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1.2 IGCSE Physics Notes Motion Forces Energy Motion

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491 views23 pages

1.2 IGCSE Physics Notes Motion Forces Energy Motion

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padma venkat
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© © All Rights Reserved
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1.

2-Motion
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 Speed:
Definition: Speed is the distance travelled by a body in unit time.
Speed is a scalar quantity.
Units: m/s or km/hr

 Average speed:
Definition: Average speed is the total distance travelled by a body in total
time .
Speed is a scalar quantity.
Units: m/s or km/hr

 Speed and velocity:


Speed Velocity
Scalar quantity Vector quantity
Units: m/s Units: m/s
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
Speed= 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 Velocity= 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
Speed of a body can never be Velocity of a body can be positive,
negative. it can be zero negative or zero

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Sums-Speed

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The concept of speed can be represented by two kinds of graphs:


 distance -time graphs
 speed-time graphs

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Distance -time graphs:
A-B ⟹ Steady speed-
Constant slope

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stopped- Zero speed-Zero
slope

C-D ⟹ Constant speed-


Constant slope. Object
returning to the starting
point

Slope of a distance time graph gives you the speed of the graph

When a body covers unequal

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APPLICATION BASED QUESTIONS:

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APPLICATION BASED QUESTIONS-EXTENDED THEORY:

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Speed of the objects between points AB can be described as:


1. Decreasing or
2. Average speed =2m/s. (The word average is important as it is the total
distance /total time taken =𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 = 𝟐𝟐𝑚/s
1𝟏𝟏
3. Acceleration=negative
Speed of the objects between points BC can be described as:
1. Constant or
2. Speed =0.8m/s. ( distance / time taken =𝟏𝟏𝟑𝟑−𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 = 𝟑𝟑. 𝟖𝟖𝑚/s
𝟒𝟒𝟑𝟑−1𝟏𝟏
3. Acceleration=Zero ( Because: Velocity is constant, so change in velocity is
zero)
Calculate the average speed of the object during the first 40s:
Must show calculation as = Velocity=d/t=50/40-=1.25m/s
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OBSERVATIONS:
 Describe a section of a graph: You may describe using words or even
through calculations.
 Calculate means to show the formula and the steps.
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Speed/Velocity- time graph:

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AB shows the journey with
greater constant acceleration
compared to part AC.

CD shows constant velocity as


value of the value of velocity
does not change

DE shows constant deceleration


because the graph is sloping
downwards.

The positive and negative velocity means that the


motion is in the opposite direction.

The graph shows decreasing and increasing acceleration.

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In addition to the other features described in the previous graphs the following graph
tells you how to represent a stopped vehicle (velocity=0)

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The changing acceleration is better


described as non-uniform acceleration.

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Application based concepts discussed

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Graph of an athlete's race:

Calculate the distance that the athlete runs:


Found by calculating the area under the graph.
Maximum acceleration of the athlete: [4m] Observe the graph carefully and
draw a tangent to the steepest part of the curve[1m]. Draw a tangent at this
∆𝑣
point and show the calculation of [1m].Plug in values[1m].State the final
∆𝑡
answer[1m]
If she runs a distance of 62m . Calculate her average speed:
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
Average speed =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒

𝟔𝟔𝟐𝟐
⟹ 1𝟑𝟑 = 𝟔𝟔. 𝟐𝟐𝑚/𝑠

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Application based questions-MCQ:

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Acceleration of free fall:

 An object that is moving only under the influence of gravity is said to

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be under free fall.


Free falling objects accelerate at a constant rate.
The acceleration due to gravity is approximately 9.8m/s2
 Under free fall, objects reach the earth at the same time , irrespective
of their masses; if dropped from the same height above the earth's surface
because the acceleration of free fall is constant.
 A non zero resultant force acts on a free falling object that has just
been released.

FALLING OBJECTS ARE AFFECTED BY TWO TYPES OF FORCES:


1. The weight of the object: This is a force acting downwards, caused by
the object’s mass being pulled by the Earth’s gravitational field.
2. Air resistance: This is a frictional force acting in the opposite direction
to the movement of the object.
THE ACT OF FALLING OF OBJECTS CAN BE CATEGORISED INTO 3
STAGES BEFORE IT HITS THE GROUND:
1. At the start, the object accelerates downwards because of its weight.
There is no air resistance. There is a resultant force acting downwards.
2. As it gains speed, the object’s weight stays the same, but the air
resistance on it increases. There is a resultant force acting downwards.
3. Travelling at steady speed: Eventually, the object’s weight is balanced
by the air resistance. There is no resultant force and the object reaches a
steady speed, called the terminal velocity.

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Free fall graphs:
A parachutist jumps out of an aeroplane but does not open his parachute until
some time has elapsed.

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a. The value of the acceleration immediately after he has jumped from the
aeroplane is:10m/s2.
b. The acceleration decreases until point A on the graph is reached. This is
because the graph becomes less steep ( or the gradient decreases)
c. The parachutist's speed in region AB is: constant
d. The forces on the parachute in the AB region: There is no resultant
force( Or upward force = downward force or weight= air resistance)
e. The point at which the parachutist opened his parachute: B
f. The speed decrease from B-D because: the air resistance is bigger than
the weight because as the parachute is opened it provides a larger
surface area

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APPLICATION BASED QUESTIONS

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APPLICATION BASED QUESTIONS:

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FREE FALL GRAPHS:

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EXTENDED THEORY

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