probability Fundamentals 1 pefinitions 1 space and Event: Consi sana as Sear pbc & yexperiment whose outcome is not predictable with certainty. Such an wt iment Fe apne tia re eal ot an owever, although the outcome of the experiment will not be known in LT dean laa Possible outcomes is known. This set of all possible outcomes of an eet ple space of experiment and is denoted by 8. Some examples follom. 4. Ifthe outcome of an experiment consist in the determination of the sex of a nevfbom child, then $= {g, b] where the outcome g means that the child is a girl and bis the boy. nase) | 2, Ifthe outcome of an experiment consist of what comes up on a single dice, then (1.2.3.4, 5,6} . =(1,2,3.4,5.6) & 3, Ifthe outcome of an experiment is the order of finish in a r: i ace among the 7 horse positions 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7; then S = {all 7! permutations of the (1, 2, 3, on 6, ae bag a ae he outcome (2, 3, 1, 6, 5, 4, 7) means, for instances, that the ni . , umber 2 h in fist, then t unber horse, then the number 1 horse, and so on. Se ee Any subset E of the sample space is known as Event. That is, an event is a set consisting of qane of all of the possible outcomes of the experiment. For example, in the throw of a single dice gz(1.2,3.4,5, 6} and some possible events are ae E, = (1.2.3) E, = (3,4) E = (1,4, 6} ete. ifthe outcome of the experiment is contained in &, then we say that Ehas occurred. Always Ec S. Since E & Sare sets, theorems of set theory may be effectively used to represent and solve probability problems which are more complicated. Example: if by throwing a dice, the outcome is 3, then events E, and E, are said to hare oceurred. Inthe child example - (i) If E, = {g), then E; is the event that the child is a gi. Similarly, i E, = {b}, then E, is the event that the child is a boy. These are examples of Simple events, Compound events may consist of more than one outcome. Such as E = (1, 3, 5] for an experiment of throwing a ‘ice. We say event Ehas happened if the dice comes up 1 or 3 or 5. pace S, we define the new event Eu F to consists of both E and F. That is, the event E u F will occur if = (1, 2} and F = {3, 4}, then EuF For any two events E and F of a sample st all outcomes that are either in E or in F or in tiher E or For both occurs. For instances, in the dice example (i) if event E s(1,2,3, 4) : That is EU Fwould be another event. consisting Eand the event F. Similarly, for any two events EnF. called intersection of E and F, to consists of all outc 1g of 1 or Zor Sor 4. The event Eu Fis called union of event E and F we may also define the new event omes that are common to both Eand F.300 for GATE and ESE Prelims wey 3 y - Shi ee ee region | EF (8) Shaded rogion : EUF (ey Sree ee Ky (S (c) Shaded region : E* nec 5.1.2. Types of Events 5.1.2.1 Complementary Event ‘The event E°is called complementary event for the event E. It consists of all outcomes not in Eby ting, example, in a dice throw, if E= {Even nos} = {2, 4, 6} then E° = {Odd nos} = (1, 3, 5}. ; 5.1.22 Equally Likely Events ‘Two events Eand Fare equally likely iff For example, are equally likely, since 5.1.23 Mutually Exclusive Events Two events E and Fare mutually exclusive, if EA F= i.e. (ENA) occur and if Foccurs, then E cannot ocour (i.e. both cannot occur together). . In other words, if Eoccurs,F ean 5.1.24 Collectively Exhaustive Events ‘Two events E and F are collectively exhaustive, if EU F = Si.e. together E and Finclude all past outcomes, p(EU F) = p(S) = 1. 5.1.2.5 Independent Events ‘Two events E and Fare independent iff PENA = plé)* pA) Also PE! A) = plEand pF | &)= pF). Whenever Eand Fare independent. ie. when two events Eand Fare independent, the conditional pote! becomes same as marginal probability. i.e. probability Eis not affected by whether Fhas happened ora? vice-versa i.e., when Eis independent of F, then F is also independent of E. 5.1.3 DeMorgan’s Law 1 (Ss) =A my& . a Probabiityandstatsies of 301 EVE ye | tee Benge ) (ENE = ESuge Note that E> E,Cis the event Neither &, nor &, £,uE,'8 he event elther &, oF & (or both), pemorgan's law is olten used to find the prob, ability of neith rE, ie RECO ED = AME, UE) = 4 re PELE). Approaches to Probability ‘There are 2 approaches to quanti 4, Classical Approach: si Ying probabilty of an Event E = 26) 14 ne Fag ‘outcomes are equally likely. Example 1. Heit et popsible jumbles ofthe word "BIRD™, a ranom word le picked it » 1, what is thi h pai wii sant wih ote IS picked, what is the probability, that this solution: pe = 46 1X8) Inthis problem 148) = all possible jumbles of BIRD = 41 1XE) = those jumbles starting with “B" = 3! rE) _ 3! 4 $0, Ee) AO = TSG Example 2, From the following table find the probability of obtaining Grade in this exam. Grade A\B|c\o No. of Students [10 | 20 [30 | 40 Solution: N = total no of students = 100 By frequency approach, nA grade) 10 = MA grade) eo oA PlAgrade) = AE oa 515 Axioms of Probability Consider an experiment whose sample space is S. For each event Eof the sample space Swe assume that number F(E) is defined and satisties the following three axioms, Axiom-t:0< P(E) < 1 Axiom-2: F(S) = ‘or any sequence of mutually exclusive events E,, E,, ...(that is, events for which when i#j5.1.6 Rules of Probability Aand B, can be computed. EIEIO for GATE and ESE Pretims (Se) = 3R6) FLE,) + PLE,) where (E,, E, are mutually exclusive). ‘There are six rules of probability using which probability of any compound even Rule 1: ALB) = (A) + KB) = KAO B) This rule is also called the inclusion-exclusion principle of probability This formula reduces to AUB) = A) + PLB) it A and Bare mutually exclusive, since (AM B) = 0 in such a case. Rute 2: PLAN B) = AA) + (BIA) = XB) + LAB) where p(A/B) represents the conditional probability of A given B and p(B/A) represents the conditions probability of B given A. (@) P(A) and p(B) are called the marginal probabilities of Aand B respectively. This rule is also caleday the multiplication rule of probability. (©) {An 6)is called the joint probability of A and 8. (©) If Aand Bare independent events, this formula reduces to PAN B) = A) PLB). since when A and B are independent PAAIB) = PLA) and pB/A) =25) i.e. the conditional probabilities become same as the marginal (unconditional) probabilities, (@)_ If Aand Bare independent, then so are A and 8°; AC and Band AC and B°. (©) Condition for three events to independent: Events A, B and Care independent iff PLABC) = P(A) AB) AC) and PKAB) = PLA) p(B) and AC) = LA) AO) A, B, Care pairwise independ and ABO) = AB) AC) Note: IA, 8, C are independent, then A will be independent of any event formed from B and C. For instance, Ais independent of BU C. Rule 3: Complementary Probability FRA) = 1- (AD) : (AC) is called the complementary probability of Aand (A represents the probability that the even!" not happen. 3 pA) P(A is also written as (A) = A)ascot PA) + pla) = 1 je. Aand 4’ are mutually exclusion as well as collectively oxhaustiv. nso notice that by Demorgan's law since AC B= (Ay Bye : PACA BY = PAU B= 1 AUB) neither Anor B) = 1 ~ pfeither Aor B) le. gute 4x Conditional Probability Rule gating from the multiplication rule BANE) = AB) (AB) py erase multiplying we get the conditional probability formula pa) = BAB) xB) ay interchanging A and Bin this formula we get wei) = BAB) y= ule 5:Rule of Total Probability Consider an event Ewhich occurs via two different events A and B. Further more, let Aand B be mutually nausive and collectively exhaustive events. This situation may be represented by following tree diagram PIEIA) we E Now, the probability of Eis given by value of total probability as ‘ / RE) = RAN 8) + ABN =AA)* EIA) + 1B) (EB) This is called rule of total probability. ‘Sometimes however, we may wish to know that, given that the event E has already occurred, what is the obebilty that it occurred with 4? In this case we can use Bayes Theorem given below. Example: ‘Suppose we have 2 bags. Bag 1 contains 2 red & 5 green marbles. Bag 2 contains 2 red and 6 green marbles. A person tosses a coin & ift is heads goes to bag 1 and draws a marble. Iitis tails, he goes to bag 2 and draws a marble. In this situation. (@) Whats the probability that the marble drawn this is Red? (b) Given that the marble draw is red, what is probability that it came from bag 1. Solution: The tree diagram for above problem, is shown below: jo B20 Red @ . PRed) = 1/2 x 2/7 + 1/2 x 2/8 a Fibagt|Red) = reo TUT VERT = eres 78 a304 ILLS for GATE and ESE Prelims mang ay 5.2. Statistics 5.2.1 Introduction Statistics is a branch of mathematics which gives us the tools to deal with large Quantities of dat derive meaningful conclusions about the data, To do this, statistics uses some numbers or Measures ane describe the general features contained in the data. In other words, using statistics, we can Summatisg Quantities of data, by a few descriptive measures. 2 ‘Two descriptive measures are often used to summarise data sels. These are 1. Measure of central tendency 2. Measure of dispersion The central tendency measure indicates the average value of data, where “average” is genericte,,. to indicate a representative value that describes the general centre of the data. oe The dispersion measure characterises the extent to which data tems differ from the Central tendénoy ya, In other words dispersion measures and quantifies the variation in data. The larger this number, the ms.” variation amongst the data items. ' Mean, Median and Mode are some examples of central tendency measures. ‘Standard deviation, variance and coefficient of variation are examples of dispersion measures, Now we will study each of these six statistical measures in greater detail. 522 Arithmetic Mean 5.22.1 Arithmetic Mean for Raw Data The formula for calculating the arithmetic mean for raw data is: ¥ - arithmetic mean x fefers to the value of an observation ‘n - number of observations. Example: The number of visits made by ten mothers to a clinic were; 8655745974 Calculate the average number of visits. Solution: Ex = Total of all these numbers of visits, that is the total number of visits made by all mothers. 8+6+54+54+744+54+94744=60 Number of mothers n = 10 = 22. 80 n~ 10 5.222 The Arithmetic Mean for Grouped Data (Frequency Distribution) The formula for the arithmetic mean calculated from a frequency distribution has to be amended inc? the frequency. It becomes x) of BsPr ‘obabiiityand statistics = Fp show how We can calculate tho arith xample of Weights of 75 pigs, The classes an of 8 grouped frequency distribution, there is & ‘quencies are given In following lable: Welaht ka) [Midpoint of cass Number of pigs | fx aman 7 f(troquency) 20& under 30 2 7 re ‘30.& under 40 3% i 2 40 & under a0 5 7 #33 50 & under 60 55 a 0 608 under 70 & 70 a 70 & under 80 75 7 = 808 under 90 & 5 8 908 under 100 % 4 a 100 & under 170 105 3 218 Total 75 ou solution: 5 | ‘With such a frequency distribution we have a ran ht 1G€ of values ofthe variable comprising each group. As our values for xin the formula forthe arithmetic mean we use the midpoinis of ihe clases rf ze Xf) _ 4305 In this case x = 2h) _ 4305 _ I DP 7577 544 kg 523 Median Arithmetic mean is the central value of the distribution in the sense that positive and negative deviations fomthe arithmetic mean balance each other. Itis a quantitative average. Onthe other hand, median is the central value of the distribution in the sense that the number of values less tan the median is equal to the number of values greater than the median. So, median is a positional average. Median is the central value in a sense different from the arithmetic mean. In case of the arithmetic mean itis the ‘numerical magnitude” of the deviations that balances. But, for the median its the ‘number of values greater ‘tanthe median which balances against the number of values of less than the median, 523.1 Median for Raw Data In general, if we have n values of x, they can be arranged in ascending order as: Ey toe Say (n+) Suppose nis odd, then Median = the -th value However, ifn is even, we have two middle points rs ‘n (3) value +(3-+ 7) value 2 no Median = Example: ‘The heights (in cm) of six students in class are 160, 157, 156, 161, 159, 162. What is median height? Solution: Arranging the heights in ascending order 156, 157, 159, 160, 161, 162 ‘Wo middle most values are the 3" and 4". Median = (159. 160) = 1595N m 306 Gare and ESE Prelims ADE 5.23.2 Median for Grouped Data he middle observation “eS ¥ observati idle obser ratio 41. Identify the median class which contains the mid 7 “The tion frequency is ©qUal 10 oF mor th 1 = done by observing the first class in which the cumulal Here, N= Ef = total number of observations. 2. Calculate Median as follows: (ts) Median = L+ xh ‘Where, L = Lower |ir f median class N = Total number of data items = ZF F = Cumulative frequency ofthe class immediately Preceding the median gs {, = Frequency of median class ss +h = width of median class Example: Consider the following table giving the marks obtained by students in an exam MarkRange | / No.ofStudents | Cumulative Frequency 0-20 2 2 20-40 3 5 40-60 10 15 r 60-80 15 30 80-100 20 50 Solution: 1 Here, oS = 255 ‘The class 60-80 is the median class since cumulative frequency is 30 >25.5 60+[25.5-(15+1)] 18 -. Median marks of the class is approximately 69.7. i.e, (at least) half the students got less than 69,7 and (almost) half got more than 69.7 marks. 5.24 Mode Mode is defined as the value of the variable which occurs most frequently. 5.24.1 Mode for Raw Data In raw data, the most frequently occurring observation is the mode. That is data with highest frequend¥s mode. If there is more than one data with highest frequency, then each of them is a mode. Thus we have Uni (single mode), Bimodal (two modes)and Trimodal (three modes) data sets. Example: Find the mode of the data set: 50, 50, 70, 50, 50, 70, 60. Median = x20 = 69.66 ~ 69,7Probabiltyand statistic = gout Arrange in ascending or order: 2, Make a discrete data freq . 50, 50, 59, Wency table, 0-70.70 Ary 60 70 e, 80 is the data with m Sine 'eximum frequency, ‘mode is 60. This is a unimodal data set. ode for Grouped Data . is that value of xfor which the f is maxi ch eis that value oe aan © frequency is maximum. if the values of rare grouped into: the classes ( areuniormly distributed within any class) and we have a frequency distribution then, 1, Identity the class which has the largest frequency (modal class) 2 Calculate the mode as 2-5-5" Where, Lower limit of the modal class Largest frequency (frequency of Modal Class) Frequency in the class preceding the modal clase Frequency in the class next tothe modal clace = Width of the modal class Example: 7 Data relating to the height of 352 school students are given in the following frequency distribution. Calculate the modal height. Height (in feet) [Number of students 30-35 12 35-40 37 40-45 79 | 45-5.0 152 | 50-55 65 | 5.5-6.0 7 | Total 352 Solution: Since, 152 is the largest frequency, the modal class is (4.5 ~ 5.0). Thus, L = 4.5, fy = 152, x05 = 4.73 (approx.) 525 Properties Relating Mean, Median and Mode 1. Empirical mode = 3 median - 2 mean a, as an approximate value of mode is required above empirical formula for mode may be u: There are three types of frequency distributions. ie Positively skewed, symmetric and negatively skewed distribution.308 RENNIN for Gare and SE Prelims mang Ry 8 er paw (a) Postvoly Bienes: (a) Symmattio WOlY Showa, (a) _In positivaly skewod distribution: eae Mode s Median s Mean In symmotric distribution: - Mean = Median = Mode (©) Innegatively skewed distribution: ‘Mean < Median s Mode 5.2.6 Standard Deviation Standard Deviation is a measure of dispersion or variation amongst data : Instead of taking absolute deviation from the arithmetic mean, we may ae each deviation an, the arithmetic mean of squared deviations. This gives us the ‘variance’ of the val yess The positive square root of the variance is called the ‘Standard Deviation’ of the given values, obi, 5.2.6.1 Standard Deviation for Raw Data Suppose x,,x,,.. ..x, are nvalues of the x, their arithmetic mean is: a ae and x, -¥, x2 —¥,.. are the deviations of the values of x from ¥ . Then 1 a 0? = =y (x; ~ #)° is the variance of x, It can be shown that ge. 265 nds? -(Ex)° n ? It is conventional to represents the variance by the symbol 0”, Infact, o is small sigma and Eis Capital sigma. ‘Square root of the variance is the standard deviation o= +, Aas, xP = VSx? - Example: Consider three students in a class, and their marks in exam was 50, 60 and 70. What is the standard deviation of this data set? Solution: Indx? - (3x) Student | x, Marks | x? A 50 | 2500 B 60 | 3600 C. 70__| 4900 18071000: 4 a ¥ etd erst PI) Probability and statistics Piigicme gg eS aD 3 8 ‘Standard Deviatior = [NY > n (a) Pee Gay = [Px tio0o = (oF = 8.165 £. Variance = 6? = 65,67 tandard Deviation for Grouped Data jain for Standard deviation for groupe CtAcanbo oun by is xanga wo frequency distribution for hei ‘Ohts Of 150 young ladies ‘ a wehave to calculate standard q deviation, Young ladies in a beauty contest is given below for whict sowtlor™ Height (nnchoak ———_- Height (in inches) | Mid value, *|Frequency | xx fx? 62.0-635 62.75 os . Fr25075 3.00 635-650 64.25 2» ses oo | _82561.25 65.0- 66.5 65.75 28 teaio9 | 121045.75 665-680 67.25 18 421080 | 81406.125 680-695 68.75 19 | 1306.25 | 88806.125 69.5-71.0 70.25 2» 1408.00 | 89804.6875 25-740 73.2 ms ia i 21978 | 1 6096.6875 Total 150___[10173.00 [691308.375 Dixy _ 10173 _ Thus, ieee Tih = 50 = 7.82 where, N=3f, = 160 ‘Therefore, the standard deviation of xis eet 2 fo? el 150 x 691308.375 — [eee tore [w3tx? -(Stx)° [eee tore ee 03) = 9.170 Variance 527 Variance (0?) ‘The square of standard deviation (9) is called as the variance (0°). Soi = 10, then variance = 6 = 100. = Wariande = J100 = 10 Alternatively if variance = 02 = 100 then standard deviation = (Vari nce. The larger the standard deviation, larger will be the variaSI 310 ENEMUROITNNTII for care ond 5.2.8 Coefficient of Variation nce can i Jute measure of dispersion and her Ot Be Used fr, The standard deviation is an abso! tg lit it ifferent means. "i variability of 2 data sets with di ysingarelave measvt2 0! dspeioncaleg, Therefore, such comparisons are done by th, variation (CV). E Prelims Mage i the data set. where ois the standard deviation and tis the mean of CVis often represented as a percentage, cv% = 2x100 a When comparing data sets, the data set with larger value of CV% is more variable (less Const compared to a data set with lesser value of CV%. & For example: ale] Ov% Dataset T| 5 | 1] 20% Data set 2| 20] 2 [ 10% Although 2 for data set 2 is more than a= 1 for data set 1, data set 2 fe actually less variable Comparay to data set 1, as can be seen by the fact that data set 2has a CV % of 10%, while data set 1 has aCV % oan So comparison of variably between 2 or more data sets (wih diferent means) should be done ty conpeig CV % and not by comparing standard deviations. 5.3 Probability Distributions 53.1 Random Variables Itis frequently the case when an experiment is performed that we are mainly interested in some functond the outcome as opposed to the actual outcome itself. For instances, in tossing dice we are often interested in the sum of two dice and are not really concemedtas the separate value of each die. Thats, we may be interested in knowing that the sum is 7 and not be concemedote whether the actual outcome was (1, 6) or (2, 5) or (3, 4) or (4, 3) or (5, 2) or (6, 1). Also, in coin flipping we may be interested in the total number of heads that occur and not care at alzbet the actual head tail sequence that results. These quantities of interest, or more formally, these real valued functions defined on the sample space, are known as random variables. Because the value of a random variable is determined by the outcome of the experiment, we may asst probabilities to the possible values of the random variable. Types of Random Variable: Random variable may be discrete or coptinuous. Discrete Random Variable: A variable that can take one value from a discrete set of values. Example: Letx denotes sum of 2 dice, Now xis a discrete random variable as it can take one value aml set (2, 3, 4,5, 6, 7, 8,9, 10, 11, 12}, since the sum of 2 dice can only be one of these values. Continuous Random Variable: A variable that can take one value form a continuous range of vale Example: x denotes the volume of Pepsi in a 500 ml cup. Now x may be a number from 0 to 500. 21 which value, x may take,3ul op ene Probabilityand statistics FS a ot obability Density Function (PDF) pe .xbe continuous random variable then its PDF Fix) is defined such that 1. F202 JFidr=1 Placxr=q Geometric distribution possesses “no-memory" or “lack of memory” property which can be stated as Pat rix>a)=Px>n) 1. Suppose the probability that team A wins each game ina tournament is 60 percent. Aplays unites (@) Find the expected number Eof games that A plays (b) Find the probability P that A plays in at least 4 games (©). Find the probability P that A wins the tournament if the tournament has 64 teams, (Thus, tea” winning 6 times wins the tournament) Sol.1 This is a geometric distribution with P= 0.4 and q = 0.6 (A plays until A loses) Aseat E(x)=4 = a2: (@) Since E(x) Prats (b) The only way A plays at least 4 games is if A wins the first 3 games. Thus, P= Ax > 3) = 3 = (0.6) = 0.216 = 21.6% (©) Here Amust win all 6 games; So P= (0.6) = 0.0467 = 4.67%y I ee 317 EASY Probability and Statistics poisson Distribution ‘Arandom variable X, takin ameter hit for some 2 > 0, pa '9 ON one of the values 0, 1, 2 . iS said to be a Poisson random variable with oer ilooSrences of sven te nt in an observation period At. So, 4 = a Atwhere «is Recurrence Relation (x, A) Pa) = ex li) Pvt) © 22a ma Ai) By dividing (i) by (i Potd east og Pa) GPa Fest) = 2 py Example 1. A certain airport receives on an avera 19€ Of 4 air-crafts per hour. What is the probability that né aircraft ‘ands in a particular 2 hr period? Solution: Given equation, a = rate of occurrence of event per unit time = 4)ne “2 = average no. of occurrences of eventin specified observation period = At In this case @ = 4/hrand At= 2h +80, R= 4x2=8 Now we wish that no aircraft should land for 2 hrs. ie. x =0 0 gBg0 Pix) = GUM _ eet o "ote Frequently, Poisson distribution is used to approximate binomi ‘very small. Notice that direct computation of NC,p¥ (1 py-* me large and pis very smal. Hence, we resort toa Poisson app: Example 2. ial distribution when n is very large and pis {ay be erroneous or impossible when nis very roximation with 4 = np, Acertain company sells tractors which fall at arate of 1 out of 1000. 1100 tractors are purchased from this company what is the probabilty of 2 of them failing within frst year?228 REISER (or care and ese Prelims MADE o, ¢ yy Solution: < a fail A= np= 500X7555 = 3 12(47 292 eo l2y" 0.07582 Frna) « Sr «00 Continuous Distributions: 1, General Continuous Distribution 3. Exponential Distribution 7 5. Standard Normal Distribution 2. Uniform Distribution Normal Distribution 5.3.3.6 General Continuous Distribution 4 X can be defi Let 2 be a continuous random variable. A continuous distribution of fined by a py, density function fx) which is such a function such that Pl SX So) = Frrae=1 The expected value of x is given by H, = Bx) =f aflxjde ie Ve) = Ee?) (6) = j etods-[f none] of = We) ‘The cumulative probability function (sometimes also called as probability distribution function) i, vend Fi), where Fa) = p(Xsx)= fra Note: From distribution function we can get probability density franction by formula below: = OF fx) = ras 5.3.3.7 Uniform Distribution In general we say that is a uniform random variable on the interval (a, b) it its probably dersy function is given by: ts) = lira. fasx 0 by fa) = Pe* itxz0 0 itreo is said to be exponential random variable with parameter 2. The cumulative distributive function F(a) of an panel random variable is given by, a Fla) = Puxsa)= |.e*as e*,a>0 For Exponential Distribution: Mean = ELX]=1/A Variance = v(x) = 1/n2 Example: ‘Suppose that the length of a phone call in minutes is an exponential random variable with parameter 3 . If someone arrives immediately ahead of you at a public telephone booth, find the probability that you will have to wait, (@) More than 10 minutes (b) Between 10 and 20 minutes. Solution: Letting X denote the length of the call made by the person in the booth, we have that the desired probabilities are: (a) PIX > 10) 1-Plx < 10) = 1-F(10)=1- (1-@%®) = 6) = 61 =0,368 F(20)- F(10) (1 = 2) - (1 -@) = 1-2 = 0.233 (b) PIO < X< 20) 838 Normal Distribution We say that is a normal random variable, or simply that X’is normally distributed, with parameters jt and 'he probability density function is given by:320 SEEM for care ana ese Prelims nwcx 2 @s IME, GATE-2003, 2 marks] A program consists of two modules executed sequentially. Let, (1) and, () respectively denote the probability density functions of time taken to execute the two modules. The probability density function of the overall time taken to execute the program is given by 19 © 99 y as a6 Q7 by, whoro X= MH My Vand Ye yoy ' (0) [Adbla)a 2 (@) (0+ (0 1 © JAet- sae () max (Ay, L(g) [CS, GATE-2009, 2 may Anydraulle structure has four gato hichopaay independently. The probability of tain, failed, the gate is 0.2, Given that gate 1 has Probability that both gates 2 and 3 wil fais (@) 0.240 (b) 0.200 (©) 0.040 (4) 0.008 ICE, GATE-2004, 2 matis) ‘An examination paper has 150 multiple-ctece questions of one mark each, with each question having four choices. Each incorrect answer fetches - 0.25 mark, Suppose 1000 students choose all their answers randomly with uniform Probablity. The sum total of the expected mars obtained by all these students is (@o (b) 2550 (©) 7525 (a) 9975 ICS, GATE-2004, 2 mats] If @ fair coin is tossed four times. What is te Probability that two heads and two tails wile!” (a) 3/8 (b) 1/2 (c) 5/8 (@) 3/4 [cs, GaTe-2004, 1 a4]rotating ! oN ening distance betwean, ian: pi 4 ge OF per ol Dl positions why hive 170 the tw os gee ecua to dis wo stngs eer () *Cy2e ae () 12" a TCS. Gare. “2004, 2 marks) apack of regular playing cards, two cards natrandom What is the proty Ability that Se cart will bo Kings, if first cara in Not a one hee « Os e 3 ee Seat IME, GATE-2004, 2 marks} a pant is randomly selected with uniform pity mn the X-¥. plane within the rectangle gepcomers at (0,0). (1.0). (1.2) and (0, 2). tp gshetength of the position vector of the point, meexpected value of 0? is 28 1 as @) 53 x ICS, GATE-2004, 2 marks] 1 Pand Q are two random events, then the teaowing is TRUE ig Independence of P and Q implies that probability (Pn Q)=0 ‘&) Probability (PU Q) 2 Probability (P) = Probability (Q) | Pand Q are mutually exclusive, then they mustbe independent {8 Probability (Pm Q) < Probability (P) [EE, GATE-2005, 1 mark] “2 Afar dice is rolled twice. The probability that an ‘dd number will follow an even number is 1 + a5 © 5 3 1 @5 Oy [EC, GATE-2005, 1 mark] “SA single die is thrown twice. What is the lity that the sum is neither 8 nor 97 O14 Ata Q.48 Which one of the tb) 56 (ay a IME, GATE-2005, 2 marks) the fet onaed three tienen in at mE i Ss brodueas # head, then the probability OF Getting exeaetty (Wo hesda in thre tosses Io (a) 178 ) 12 (©) 48 ta) 3/4 (EE, GATE-2005, 2 marka] following statements is NOT true? (2) The measure of skewnessis dependent upon the amount of dispersion (©) In a symmetric distribution, the values of mean, mode and median are the same (©) In a positively skewed distribution: mean > ‘Median > mode (2) In a negatively skewed distribution: moda > mean > median ICE, GATE-2005, 1 mark] Q.16 A lot has 10% defective items Ten items are chosen randomly from this lot. The probability that exactly 2 of the chosen items are defective is (@) 0.0036 (b) 0.1937 (©) 0.2234 (a) 0.3874 (ME, GATE-2005, 1 mark] Q.17 Let f(x) be the continuous probability density function of a random variable X. The probability that a< X 6) = (1/6) (b) Pr(r/3 is an integer) = (5/6) 11/4 is an integer) 11/5 is an integer) [EE, GATE-2006, 2 marks] X @.21 Three companies X, Yand Zsupply computers to a university. The percentage of computers ‘supplied by them and the probability of those being defective are tabulated below: aaa | Comauny [ orconnuer | aay fen | 7] 8 ie Given that a computer is defective, the probability that it was supplied by Y is (a) 0.41 (b) 02 (0) 03 (d) 04 [EC, GATE-2006, 2 marks] Q.22 For each element ina set of size 2n, an unbiased coin is tossed. All the 2n coin tossed are independent. An element is chosen if the corresponding coin toss were head. The probability that exactly n elements are chosen is we Ce wf) 08 Q.23 There are 25 calculators in a box. Two of them are defective. Suppose 5 calculators are randomly picked for inspection (ie., each has the same chance of being selected), whatis the probability that only one of the defective calculators will be included in the inspection? [CS, GATE-2006, 2 marks) 4 eat for GATE and ESE Prelims ae Mang 1 a @s Og | 1 all Og OF | (CE, GATE-2006, 9 0.24 A box contains 20 defective items ang detective items. If two items are Selec Fen, random without replacement, what yt yo? probability that both items are detectiey 1 1 @s (0) 35 20 18 99 ©) 96 IME, GATE-2006, 1 may 25 Consider the continuous random vata yy probability density function Al) = 1+ tlor- 1s tso 1-t forOsts1 The standard deviation of the random varbiis 1 1 Oe ) 1 1 Oz Os IME, GATE-2006, 2 mais Q.26 A probability density function is ofthe fom plx) = Kell, ve (9, 09). The value of Kis (a) 05 (c) 05a (b) 1 (do {EC, GATE-2006, 1 mt) Q.27 Aclass of first year B, Tech. students is compost Yy Ot four batches 4, 8, Cand D, each cconsistng¢! 30 students. It is found that the sessional mals of studentsin Engineering Drawing inbatch Chs* a mean of 6.6 and standard deviation of 23 The mean and standard deviation of the masta" entire class are 5.5 and 4.2, respective" decided by the course instructor to nome? marks of the students of all batches ona ‘same mean and standard deviation 2s! entire class, Due to this, the marks of@s4 batch Care changed from 8.5to (a) 60 (b) 7.0 80 (90 ot Ice, GaTe-2006.2%" | i aTS _ ens ri suppose uniformly and randomly select a 913 mutation from the 20! permutations of 1, 2, 3 + pet'z9, What isthe probablity that 2 appears san eater position that any other even number phe setected permutation? 1 a . @3 © 55 A x (8) None of these (CS, GATE-2007, 2 marks} loaded dice has following probability gstrbution of occurrences pevave[ 1 [2] 3] 41576 probability | 14 | V8 [78 | 178 [778 [774 irimee identical dice as the above are thrown, the probability of occurrence of values 1, 5 and gonthe three dice is {@) same as that of occurrence of 3, 4,5 {p) same as that of occurrence of 1, 2,5 (9 1128 (58 [EE, GATE-2007, 2 marks] 430 Anexamination consists of two papers, Paper 1 and Paper 2. The probability of failing in Paper 1 ‘YW js 03 and that in Paper 2 is 0.2. Given that a student has failed in Paper 2, the probability of faling in Paper 1 is 0.6. The probability of a student failing in both the papers is (05 (b) 0.18 (0.12 (6) 0.06 [EC, GATE-2007, 2 marks] (031 Ifthe standard deviation of the spot speed of vehicles in a highway is 8.8 kmph and the mean § speed ofthe vehicles is 33 kmph, the coefficient of variation in speed is, (@) 0.1517 (b) 0.1867 (0) 0.2666 (@) 0.3646 ICE, GATE-2007, 2 marks] 82 Let Xand Ybe two independent random variables. ‘Which one of the relations between expectation (8, variance (Var) and covariance (Cov) given below is FALSE? @) Bx) = x) EY) () Cov (x, Yy=0 (©) Var (X+ Y) IME, GATE-2007, 2 marks] Probability and tatistes : 325 .33 A pérson on a trip has a choice betwe car and public transport. The probability of using a private car is 0.45. While using the public transpor, further choices available are bus and ‘metro, out of which the probability of commuting by a bus is 0.55. In such a situation, the probability (rounded up to two decimals) of using a car, bus and metro, respectively would be (a) 0.45, 0.30 and 0.25 (b) 0.45, 0.25 and 0.30 (c) 0.45, 0.55 and 0.00 (A) 0.45, 0.35 and 0.20 [CE, GATE-2008, 2 marks] Q.34 Aishwarya studies either computer science or mathematics everyday. if she studies computer science on a day, then the probability that she studies mathematics the next day is 0.6. If she studies mathematics on a day, then the probabil that she studies computer science the next day is 0.4. Given that Aishwarya studies computer science on Monday, what is the probability that she studies computer science on Wednesday? (a) 0.24 (b) 0.36 (©) 04 (@) 06 {CS, GATE-2008, 2 marks] Q.35 A coin is tossed 4 times. What is the probability of getting heads exactly 3 times? (a) 4 (b) 98 (©) 12 (9) 3/4 IME, GATE-2008, 1 mark] Q.36 If probability density function of a random variable xis e fx) = x? for-10 [CS, GATE-2011, 1 mark] Q.53 An unbiased coin is tossed five times. The ‘outcome of each toss is either a head or a tall The probability of getting at least one head is 1 13 @ 35 ) 16 31 Os 3 [ME, GATE-2011, 2 marks] Q.54 A fair coin is tossed till a head appears for the first time. The probability that the number of required tosses is oda, is @) 18 (o) 12 ©) 23 (9) 3/4 [EC, EE, IN, GATE-2012, 2 marks] Q.55 Suppose a fair six-sided die is rolled once. If the value on the die is 1, 2 or 3 the die is rolled a second time. What is the probability that the sum of total values that turn up is at least 6? (a) 10721 (b) 5/12 (©) 23 (@) We ICS, GATE-2012, 2 marks] Q.56 In an experiment, positive and negative values are equally likely to occur. The probability of obtaining at most one negative value in five trials is 1 2 @ 3 ) 3 3 6 ©) 35 @ a [CE, GATE-2012, 2 marks] Q.57 Consider a random variable X that takes values +1 and—1 with probability 0.5 each. The values of the cumulative distribution function F(x) at tand +1 are (@) Oando.s (©) 05and1 (b) Oand 1 (d) 0.25 and0.75 ICS, GATE-2012, 1 mark} edb328 58 A box contains 4 red bals and 6 black bal Thee balls are selected randomly from the Dox one ater another, without replacement. The ‘robebiity thal he selected set contains one ed ball and two black basis f@) 120 (oy 12 () 310 (12 ME, GATE-2012, 2 marks) 59 Two independent random variables X and Y ae ley iio inthe eval 1 The prbabiy that max XY] is ess than 728 (b) 916 (9.28 IEE, GATE-2012, 1 mark] (a) 94 (14 (0.60 The annual precitaton dato acy isnormaly .& distibuted wth mean and standard deviation as 1000 mm and 200 mm, respectively. The probability thatthe annual precipitation wil be ‘more than 1200 mmis (a) < 80% (b) 50% (9 75% (6 100% (CE, GATE-2012, 1 mark) 281 Suppose pis the numberof crs per minute passing trough acetainroad junction between 5PM, and phas Pisson cstibuton with mean 3. Whatisthe probability of cbsening fewer than cats duting any given inutein thisinterel? (@) a2") () 9122") (©) 17126) (282) {0S, GATE:-2013, 1 Mark] (0.62 Find the valve of such that function is valid probability density function fyx-(2-s) 1x52 0 otherwise [(CE, GATE-2013, 2 Mark] a)= (163 A continuous randomvatiable Khas probably Gensity function fs) =e", Ocx tis (@) 0368 (0s (0) 0632 (10 IEE, GATE-2013, 1 Mark] (2.64 A coninaousrandom variable Khas probably density fr) = 67, 0- tis (@) 0368 (05 (0) 0882 @to [IN, GATE-2018 : 1 mark} ESE Prelims ‘Yj ROE Let Xbe a normal random varsbe wi gravatance 4 Te probably FX [ME, GATE-2014: 1 Matt % Oe 169 A group consists of equal number ofan ad women. Of this group 20% ofthe men andSO* of the women are unemployed parin# selected alrandom rom tis group, hepa ‘ofthe selected person being employed is — IME, GATE-2014: 1 Natl 170 Atcr canis tossed n times. The coal FB tecternce between te number oh tails is (n- 3) is ee ()"C, 327 oo ze (ee, caren: 2008 ap ERSY dice with the spsidet 8 ’ the property that th 07 Fpailly of @ face with n dots showing up is portional ton. The probability of the face with free dats showing Up is TEE, GATE-2014 : 1 Mark] jpanousing society, half of the families have a 072 Tale child per family, while the remaining halt A pave Wo children per family. The probability that ‘ponid pioked at random, has a sibling is TEC, GATE-2014 : 1 Mark} a anunbiased coin is tossed an infinite number of O78 es, The probably that he fourth head appears atthe tenth toss is, (@) 0087 (0.082 (b) 0.073 (d) 0.091 [EC, GATE-2014 : 1 Mark] gr4 Parcels from sender S to receiver R pass sequentially through two post-offices. Each post- ¥ tice nasa probability 1/5 of losing an incoming parcel, independently of all other parcels. Given that a parcel is lost, the probability that it was lost by the second post-office is [EC, GATE-2014 : 2 Marks] 075 Fourfair six-sided dice are rolled. The probability that the sum of the results being 22 is X/1296. The value of Xis ICS, GATE-2014 : 2 Marks] 076 The probability that a given positive integer lying between 1 and 100 (both inclusive) is NOT divisible by 2, 3 or 5 is [CS, GATE-2014 : 2 Marks- Set-2] QI7 Let $ be a sample space and two mutually ‘exclusive events A and Bbe such that AU B= S. 1f FQ) denotes the probability of the event, the ‘maximum value of P(A) P(B) is ICS, 2014 : 2 Marks-Set-3] 78 In the following table, x is a discrete random Vatlable and p(x) is the probability density. The standard deviation of x is [ext )ena]a2a]:3 [a [O3 {06 [0.1 @ 018 (b) 0.36 ©) 054 (@) 06 [ME, 2014 : 2 Marks] Probability and Statistics 0.79 Amachine produces 0, 1 or2 defective pieces in day with associated probability of 1/6, 2/3 and 1/6, respectively. The mean value and the Variance of the number of defective pieces Produced by the machine in a day, respectively. are (@) 1and 1/3 (©) 1and 4/3 (0) 1/8and 1 (0) 18 and 4/3 [ME, 2014 : 2 Marks] Q.80 Consider an unbiased cubic dice with opposite faces coloured identically and each face coloured red, blue or green such that each colour appears ‘only two times on the dice. If the dice is thrown thrice, the probability of obtaining red colour on. top face of the dice at least twice is IME, GATE-2014 : 2 Marks] VThe security system at an IT office is composed ‘of 10. computers of which exactly four are working To check whether the system is functional, the officials inspect four of the computers picked at random (without replacement). The system is deemed functional if at least three of the four computers inspected are working. Let the probability that the system is deemed functional be denoted by p. Then 100p = ICS, GATE-2014 : 1 Mark] Q.82 A traffic ofice imposes on an average 5 number of penalties daily on traffic violators. Assume that the number of penalties on different days is independent and follows a Poisson distribution. The probability that there will be less than 4 penalties in a day is ICE, GATE-2014 : 2 Marks] Q.83 The number of accidents occurring ina plantina month follows Poisson distribution with mean as 5.2. The probability of occurrence of less than 2 accidentsin the plant during a randomly selected month is (a) 0.029 (b) 0.034 (©) 0.039 (d) 0.044 IME, GATE-2014 : 2 Marks} Q.84 The probability density function of evaporation E on any day during a year in a watershed is given by: ¥ : Sts DADE ky, ral 80 for GATE and ESEP ~ 3 asked to supply ay reo vendors wore askod tc ory, Q.89 Traction component. The respective probs, ta ne) OSESS5 mmiday of their meating the strict design specifi, te 0 otherwise are 0.8, 0.7 and 0.5. Each vandor suppigg ‘The probability that Elies in between 2and 4 mmiday component. The pronase Out of Yotalte, ina day in the watershed is (in decimal) ___ components supplied y the fone AU ay os ICE, GATE-2014 : 1 Mark] ‘one will meet the oes Gare oa pe » GATE-2015 : Fy Q.85 Let be a random variable with probability density : i function @,90 The chance of a student passing an gray 20%. The chance of a student Passing the yay 0.2, torlalst and getting above 90% rmarks ints 6%, G9" f(s) = ie 1 fortelis4 that a student passes the examination,» 0, otherwise . The probability 0.5 < X< 5)is TEE, GATE-2014 : 2 Marks} Q.86 It {x} isa continuous, real valued random variable Gefined over the interval (-=, +) and its occurrence is defined by the density function given as: where 'a'and'b' are the Statistical attributes of the random variable {x1. e z AE a, ‘The value of the integral Jen 1 () 05 ©x (6) we ICE, GATE-2014 : 1 Mark] Q.87 Suppose A and B are two independent events with probabilities P(A) # 0 and PB) #0. Let A and B be their complements. Which one of the following statements is FALSE? (@) RAM B) = FA) AB) (b) PLA/B) = PLA) (ce) FA FA) + FAB) () PAB) = PAB) (EC, GATE-2015 : 1 Mark] Q.88 Suppose X, for i= 1, 2, 3 are independent and identically distributed random variables whose probability mass functions are PAX, = 0) = PrIX, = 1] = 112 fori = 1,2,3 Define another random variable ¥ = X,X,@ X,, where © denotes XOR. Then P{Y = 0 1X, = 0] [CS, 2015 : 2 Marks} probability that the student gets above oy, marks is a wt ay a 5 2 — 5 O a IME, GATE-2015 : 2 Maria) Hl al 1 a: Ane= grand Axa yy =o the value of P(YIX) is 4 4 Os 9 ot o8 IME, GATE-2015 : 1 Mark] Q.92 Two players, A and B, alternately keep rolling « fair dice. The person to get a six first wins the game. Given that player A starts the game, the probability that A wins the game is 5 Z as 4 7 O45 (d) 2 [EE, GATE-2015 : 2 Marks] Q.93 Consider the following probability mass functon g (P.m4.) of a random variable X. a MX =0 AXd=)1-q xet 0 otherwise "qd = 0.4, the variance of X is __— ICE, Gare-2015: 1 Masu e EF ry «0 0ins Fans Sate tossed. The 4 joint event o@! i Tals Halls TaHs have probabilities 0.28, i p,030.0.24. respectively. where Hrepresents peed and T fepresents all. Which one of the jatowing s TRUE? ty The coin tosses are independent ) Ris far, Sis not ) Sis fair, Ris not {@ Thecoin tosses are dependent IEE, GATE-2015 : 2 Marks] tre pobabilly of obtaining at least two “SIC in 08 “roving a fair dice 4 times is 425, 19 Om ©) yaa 13 ae (hres ©) a30 [ME, GATE-2015 : 2 Marks] {496 The probability that a thermistor randomly picked up from a production unit is defective is 0.1. The probability that out of 10 thermistors randomly picked up, 3 are defective is (@) 0001 {b) 0.057 (©) 0.107 (d) 03 [IN, GATE-2015 : 2 Marks] 097 The probability density function of a random variable, x is =0 fa) = $4-29) forOsxs The mean, p, of the random variable is. . ICE, GATE-2015 : 2 Marks) 098.4 random variable X has probability density {unetion fx) as given below: fe fee forO 5 th 1 OF 3 ICE, 2016 : 2 Marks) als Let the probability density function of a random 1, “aiable % be given as: xX Se u(x) + aeM*u(-3) where u(x) is the unit step function. Then he Value of ‘a’ and Prob {X< 0}, respectively. 1 4 23 wg (@ at | [Ee, 2016: 2 Nat" | 1 © 27eg EASY «nea (Per2n1AGe) Under stendard normal ot" tribution curve of random variable Z within mis tom ~3 10 +3 is, (ME, 2016 : 1 Mark) gtvo c8ins a¥e f0sS0d simultaneously, The gH) pcbability (UPtO two decimal points accuracy) Figeting at least one head is, ——— IME, GATE-2017 : 1 Mark} sample of 15 data is as follows: 17, 18, 17 47,13 18.5.5.6, 7. 8. 9, 20, 17, 3, The mode of the data is ma (©) 13 ov (6) 20 (ME, GATE-2017 : 1 Mark] on? 1t8 sitace fair dice is rolled a large number of ig ines. The mean value of the outcomes is [ME, GATE-2017 : 1 Mark] 11g Assume that in a traffic junction, the cycle of the traffic signal lights is 2 minutes of green ( (reticle does not stop) and 8 minutes of red 4 (vehicle stops). Consider that the arrival time of \ehicles at the junction is uniformly distributed over 5 minute cycle. The expected waiting time (in minutes) for the vehicle at the junction is, [EE, GATE-2017 : 1 Mark] 120 An urn contains 5 red balls and 5 black balls. Inthe first draw, one ball is picked at random and discarded without noticing its colour. The probability to get a red ball in the second draw is Probabilityand statistics (a) (b) Nie elo ele ols © (d) [EE, GATE-2017 : 1 Mark] Q.121 Ita random variable X has a Poisson distribution with mean 5, then the expectation E[(X + 2)7) equals: ICS, GATE-2017 : 2 Marks] Q.122 A two-faced coin has its faces designated as head (H) and tail (T). This coin is tossed three times in succession to record the following outcomes; H, H, H, If tho coin is tossed one more time, the probability (up to one decimal place) of obtaining H again, given the previous realizations of H, H and H, would be ICE, GATE-2017 : 1 Mark] Q.123 The number of parameters in the univariate exponential and Gaussian distributions, respectively, are (a) 2and2 (©) 2and4 (b) tand2 (6) 1and 1 [CE, GATE-2017 : 1 Mark] Q.124 For the function f(x) = 2 + br, 0 SxS 1, to be a valid probability density function, which one of the following statements is correct? (a) a=1,b=4 (b) a= 0.5, b=1 () a=0,b=1 (d) a=1,b=-1 [CE, GATE-201t= -Probability and Statistics lL @ 2 e@ 3 @ 4 © & © 10. @) 11. @ 42, (d) 13. (@) 14. (b) 19. (2) 20. ©) 21. @ 22, (@ 23 (0) 28. () 29. ©) 30. @) 31. @) 32 @) 97. (@) 38. ©) 39, ) 40. @ 41. 46. (@) 47, @) 48. @ 49. () 50. (©) 55. (b) 56. (@) 57. (0) 58. (d) 59. (b) 65. (b) 67. (6) 68. (a) 70. (b) 73. (0) 87. (©) 90. (b) 91. (@) 92 @) 94 104. (a) 105. (a) 107. (vb) 110. (a) 113. (a) 124. (b) Emon 1. (a) Given, AA) =1 AB) = v2 Both events are independent So, ANB) = 112 PAnB) _ 12 RAIB) = “Pe = ag =1 PANB) _ 112 ABIA)= “Ba = = 1 2. (c) This problem is to be solved by distribution, since although population is finite, sampling is done with replacement and so probability does not change from tral to trial Here, n=2 x = 0 (no defective) P= p(defective) = 2 ° 2 3 3 So, pte=0) = 205 3) (1-3 = 0.49 = 49% (d) Probability of drawing two red balls = pffirst is red) x p(secondis red given that first is red) 6 (d) 7 @ 15. (d) 16. (6) 24, (@) 25. (0) 28. (6) 27, Wy 38. @) 94. ©) 95. @) 56, g) 42. (2) 43. 0) 44. 48, y 51. (d) 52. (c) 53. () 54, 3} 60. (2) 61. © 63.) 64, 78. (&) 78. (@) 83. (>) 6, wy 95. (&) 96. (0) 99. (@) 101, w 114, (@) 117. (©) 120. (@) 123, Alternatively this problem can be done as hypergeometric distribution, since itis samping without replacement from finite population From above diagram, o 5 C, p(X=2) = 58| 5a Be, = Sx4 2 \ 10x59 0B 2R (c) Let the time taken for first and second modules be represented by x and y and total time = t <. f= x+ yis a random variable. Now the joint density function, = Sifts. yd = fiflat-aide 7 = [oile) blt—x)de \ihich is also called as convolution off, 2 abbreviated as f,* f, Correct answer is therefore, choice (0)Pe ens Probabityand Statistics 393 (©) litree gates are ind % @ x EE guia a fall gate nen Probloms can be solved by hypergeometric oat ie 2and gate 3 fail | gate 1 failed) Plgate 2 and gate 3 fail) (gate 2) x p(gate 3) [gate 2 and 3 fail independently] =0.2x02=0.04 (d) “ é ee marks obtained per question be a random variable X i ttsprobabilty distribution table is given below: x [1 [025 malvs| 3/4 Expected marks per question Ex) = EX (X) x 14 + (-0.25) x 3/4 = 4-3/6 = 116 marks Jotal marks expected for 150 questions 1 75 = 7g *180= —F marks per student ‘Total expected marks of 1000 students 75 = | ¥ 1000 = 9375 marks So, correct answer is (d). 1 (@) ‘The condition getting 2heads and 2 tails is same as getting exactly 2 heads out of 4 tosses. Given, p = PUH)= 1/2 Applying the formula for binomial distribution, we set, Ax= : soswar(1-3) fpr 2-8 2 2 a) 'thamming distance between two nbit stings is were asking that dout of ntvials tobe success (success here means that the bits are different). Sottis is a binomial distribution with trials and successes and probability of success p= 2i4= 1/2 (Snce out of the 4 possibilies (0, 0), (0, 1), (1,0, (1.1) only two of then (0, 1) and (1, 0) are success) °C, 8, x= a = 90, (1/2)9(112)""# Correct choice is therefore (a). 10. 1. distribution as follows: 4 ax: (a) Length of position vector of point spe fr+y . y | rs (2) ' 9 °. {| __. 0.07 oy peatey Ep?) = Els? +?) = Ele?) + EV) Now x and y are uniformly distributed 0-< xs 1 andOsys2 Probability density function of x = | (a) (2) is false since of P and Q are independent paPo Q) = pAP)* pQ) which need not be zero. (b) is false since pr(PU Q) = pa) + pxQ)~ pPr Q) s+ phPUQ) S pAP) + p(Q)12. 13. 14. 15. 16. GEE] for GATE and ESE Prelims (6) Is false since independence and mutually 17- exclusion are unrelated properties. (y's true. since Po Qc P = iPAQ) < KA = PRPAQ) s pAP) (@) 18. cay Since both events are independent of each other. e ole Ns rat (@) ‘Sample space = (6)? = 36 Total ways in which sumis either 8 or 9 is, (2,6), (3,5), (3.6), (4, 4) (4,5). (6.3). (5, 4), (6, 2). (6.3) = 9 ways +. Probability of coming sum 8 or 9 = gi 34 So probability of not coming sum 8 or 113 9 () ‘Sample space = (HHH, HTH, HHT, HTT} Favourable (2 heads in 3 tosses) = (HTH, HHT} 2_1 Required probability 42 (d) a, b, care true but (d) is not true since in a negatively skewed distribution, mode > median > mean. (b) This problem can be done using binomial distribution since population is infinite Probability of defective item, p=01 Probability of non-defective iter, q=1-p=1-0.1=09 Probability that exactly 2 of the chosen items are defective 20. = "Cora? 0C,(0.1)?(0.9)° = 0.1937 19. v mrp Bhsy (c) i fa) is the continuous probability ensty tn, ofa random variable Xthen, pla Now putting 6 = 2, in above equation, we get 2 4 > 8 lee (c) 'f two fair dices are rolles the probably distribution of r where ris the sum of the numbe> ‘on each die is given by Aeens 2pS{StS1817 1819 [10] nh 92 Heels ala (38 6 [38 | 98136 [36 36 | 35 [26 [as pe sbove table has been oblained by taking all ferent ways of obtaining a particular sum, For ‘ample, Sum of § Can be obtained by (1, 4), (2.9 (&.2)2nd (4, 1). ‘ = 4136 jowletus consider choice (a) par> 6) = par27) § cf 9, Bids Be, 36°96" 96 "96°36 ~ 36710 shoice (a) pr (r > 6) = 1/6 is wrong, Consider choice (b) PAni3is an integer) =pr (r= 3) + pr(r=6) + prr oice (b) prf3 is an integer = 5/6 is wrong ‘Consider choice (c) 1 pir=8 | 1/4 isan integer) 6 Now, piri4 is an integer) =pr(r= 4) + pr(r= 8) + par=12) «-par=8 | 4is aninteger) = Choice (c) is correct. . (0) S— supply by y, d—> defective Probability that the computer was supplied by y, ithe product is defective Aa = Asoo) Pd) Asn d) = 0.3 x 0.02 = 0.006 Ad) = 0.6 x0.1+0.3x 0.02 +0.1x0.03 = 0015 0.006 Faia) = Ore = 04 (a) The probability that exactly nelements are chosen = Theprobabilty of geting nheads outof 2ntosses Probabilityand statistics 23, 24, 25. = 2nc, (1/2)"(1/2)2"-" (Binomial formula) , = anc, (1/2)"(1/2)" 2 7 Gy 7B eye ‘ (b) Since population is finite, hypergeometric istribution is applicable 25 Coleuators 2 Detective | 23 Non-Defoctive 5 Caloulators {Defective 4 Non-Defectve P(t defectivein calculators) = (d) Problem can be solved by hypergeometric distribution 190 26] Bw 200, x80) _ 19. , X= a 400C, 795 2D OND (b) Mean = EO= fe-t-at = furspats fryer E-T-E- {ae {ia E(t?) (E(0P j (at -[E(OF Je Moat - 0 f 2 rinat338 GEEESEIP ELEM for Gare and Ese Prelims Q 1 = feasoa + fP0-dat 4 D 9 1 = (P+ 1)-ats fe? a-nat 4 2 Standard deviation = Variance 26. (c) j Pa)-de fro fRor aes ficee 3 3 K sek a = a 2Kza = K=05a 27. (d) Let the mean and standard deviation of the students of batch C be 1, and ¢, respectively, and the mean and standard deviation of entire cclass of frst year students be 4 and a respectively Now givensy,= 66 and 42 In order to normalise batch Cto entire class, the normalised score (z scores) must be equated x-55 since = x = 8.969~9.0 28. 29. 30: 31 IMRDE Ene, es) ofpernutaions with 2'inthestpeg. = 191 Number of permutations With 2" inthe seceny position = 10 x 18! (illthe first space with any ofthe 10 ode nung, and the 18 spaces alter the 2 with 18 g, te remaining numbers in 18! ways) Number of permutations with '2'in 3" positon . 10x9x 17! (ithe fist 2 places with 2of he 10 odd nue, and then the remaining 17 places with remaining 17 numbers) and so on until'2'is in 11" place. After that tig not possible to satisfy the given condition, singe f there are only 10 odd numbers available to fy before the ‘2’. So the desired number of permutations which satisfies the given condition is 491+ 10x 181+ 10x 9x 171+ 10x9x8x 161 +10! x 9! Now the probability of this happening is given by 19141018! +10x9x 171... +10!x9! 20! Which is clearly not choices (a), (b) or (c. . ‘Answer is (d) none of these. (c) (1,5, 6) (c) ) (Adenote the event of failing in paper 1) (8 denote the event of failing in paper 2) Given, P(A) = 0.3, PB) =0.2 P(AIB) =0.6 Probability of failing in both PLAN B) = PB) = p(A | B) 2*0.6=0.12 (c) 88 cy 19288, 3a 0.2666