.
The special features of the Constitution (73rd
Amendment) Act, 1992 are:
a) Gram Sabha
• The Act has restored the
important role of the Gram
Sabha.
• It is clear that the primary source
of democratic power is in the
village.
• The Gram Sabha is expected to
be an active institution for
starting all development
activities based on local needs.
b) Three-tier Model
• The country will have a
uniform three-tier system
of panchayats (at village,
intermediate and district
levels)
• c) Reservation of Seats
• The Act provides for reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes
and Scheduled Tribes in every panchayat in proportion to their
population. One-third of the seats reserved for Scheduled Castes
and Scheduled Tribes.
• Not less than one-third of the total number of seats to be filled
by direct election shall be reserved for women.
d) Composition of Panchayats
• Direct election to the panchayat is
one of the distinguishing features
of this Amendment.
• Persons chosen by direct election
from territorial constituencies
shall fill all the seats in a
panchayat.
e) Duration of Panchayats
• Every panchayat shall remain in office for
five years normally.
• If it is dissolved for any reason before this
period is over, elections will be held within
six months.
• The reconstituted panchayat shall
function for the remaining period of the
total of five years.
 f) Finance Commission
• In order that enough funds are made
available to the panchayats for initiating
various development activities, the Act
provides for the constitution of a Finance
Commission in every state.
• Constituted by the Governor
• These commissions will be responsible for
reviewing the financial condition of the
panchayats and make recommendations
to the respective Governors
g) Development activities
1. Economic Development:
• There are 11 items, which talk about economic
development.
• The other areas are agriculture, land improvement,
minor irrigation, animal husbandry, fishery, social
forestry, minor forest produce, small scale and cottage
industry, fuel and fodder, poverty eradication.
• 2) Education:
• There are five items under
this category.
• Primary and secondary
schools, non-formal
education, libraries,
technical training and
cultural activities.
• 3) Health: There are two
items related to health.
These are:
• Health and sanitation
• Family welfare.
4) Welfare, including Women
and Child development:
• There are four items which
include social welfare, welfare
of weaker sections, public
distribution system and
women and child
development.
• 5) Infrastructure Development:
• Under this category, there are
seven items, such as roads,
housing, drinking water,
markets, electrification,
maintenance of community
assets, etc.
Panchayati Raj
• Gram swaraj: promotes conversion of every village into a self-
efficient autonomous entity where all the systems and facilities for a
dignified living are available
• Most important political innovations in independent India
• Considered as a revolutionary step
• People takes themselves the responsibility of their development
• Rural development through and with peoples participation
• Social, economical and cultural development
Functions of Gram Panchayat
• Obligatory functions:
The civic functions relating to sanitation, cleaning of public roads,
minor irrigation, public toilets and lavatories, primary health care,
vaccination, the supply of drinking water, constructing public wells,
rural electrification, social health and primary and adult education, etc.
• Optional functions:
Depend on the resources of the panchayats. They may or may not
perform such functions as tree plantation on roadsides, setting up of
breeding centers for cattle, organizing child and maternity welfare,
promotion of agriculture
• Widened the scope after 73rd amendment: preparation of annual
development plan of panchayat area, annual budget, relief in natural
calamities, removal of encroachment on public lands and
implementation and monitoring of poverty alleviation programmes
Functions of Block Panchayat
• BPs are at the hub of developmental activities.
• They are headed by Block Development Officers (B.D.Os).
• Some functions are entrusted to them like agriculture, land
improvement, watershed development, social and farm forestry,
technical and vocational education, etc.
• The second type of functions relates to the implementation of some
specific plans, schemes or programmes to which funds are
earmarked. It means that a Panchayat Samiti has to spend money
only on that specific project.
Functions of Zila Panchayat
• Zila Panchayat links Panchayat Samitis within the district.
• It coordinates their activities and supervises GPs and BPs
• It prepares district plans and integrates Samiti plans into district plans for
submission to the State Government.
• Zila Parishad looks after development works in the entire district.
• It undertakes schemes to improve agricultural production,ground water
resources, extend rural electrification and distribution and initiate
employment generating activities, construct roads and other public works.
• It also performs welfare functions like relief during natural calamities and
scarcity, the establishment of orphanages and poor homes, night shelters,
the welfare of women and children, etc.
• In addition, Zila Parishads perform functions entrusted to them under the
Central and State Government sponsored programmes.
Sources of Fund for Panchayats
The Panchayats receive funds majorly from three sources:
• Local body grants, as recommended by the Central Finance Commission
• Funds for implementation of centrally sponsored schemes
• Funds released by the state governments on the recommendations of the
State Finance Commissions

Apart from that, Tax and fine: Land revenue , tax on toddy ( specifically
in South India , tax on vehicles , tax on the industries which are
located in geographical boundaries of the village , toll tax , festival tax
.
• Gram Panchayat can claim funds from ngo’s , educational trusts
, religious institutions , international agencies for inclusive
development of the village.
• In crisis , the district collector can allocate funds
Decentralized Planning
• Multilevel planning, planning from below, decentralized planning,
peoples planning, participatory planning, district level planning,
integrated district planning and planning at the grassroots are being
used interchangeably by the practitioners and policy makers.
• Gandhi is the author of decentralization and bottom up approach of
planning and development in India
• Decentralized planning is a strategy
suggested over a period of time to
prepare perspective development
plan from the lowest unit of
governance and administration with
an objective of meeting the felt
needs of all sections and all regions
of a country with vast variations in
terns of socio economic conditions
and wider cultural diversity.
• According to Hanumantha Rao, decentralization through the
involvement of local level representatives institutions in the
formulation of planning for development as well as their
implementation is being advocated in the interest of efficient
utilization of resources and for ensuring more equitable sharing of
benefits from development.
 Benefits of Decentralized Planning
1) Spatial level specific requirements and needs of the people
will be met through the decentralized planning;
2) Efficiently resources will be utilized and wastages could be
reduced and thereby the gap between the supply and demand
can be narrowed down
3) Greater sustainability can be achieved through the
decentralized planning
4) Decentralized planning is cost effective as solutions are found
out locally with the involvement of the stakeholders
5) Elite capture of the programmes will be eliminated
6) Corruption in Rural Development and Poverty Alleviation
programmes can be reduced
7) Poor can build vision for their development, and can
achieve economic development
8) Resources and skills available locally will be utilized
profitably for the advantage of the stakeholders
9) Natural resources will be protected, preserved and
nurtured
10) People capacity will be enhanced
11) Possibility for matching the needs of the people and
schemes of the governments
12) People's felt need will be addressed
14) It will bridge the gap between people and bureaucracy
and thereby government is brought closer to the people
15) Regional imbalance will be reduced
16) People's talents will emerge and they will be utilized for
community development
17) Productivity will be increased
18) Development will be made people centric
19) Greater mobilization of resources internally
20) Partnership will be achieved between the people and
development agencies
• www.researchgate.net
• www.shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in
• www.scholar.google.com
• www.nlist.inflibnet.ac.in
• www.epgp.inflibnet.ac.in
Reconstructed all existing programs

• Integrated Rural Development

Programme (IRDP)-1980
• Training of Rural Youth for Self
Employment (TRYSEM)-1979
• Development of Women &
Children in Rural Areas (DWCRA)-
1982
• Supply of Improved Toolkits to
Rural Artisans (SITRA)-1982-82
• Ganga Kalyan Yojana (GKY)-1997
• Million Wells Scheme (MWS)
 SGSY
• The SGSY Scheme is operative from 1st April
1999 in rural areas of the country.
• SGSY is a holistic Scheme covering all
aspects of self employment such as
organisation of the poor into Self Help
Groups, training, credit, technology,
infrastructure and marketing.
• The scheme is funded by the Centre and the
States in the ratio of 75 : 25
• Implemented by Commercial Banks, Regional
Rural Banks and Co-operative Banks.
• Other financial institutions, Panchayat Raj
Institutions, District Rural Development Agencies
(DRDAs), Non Government Organisations(NGOs)
• NGO help is sought in the formation and
nurturing of the Self Help Groups (SHGs)
• SGSY is basically a holistic programme of micro-enterprises covering
all the necessary aspects of self-employment.
• Organization of poor into SHGs (Self-Help Groups)
• Capacity building of SHGs
• Planning of activity clusters
• Infrastructure build up
• Technology
• Credit: The assistance (loan cum subsidy): For individual loans upto
Rs. 50,000 and group loans upto Rs. 3.00 lakhs
• Marketing
• Insurance cover
Beneficiaries
• The objective of SGSY is to ensure that the assisted poor families have
a monthly income of at least Rs. 2000, so that to bring those families
above the poverty line in three years.
• Whether it is an individual or a group, the beneficiaries or Swarozgaris
are selected from the list of below poverty line (BPL) households,
which is duly approved by the Gram Sabha.
• The SGSY particularly focuses on disadvantaged groups among the
rural poor.
• Accordingly, Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes are expected to
account for at least 50 per cent of the Swarozgaris, women for 40 per
cent and the disabled for 3 per cent.
• The other category of beneficiaries is Self-Help Groups
 Indira Awaas Yojana (IAY)-1985
• Indira Awaas Yojana (IAY) is a sub-scheme of
Rural Landless Employment Guarantee
Programme (RLEGP) which was launched by
the Ministry of Rural Development.
• The main objective of the Indira Awaas Yojana
is to provide a grant for the construction of
houses to members of Scheduled Caste
(SC)/Scheduled Tribes (ST), freed bonded
labours and to non-SC/ST category below the
poverty line (BPL).
Objectives
• To provide support during the construction of houses in rural
areas.
• To support the construction of houses with adequate provisions
• To design the houses based on the requirements of the dweller.
• To promote the use of technology and material that is affordable,
conductive for generating employment, environment-friendly and
sustainable.
• To empower and encourage Panchayats to take a lead role at the
village level for the implementation of this housing scheme.
Salient Features

• Joint Ownership
• Construction
• Technical Support
• Design and Construction Standards
MGNREGA
• The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act,
which is previously known as the National Rural Employment
Guarantee Act was introduced on 7th September 2005.
• The act is for generating employees and social security in India
Objectives
• It provides 100 days of guaranteed wage employment to rural
unskilled labor
• The main aim of the MNREGA scheme is to provide a source of
livelihood for the economically weaker section of the society.
• It helps to grow economic security
• It takes initiative to decrease the number of migration of labor from
rural to urban areas
• The scheme will strengthen the Panchayati Raj across India.
National Social Assistance Programme
• It is a Centrally Sponsored Scheme of the Government of India that
provides financial assistance to the elderly, widows and persons with
disabilities in the form of social pensions.
• NSAP was launched on 15th August, 1995
NSAP comprises of five schemes
• Indira Gandhi National Old Age
Pension Scheme (IGNOAPS),
• Indira Gandhi National Widow
Pension Scheme (IGNWPS),
• Indira Gandhi National Disability
Pension Scheme (IGNDPS),
• National Family Benefit Scheme
NFBS) and
• Annapurna.
• Indira Gandhi National Old Age Pension Scheme (IGNOAPS) : The
pension is Rs.200 p.m. for persons between 60 years and 79 years.
For persons who are 80 years and above the pension is Rs.500/ - per
month.
• Indira Gandhi National Widow Pension Scheme (IGNWPS) : The
eligible age is 40 years and the pension is Rs.300 per month. After
attaining the age of 80 years, the beneficiary will get Rs.500/ - per
month.
• Indira Gandhi National Disability Pension Scheme (IGNDPS) : The
eligible age for the pensioner is 18 years and above and the disability
level has to be 80%. The amount is Rs.300 per month and after
attaining the age of 80 years, the beneficiary will get Rs 500/ - per
month . Dwarfs will also be a n eligible category for this pension.
• National Family Benefit Scheme (NFBS): Rs. 20000/ - will be given as
a lumpsum assistance
Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY)
• The Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY), was launched by
the Govt. of India to provide connectivity to unconnected Habitations
as part of a poverty reduction strategy.
• PMGSY is a 100% Centrally Sponsored Scheme.
• Eligibility for the Scheme: Rural areas with a population of 500 and
above in plain areas; and hill states including NE, desert states, tribal
areas and other backward areas with a population of 250 and above.
• Apart from building new roads, the scheme also has provisions for the
upgrade of existing roads in these areas, although the primary focus is
to provide connectivity to unconnected habitations.
Aajeevika - National Rural Livelihoods Mission
(NRLM)
• Aajeevika - National Rural Livelihoods Mission (NRLM) was launched
by the Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD), Government of India
in June 2011.
• Aided in part through investment support by the World Bank
• The Mission aims at creating efficient and effective institutional
platforms of the rural poor, enabling them to increase household
income through sustainable livelihood enhancements and improved
access to financial services.
• In November 2015, the program was renamed Deendayal
Antayodaya Yojana (DAY-NRLM).
• NRLM follows a demand driven strategy, the States have the flexibility
to develop their livelihoods-based perspective plans and annual
action plans for poverty reduction.
• (a) Shift from the present allocation based strategy to a demand
driven strategy enabling the states to formulate their own livelihoods-
based poverty reduction action plans
• (b) Focus on targets, outcomes and time bound delivery
• (c) Continuous capacity building, imparting requisite skills and
creating linkages with livelihoods opportunities for the poor, including
those emerging in the organized sector, and
• (d) Monitoring against targets of poverty outcomes.
Kudumbashree
• Kudumbashree, the Kerala State Poverty Eradication Mission was
launched on 17th May 1998
• Inaugurated by the former Prime Minister, Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee.
• The Mission aims to eradicate absolute poverty within a definite time
frame of 10 years under the leadership of Local Self Governments
formed
• Empowered by the 73rd and 74th Amendments of the Constitution of
India.
• Kudumbashree, a community organization of Neighborhood Groups
(NHGs) of women in Kerala, has been recognized as an effective
strategy for the empowerment of women in rural as well as urban
areas: bringing women together from all spheres of life to fight for
their rights or for empowerment.
• The Mission launched by the State Government with the active
support of Government of India and NABARD
• Has adopted a different methodology in addressing poverty by
organizing the poor in to community-based organizations.
• The Mission follows a process approach rather than a project
approach.
Mission
1. The universality of reach
2. The scope of community interface in local governance