8/21/2023

SUBSCRIBE By:- Manish Kumar

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Basics of Computers and Applications

SIRJEE CLASSES

SYLLABUS:-
❖ Architecture of Computers
❖Input and Output devices
❖Storage devices
❖Networking
❖Operating System like Windows, Unix, Linux;
❖MS Office
❖Various data representation
❖Internet and Email
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 8/21/2023

BASICS OF COMPUTER
Generally, computer is the combination of hardware and SIRJEE CLASSES

software which converts data into information. Computer

operates on a set of instructions only, they cannot think as
human being.
Functioning of a computer system
Computer is responsible for performing Four basic
functions.
1. Input- information or data that is entered into
the computer is called input.

2. processing-it is the sequence of actions taken

on data to convert it into information
which is meaningful to the user.

3. Output- it makes process data available to the

user. 3
4. Storage- it stores data and programs
permanently.

PREVIOUS RRB QUESTIONS

SIRJEE CLASSES

Computer system consists of:-

a. Internal device
b. Software Ans-d
4
c. Peripheral device
d. All of these

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GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER
SIRJEE CLASSES

PREVIOUS RRB QUESTIONS

SIRJEE CLASSES

Ans-3

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Top positions of super computers

SIRJEE CLASSES

Rank Name Vendor Site country, year

1 Frontier HPE Oak Ridge National Laboratory United States, 2022

2 Fugaku Fujitsu RIKEN Center for Computational Science Japan, 2020

3 LUMI HPE EuroHPC JU European Union, Kajaani, Finland, 2022

As of June 2022 there are 3 systems based in India on the TOP 500 supercomputer list.
Rank Site Name

111 Centre for Development of Advanced Computing PARAM Siddhi-AI

132 Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology Pratyush (Cray XC40)

249 National Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting Mihir (Cray XC40)
Note:- 7
Supercomputer PARAM 8000 (made by the Centre for Development of Advanced Computing
(C-DAC)) was launched on July 1, 1991 is considered India's first supercomputer.

PREVIOUS RRB QUESTIONS

SIRJEE CLASSES

Which supercomputer is developed by the Indian

Scientists?
Ans-a Supercomputer PARAM 8000
(made by the Centre for
A. Param B. Super 301 Development of Advanced
C. Compaq Presario D. CRAY YMP Computing (C-DAC)) was
launched on July 1, 1991 is
considered India's first
supercomputer.

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COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE (Von neumann)

Computer Architecture deals with the functional behaviour of a SIRJEE CLASSES

computer system as viewed by a programmer.

It can also be described as the logical structure of the system unit

that housed electronic components.
Components of a computer
A computer consists of three main components:-
(i) Input/Output (I/O) Unit.
(ii) Central Processing Unit (CPU).
(iii) Memory Unit.

COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE
1. Input unit SIRJEE CLASSES

the computer accepts coded information through

input unit by the user.

It is a device that is used to give required information

to the computer.
Ex- keyboard, mouse

Output unit

The output unit sends the processed results to

the user.

It is mainly used to display the desired result to

the user as per input instruction.
10
Ex- video monitor, printer.

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Central Processing Unit (CPU)

SIRJEE CLASSES

The central processing unit consits of set of registers, arithmetic

and control circuits, which together interpret and execute
instructions in assembly language.
The primary functions of the CPU are:-
1. The CPU transfers instructions and input
data from main memory to registers.
e.g, internal memory.
3. When necessary, CPU transfer output data
from registers to main memory.
Arithmetic logic unit (ALU)
The arithematic logic unit contains the electronic circuitry
that executes all arithmetic and logical operations on the
available data.
11
It is used to perform all arithmetic calculation (addition, subtraction,
multiplication and division) and logical calculation(AND, OR, etc)

REGISTER
SIRJEE CLASSES
Registers are special purpose and high speed
temporary memory units.

Essentially, they hold the information that the

CPU is currently working on.

Registers store data, instructions, address and

intermediate results of processing.
The number and sizes of Register vary from
processor to processor.
CONTROL UNIT
It coordinates with the input and output devices of a computer.

It direct the computer to carry out stored programs and instructions

by communicating with the ALU and the registers.
12

It organises the processing of data and instructions.

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PREVIOUS RRB QUESTIONS

SIRJEE CLASSES

13

COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE
BUSES OF COMPUTER SIRJEE CLASSES

INTERNAL BUS
1. INTERNAL BUS
2. EXTERNAL BUS

14

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INTERNAL BUS OF COMPUTER

ADDRESS BUS SIRJEE CLASSES

It is a group of conducting wires which carries address only.

Address bus is unidirectional because data flow in one direction,
from microprocessor to memory or from microprocessor to
Input/output devices (That is, Out of Microprocessor).
DATA BUS
It is a group of conducting wires which carries Data only.
Data bus is bidirectional because data flow in both directions,
from microprocessor to memory or Input/Output devices and
from memory or Input/Output devices to microprocessor.

CONTROL BUS
It is a group of conducting wires, which is used to generate timing
and control signals to control all the associated peripherals,
microprocessor uses control bus to process data, that is what to do 15

with selected memory location.

PREVIOUS RRB QUESTIONS

SIRJEE CLASSES

1.
Ans-2
2.

3.

4.

A system bus is a single computer

bus that connects the major
16
components of a computer system,
Ans-a combining the functions of a data
bus to carry information.

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COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE
SIRJEE CLASSES

EXTERNAL BUS OF COMPUTER

➢An external bus is a type of data bus that

enables external devices and components to
connect with a computer.

➢ It enables connecting devices, carrying data and

other control information, but is only restricted to
be used external to the computer system.

17

MEMORY UNIT
SIRJEE CLASSES

18

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IMPORTANT COMPUTER QUESTIONS

SIRJEE CLASSES

The word computer has been derived from

which of the following language?

a. Greek b. English Ans-d

c. Hindi d. Latin

IC is made up of:-

a. Transistors b. vacuum tubes Ans-a

c. None of these d. microprocessors

Which of the following is known as father of

computer?

a. Dennis Ritchie b. Napier Ans-d 19

c. Alan Turing d. Charles Babbage

IMPORTANT COMPUTER QUESTIONS

SIRJEE CLASSES

Which of the following is known as father

Alan Turing was a
of modern computer? pioneering mathematician
Ans-d widely considered to be
a. Dennis Ritchie b. Napier the father of modern
computer science.
c. Charles Babbage d. Alan Turing

The earliest calculating device is:-

Ans-b
a. Calculator b. abacus
c. analytical engine d. difference engine

Ans-3 20

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IMPORTANT COMPUTER QUESTIONS

SIRJEE CLASSES

First super-computer of the world is:-

The early history of supercomputers is closely
associated with Seymour Cray, who designed the first
a. Tianhe-1 b. CDC 6600 Ans-b officially designated supercomputers for Control Data
in the late 1960s. His first design, the CDC 6600
c. PARAM d. IBM-370

First computer of India is:- The period of the second-generation

computers was:-
a. PARAM b. IBM-370 Ans-a Ans-b
c. Siddharth d. CRAY-I a. 1946 -1958 b. 1956 - 1963
c. 1940-1960 d. 1957-1964

Benefits of computers are:-

a. very fast and can store huge amount of data

b. provide accurate output either input is correct or not
c. think about the processing 21
d. None of the above Ans-a

Peripheral Device
A peripheral device is an internal or external device that SIRJEE CLASSES

connects directly to a computer but does not contribute to

the computer's primary function, such as computing.

Ex:- monitors, mice, keyboards, and printers

INPUT & OUTPUT DEVICES

➢The computer is a very versatile machine. It can easily process different
types of data. To work with these data, we require different types of
devices. These devices can help us enter data into the computer.

➢An input device sends information to a computer system for processing,

and an output device reproduces or displays the results of that processing.

➢Input devices only allow for input of data to a computer and output
devices only receive the output of data from another device.
22
➢The I/O devices are attached, externally to the computer machine and
are also called peripheral device.

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PREVIOUS RRB QUESTIONS

SIRJEE CLASSES

Ans-c

Ans-3
23

INPUT UNIT/ DEVICES

An input unit/device is an electro-mechanical device that allows the SIRJEE CLASSES

user to feed data into the computer for analysis and storage and to
give commands to the computer.
The data is entered into the main-memory through the
input devices.
Example of input devices:-
➢Audio conversion device
➢Barcode reader
➢Microphone.
➢Biometrics (e.g., fingerprint scanner).
➢MICR.
➢Business card reader
➢Mouse, touchpad, or
➢Finger (with touch screen or Windows Touch).
other pointing devices.
➢Gamepad, joystick, paddle, steering wheel,
➢OMR (optical mark reader)
➢Graphics tablet.
➢Scanner.
➢Keyboard.
➢Sensors.
➢Light pen.
➢Voice.
➢Medical imaging devices (e.g., X-ray, CAT 24
➢Video capture device.
scan, and ultrasound images).
➢Webcam.

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PREVIOUS RRB QUESTIONS

SIRJEE CLASSES

A plotter is a computer
hardware device much like
a printer that is used for
printing vector graphics.

PREVIOUS RRB QUESTIONS

SIRJEE CLASSES

Which of the following groups consists of

only input devices?

(1) Mouse, Keyboard, Monitor

(2) Mouse, Keyboard, Printer Ans-4
(3) Mouse, Keyboard, Plotter, Scanner
(4) Mouse, Keyboard

Ans-4

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KEYBOARD
A keyboard is an essential input device that SIRJEE CLASSES

allows a user to enter text, numbers, and

commands into a computer.
It consists of keys for alphabets, numbers,
symbols, and function keys.
Types of Computer keyboard
1. Ergonomic keyboard
An ergonomic keyboard is a computer keyboard designed with
ergonomic considerations to minimize muscle strain, fatigue,
and other problems.
2. Overlay or concept keyboard
An overlay keyboard or concept keyboard is a specialized keyboard
with no preset keys. Each key can be programmed with a wide
range of different functions.
3. virtual keyboard 27
A virtual keyboard is a software component that allows the input
of characters without the need for physical keys.

PREVIOUS RRB QUESTIONS

SIRJEE CLASSES

Ans-c

A concept keyboard is a flat board that contains a grid of buttons.

Each button can be programmed to do whatever you want.

Ans-c
28

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KEYBOARD
Types of keys on keyboard SIRJEE CLASSES

29

PREVIOUS RRB QUESTIONS

SIRJEE CLASSES

Esc key is used for any

of various functions, as
to interrupt or cancel
the current process or
Ans-a running program, or to
close a pop-up window.

You can use the tab key to:-

Tab key on the keyboard of
(1) move a cursor across the screen Ans-4 a typewriter or computer
(2) indent a paragraph is used to move several
spaces at a time or to move
(3) move the cursor down the screen to a particular position in
(4) Both '1' and '2' a document.

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KEYBOARD
SIRJEE CLASSES
NAVIGATION KEY

Modifier key
A modifier key modifies the action of another
key when the keys are pressed at the same
time.
Common modifier keys include:-
Shift, Function, Control, Alt, Command, 31

KEYBOARD
Function key of keyboard SIRJEE CLASSES

Below are some common uses for function keys in Windows:

✓F1 - Display help screen.

✓F2 - Highlight file or folder for renaming.

✓F3 - Open search tool.

✓Alt+F4 - Close the current window.

✓F5 - Refresh the contents of a window or webpage.

✓F6 - Move cursor.

✓F7 - Spell & grammar check.

✓F10 – Active menu bar. 32

✓F11 - Take your screen into and out of full-screen mode.
✓F12 – Save as

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PREVIOUS RRB QUESTIONS

SIRJEE CLASSES

A very common shortcut, particularly

Ans-c for browsers, is the F11 key.

It can take your screen into and out of

full-screen mode quickly and easily.

POINTING INPUT DEVICES

Pointing device SIRJEE CLASSES

A pointing device is used to communicate with the computer by pointing

to the locations on the monitor.
Movements of the pointing device are echoed on the screen by movement
of the pointer.
Example:-
MOUSE, TRACK BALL, JOYSTICK, LIGHT PEN, TOUCH SCREEN

1. Mouse 2. Trackball 3. Joystick

Mouse is a small handheld It is also used to control
device having two or three It is a device that moves
cursor movements and in all directions and
buttons on its upper side the action on a computer
and also has a small wheel controls the movement
screen. of the cursor.
between the buttons.

34

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OTHER IMPORTANT INPUT DEVICES

Barcode reader SIRJEE CLASSES

Optical mark reader (OMR)

It is an input device used for reading OMR is the process of detecting the
printed bar codes (universal product presence of intended mark responses.
code) available on product to be sold.
OMR is mainly used to detect marks
on a paper.

Magnetic ink character recognition(MICR)

MICR reads the character by examining their shapes in a matrix
form and the information is then passed on to the computer.

It is generally used in banks to process the cheques for 35

recognizing the magnetic encoding numbers printed at the
bottom of a cheque.

PREVIOUS RRB QUESTIONS

SIRJEE CLASSES

Ans-c

Ans-b

A light pen is a light-sensitive computer input device, basically a stylus, that is used to 36
select text, draw pictures and interact with user interface elements on a computer
screen or monitor.

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PREVIOUS RRB QUESTIONS

SIRJEE CLASSES

In OCR, scanner is provided

Ans-a with character recognition
software which converts
bitmap images of characters
to equivalent ASCII codes.

Ans-4 37

Output unit/ devices

SIRJEE CLASSES

An output unit/device is a computer hardware equipment used to

communicate the results of data processing carried out by an
information processing to the outside world.
Examples of output unit/devices are:-

➢Printer (dot matrix printer, inkjet printer, and laser printer).

➢Projector. ➢3D Printer.

➢Sound card. ➢Braille embosser.
➢Speakers. ➢Braille reader.
➢SGD (Speech-generating device) ➢Flat panel.
➢TV. ➢GPS.
➢Video card. ➢Headphones.
38
➢Monitor.
➢Plotter.

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PREVIOUS RRB QUESTIONS

SIRJEE CLASSES

Ans-d

Ans-c
39

IMPORTANT OUTPUT DEVICES

SIRJEE CLASSES

Monitor
Monitor is also known by visual
display unit (VDU).

The monitor is provided along

with the computer to view the
display result.

CRT LED

➢Like most early TVs, the first computer monitors were comprised
of a CRT (cathode ray tube) and a fluorescent screen.

➢Today, all monitors are created using flat panel display technology, 40
usually backlit with LEDs.

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PRINTER
SIRJEE CLASSES

➢A printer is an external hardware output Printer types:-

device that takes the electronic data
stored on a computer or other device and 1.Impact printer
generates a hard copy of it.
1. Dot-Matrix Printers
➢Printers are one of the most popular 2. Daisy-wheel printers
computer peripherals and are commonly 3. Line printers
used to print text and photos. 4. Drum printer
Printer speed 5. Chain/Band printer

The speed of a printer is measured in:- 2.Non-impact printers

Character per second(CPS),
Lines per minute(LPM) 1. Ink-jet printers
Page per minute (PPM). 2. Laser printers
3. Thermal printer
Faster the printing, the more 41
expensive the printer. Note:- print quality is measured in dots
per inch (DPI).

PREVIOUS RRB QUESTIONS

SIRJEE CLASSES

Ans-d

Ans-d
42

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IMPORTANT OUTPUT DEVICES

Impact printers SIRJEE CLASSES

2. Daisy wheel printer

This type of printer strikes paper and
Ribbon together to form a character, In Daisy-wheel printers
like a typewriter. characters are fully formed on
the petals, like typewriter keys.
Impact Printer can print a character
or an entire line at a time. Daisy wheel printers produce
high resolution output and are
Types of impact printer more reliable than Dot Matrix.
1. Dot Matrix printer 3. Line printer
Its forms character using rows of pins It is a High speed printer capable
which impact the Ribbon on top of the of printing an entire line of text
paper therefore also called pin printers. at once instead of one or more
characters at a time.
Dot Matrix printer print One character at 43
a time in the form of dots. 4. Drum printer

IMPORTANT OUTPUT DEVICES

Non impact printers SIRJEE CLASSES

A non impact printers use electrostatic 2. Laser printer

Chemicals and ink-jet Technologies.
they do not hit or impact a Ribbon to Laser printer provides the
print. highest quality text and
images for personal computer.
It can produce high quality graphics and
often a wide variety of fonts than impact
They can print in different
printers.
fonts that is, type styles and
Types of non impact printers. sizes.

1. Inkjet printer
3. Thermal printer
Inkjet printer is a printer that 4. Electrostatic printer
places extremely small droplets
of ink onto the paper to create an 44
image.

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PREVIOUS RRB QUESTIONS

SIRJEE CLASSES

A plotter is a machine
that produces vector
graphics drawings.
Ans-b
Plotters draw lines on
paper using a pen, or
in some applications,

45

Input / Output PORTS

The peripheral devices can be connected to computer in several ways. SIRJEE CLASSES

Input output ports are external interfaces that are used to connect input
and output devices like printer, modem and joystick to computer.
The input output devices are connected to the computer through the serial
and parallel ports, universal serial bus, USB firewire ports.
I/O Ports are:-
1. (USB) universal serial bus 2. Parallel port

It is a common and popular external A parallel port is an interface for

port available with computers. connecting 8 or more data wires.

USB also has play and plug features, The data flows through the eight
which allows devices ready to be run. wires simultaneously.

3. Serial port 4. Firewire

Serial port transmits one bit of data
It is used to connect audio and
through a single wire. 46
video multimedia devices like
Serial ports provide Slow speed
video camera.
transmission of data.

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PREVIOUS RRB QUESTIONS

SIRJEE CLASSES

A serial port on a computer is an

asynchronous port that connects
a serial device to the computer
Ans-c and allows the computer to
transfer or receive data one bit
at a time.

The best mode of connection between devices which need to send

or receive large amounts of data over a short distance is _____

a) BUS
b) Serial port The parallel port transfers around
c) Parallel port Ans-c 8 to 16 bits of data simultaneously
over the lines, hence increasing
d) Isochronous port transfer rates. 47

Storage Devices/computer memory

SIRJEE CLASSES

A storage device is used in the computers to store the data.

The computer memory is one of the most inportant elements in

a computer system.

It stores data and instructions required during the processing

of data and output results.

Storage devices are available in different

form factors depending on the type of
underlying device.

For example, a standard computer has

multiple storage devices including RAM,
cache, and hard disk, as well as possibly
having optical disk drives and externally 48

connected USB drives.

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Memory Hierarchy
The memory is characterised on the basis of two key factors:- SIRJEE CLASSES

1. Capacity
2. access time
1. Capacity
Memory capacity is the amount
of memory that can be used for
an electronic device such as a
computer.
2. Accessibility
It refers to reading or writing
data records.
Two types of accessibility:
1. Random access
(Ex- DRAM, SDRAM, VRAM) 49
2. Sequential access

PREVIOUS RRB QUESTIONS

SIRJEE CLASSES

Ans-d

Ans-d

50

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Types of storage/memory devices

SIRJEE CLASSES

1. Primary memory or main memory

2. Secondary memory or auxilary memory

51

1. Primary memory or main memory

The memory unit that communicates directly with the CPU is called SIRJEE CLASSES

main memory.
They are volatile in nature, i.e. when power is off contents of these memory
are lost forever.
Main memory is directly or indirectly connected to the central processing unit
via a memory bus.
The CPU continuously reads instructions stored there and executes them as
required.
Ex:- 1. RAM 2. ROM 3. Cache
2. ROM (non-volatile memory)
1. RAM (volatile memory)
This memory is used as the computer
begins to boot up.
Small programs
called firmware
are often stored
in ROM chips.

ROM memory cannot 52

be easily or quickly
overwritten or modified.

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PREVIOUS RRB QUESTIONS

SIRJEE CLASSES

Ans-c
53

PREVIOUS RRB QUESTIONS

SIRJEE CLASSES

Ans-d

Ans-c
54

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PREVIOUS RRB QUESTIONS

SIRJEE CLASSES

Ans-d

Disk driver is the program which co-ordinates with CPU to regulate the
devices. Register, cache & main memory are directly connected to CPU.

Ans-c

55
RAM is the read and write memory of a computer, which means the information can
be written to it as well as read from it.

PREVIOUS RRB QUESTIONS

SIRJEE CLASSES

Ans-b

Ans-a 56

Ans-a

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3. Cache memory SIRJEE CLASSES

Cache is a high-speed access area that can be either a

reserved section of main memory or a storage device.

Cache memory is a storage buffer that stores the data

that is used more often, temporarily and makes them
available to CPU at a faster rate.

Cache memory is very high speed memory placed in

between RAM and CPU. It is also randomly accssesed.

Generally cache memory are available in sizes 256 KB

to 2 MB.

Most computers today come with L3 cache or L2

cache, while older computers include only L1 cache. 57

PREVIOUS RRB QUESTIONS

SIRJEE CLASSES

58

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SIRJEE CLASSES

Ans-a

59

SECONDARY MEMORY
(Auxiliary memory/storage devices)
SIRJEE CLASSES

The secondary memory stores much larger

amounts of data and information for extended
periods of time.

Data in secondary memory cannot be processed

directly by the CPU, it must first be copied into
primary storage i.e. RAM.

Secondary memory devices include:-

Magnetic disks optical disks solid state

disks
➢Hard disks drive
➢Floppy disk ➢CD
➢Memory stick ➢DVD ➢Pen/Flash Drive
➢Blue-ray disks 60

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Magnetic disk
1. Hard disk
2. Optical disks SIRJEE CLASSES

The hard disk drive is the main and usually

largest, data storage device in a computer. Optical disc is any storage media
It is used for storing & retrieving data using that holds content in digital format
Theharddiskdriveisthemain,andusu
rotating disks (platters) coated with and is read using a laser assembly is
allylargest,datastoragedeviceinaco
magnetic material considered optical media.
mputer.
The most common types of optical
media are:-

➢Compact Disc (CD)

➢Digital Versatile Disc (DVD)
➢Blu-ray(BD)
Internal Hard disk
Compact Disc (CD) types:-

➢CD-ROM
➢CD-R
➢CD-RW

61

External Hard disk

3. Solid/state offline storage device

➢ It is a computer data storage on a medium or a device that is SIRJEE CLASSES

not under the control of a processing unit.

➢ It must be inserted or connected by a human operator before a

computer can access it again.
USB Flash Drive

Examples: A small, portable flash memory card that

plugs into a computer’s USB port and
–USB Flash functions as a portable hard drive.
or Flash drives are available in sizes such as
pen drive 256 MB, 512MB, 1GB, 5GB, and 16 GB and are
an easy way to transfer and store
information.
–Memory card
Magnetic tape
Magnetic tape data storage is a system for storing digital information
on magnetic tape using digital recording. 62

Magnetic tape hold the maximum data, which can be accessed sequentially.

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PREVIOUS RRB QUESTIONS

SIRJEE CLASSES

Ans-d

Ans-d

A Zip disk is similar in size to a floppy diskette, but thicker.

63
It is basically a “super floppy” but the higher construction tolerances and
smaller read/write heads allow the Zip disk to hold more data than a floppy.

PREVIOUS RRB QUESTIONS

SIRJEE CLASSES

Ans-a

The Zip drive is a removable floppy disk storage system that was introduced by Iomega in
late 1994.

It is considered medium-to-high-capacity at the time of its release, Zip disks were originally
launched with capacities of 100 MB, then 250 MB, and finally 750 MB.

64
Ans-d

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Comparison of secondary memory

SIRJEE CLASSES

Secondary Memory Device and their

Storage method and capacity
Other Example of Storage Devices
Cloud Storage
Cloud storage means“ the storage of
data online in the cloud, "wherein a
data is stored in and accessible from
multiple distributed and connected
resources that comprise a cloud.

Ex-

65

Memory measurement
SIRJEE CLASSES

66

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PREVIOUS RRB QUESTIONS

SIRJEE CLASSES

Ans-b

Ans-a
67

PREVIOUS RRB QUESTIONS

SIRJEE CLASSES

The highest unit of information, computer can

understand and process, is known as:-

(1) exa byte (2) yotta byte Ans-3

(3) geop byte (4) zetta byte
68

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IMPORTANT QUESTION
SIRJEE CLASSES

Ans-b

Ans-d

Ans-a

69
Ans-a

IMPORTANT QUESTION
SIRJEE CLASSES

Unit of storage capacity is:-

Ans-4 (1) Meters (2) bus

(3) bit (4) cubicmeter
Ans-3
The primary device that a computer uses
to store information is:-
Ans-4 Magnetic tape is not practical for applications
(1) TV (2) desk where data must be quickly recalled because
(3) Store house (4) hard drive tape is:-

(1) a random access medium Ans-2

The highest unit of information, computer (2) a sequential access medium
can understand and process, is known as:- (3) a read only medium
(4) an expensive storage medium
(1) exa byte (2) yotta byte 70
(3) geop byte (4) zetta byte Ans-3

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NETWORKING/COMPUTER NETWORK
Computer network SIRJEE CLASSES

Computer network is a collection of two or more

computers, which are connected together to
share information and resources.

It is a combination of hardware and software

that allows communication between computers
over a network. The computers may be
connected through any data communication
link, like wires, cables, satellite links and other
communication media.

ARPANET stands for advanced research project

agency network.

ARPANET was the first network developed by Robert kahn and

Vinton cart in 1969.

Network topology
SIRJEE CLASSES

The term topology refers to the way a

network is laid out, either physically or
logically.

Topology can be referred as a geometric

arrangement of computer system.

Each computer system in topology is known

as node.

Network topologies are:-

1. BUS topology
2. RING/CIRCULAR topology
3. STAR topology 72
4. MESH topology

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1. BUS TOPOLOGY
SIRJEE CLASSES
A bus topology is such that there is a single line to which all nodes
are connected.

Ethernet is commonly well known Protocol

in networks connected by bus topology.

2. RING/CIRCULAR TOPOLOGY
Ring topology is used in high- performance networks where
large bandwidth is necessary.
Protocols used to implement ring topology are token
ring and fibre Distributed Data Interface (FDDI).
Advantage of ring or circular topology

1. Short Cable length is required.

Disadvantages of ring or circular topology
73
1. Fault diagnosis is very difficult in a network formed using ring topology.
2. Failure of single computer affects the whole network.

3. STAR TOPOLOGY
In Star topology, the pheripheral nodes SIRJEE CLASSES

are connected to a central node, which

rebroadcast all transmissions received
from any peripheral node to all peripheral
nodes across the network, including the
originating node.

The protocols used in Star topology are

Ethernet, token ring and local talk. Advantages of star topology

Disadvantages of star topology 1. Installation of star topology is very

easy as all the nodes are directly
connected to the central node or
1. Requires more cable length
server.
than bus topology.
2. Easy to detect faults and remove it.
2. If HUB or server fails, the
74
entire network will be 3. Failure of single system will not
disabled. bring down the entire network.

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PREVIOUS RRB QUESTIONS

SIRJEE CLASSES

Ans-b

Ans-1 75

NETWORK DESIGNING
There are mainly two models of computer networking:- SIRJEE CLASSES

1. Client-server model.
2. Peer-to-peer model.
1. Client-server model

The model of interaction between two

application programs in which a program
at one end (client) request a service from a
program at the other end (server).

It is a network architecture which separate

the client from the server.
Here client act as a active device and
server behaves as passively. 76

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2. PEER-TO-PEER NETWORK
SIRJEE CLASSES

It is also known as P2P network.

This computer network relies on computing

power at the edges of a connection rather
than in the network itself.

It is used for sharing content like audio,

video, data or anything in digital format.

In P2P connection, a couple of computers is

connected through a Universal serial bus to
transfer files.

In peer-to-peer networking, each or every

computer may be worked as a server or
77
client.

TYPES OF COMPUTER NETWORK

SIRJEE CLASSES
On the basis of geogrophical area connection, computer
network are:-

1. PAN 2. LAN
3. CAN 4. MAN
5. WAN

1. Personal area network (PAN)

PAN refers to a small network of

communication. these are used in few
Limited range, which is in reachability of
individual person.

Ex- bluetooth, wireless USB, Zig Bee.

Its range is 10 metre distance area.

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2. LAN (LOCAL AREA NETWORK)

SIRJEE CLASSES

2. Local area network (LAN)

It is a small and single-site network.

A LAN connect network devices over

relatively short distance.

It is a system in which computers are

interconnected in the geographical areas
such as home, office, buildings, school
may be within a building to 1 kilometre.

Ehernet:- a system of connecting a number of system to form a LAN.

IEEE 802.3 :- A type of ethernet standard.

Wi-fi (wireless fidelity) is an example.

PREVIOUS RRB QUESTIONS

SIRJEE CLASSES

Ans-b

A wireless LAN (WLAN) is a wireless computer

network that links two or more devices using
Ans-a wireless communication to form a local area
network (LAN) within a limited area such as a
home, school, computer laboratory, campus,
or office building.

80

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3. CAN (campus area network)

❖Network area within a campus SIRJEE CLASSES

all are connected together.

❖Network may be upto 2-3 km.

4. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

It is a Data network design for a town or city.

It connects an area larger than a LAN, but

smaller than a WAN, such as a city, with
dedicated or high performance hardware.

Its main purpose is to share hardware and

software resources by the various users.

Cable TV network is an example of Metropolitan

Area Network.

5. WAN (wide area network)

SIRJEE CLASSES
A WAN is a geographically dispersed collection
of LANs. A WAN like the internet spans most of
the world.

Network device called a router connects LANs

to WAN.

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PREVIOUS RRB QUESTIONS

SIRJEE CLASSES

Ans-b

Ans-a
83

PREVIOUS RRB QUESTIONS

SIRJEE CLASSES

Ans-c

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PREVIOUS RRB QUESTIONS

SIRJEE CLASSES

Ans-2 85

OSI MODEL/LAYER
SIRJEE CLASSES

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OSI LAYER & FUNCTION OF EACH OSI LAYER

SIRJEE CLASSES

GATEWAY

GATEWAY

GATEWAY

GATEWAY

ROUTER

SWITCH,
BRIDGE
HUB,
REPEATER

PREVIOUS RRB QUESTIONS

SIRJEE CLASSES

Ans-d

OSI stands for Open Systems Interconnection. The OSI model was developed by
the International Organization for Standardization(ISO).

Ans-c

88
Session Layer is responsible for token management, through which it prevents two
users to simultaneously access or attempting the same critical operation.

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PREVIOUS RRB QUESTIONS

SIRJEE CLASSES

Ans-1

Ans-d

Ans-2

Ans-1

NETWORK DEVICES

Network devices are required to 1. Repeater SIRJEE CLASSES

amplify the signal, to restore the

original strength of signal and to Repeater is device that operates
provide an interface to connect only on the physical layer of OSI
multiple computers in a network. model.

Network devices are:- Repeaters have two ports and can

connect two segments of a LAN.
1. Repeater
2. Hub It amplifies the weak signals when
3. Gateway they are transported over long
4. Switch distance so that the signal can be as
5. Bridge strong as original signal.
6. Router
7. RJ11 connector
8. Ethernet card 90

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2. HUB
Hub is like a repeater with multiple ports used to SIRJEE CLASSES

connect the network channels. It acts as a centralized

connection to several computers with the central
node or server.
3. GATEWAY
A Gateway is an interconnecting device, which joins
two different network protocols together.

They are also known as protocol converters. It

accepts packets formatted for one protocol and
converts the formatted packet into another protocol.
4. SWITCH
It is a small hardware device that joins multiple
computers together within one LAN.
Switches work on the data link layer of the OSI model. 91
It helps to reduce overall network traffic.

5. Bridge
Bridges serve a similar function as switches. SIRJEE CLASSES

Bridge filters data traffic at a network boundary.

Bridges reduce the amount of traffic on a LAN by
dividing it into two segments.
6. Router
Router is a hardware device which is designed to take
incoming packets, analyse the packet, moving the packets to
another network, converting the packets to another network
interface, dropping the packets, directing packets to the
appropriate location.
7. Modem
Modem is a device that converts digital signal to
analog signal (modulator) at the sender site and
converts back analog signal to digital signal
(demodulator) at the receiver’s end, in order to make 92
communication possible through telephone lines.

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PREVIOUS RRB QUESTIONS

SIRJEE CLASSES

Ans-b

Which one of the following network devices

connects two networks?

a. Bridge
b. Hub Ans-d
c. Repeater
d. Gateway 93

TRANSMISSION MEDIA
SIRJEE CLASSES

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DATA TRANSMISSION MODES

SIRJEE CLASSES

Communication between two devices can be:-

1. Simplex
2. Half-duplex
3. Full-duplex.
1. simplex mode
In simplex mode, the communication is
unidirectional, as on a one-way street.

Only one of the two devices on a link can

transmit; the other can only receive.

Keyboards and traditional monitors are example.

The keyboard can only introduce input; the monitor can only accept output.

The simplex mode can use the entire capacity of the channel to send data in
one direction.

PREVIOUS RRB QUESTIONS

SIRJEE CLASSES

Ans-d

Which of the following cable come into

guided media?

A. coaxial cable
Ans-d
B. twisted pair cable
C. fiber optic cable
D. all of the above
96

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2. Half-duplex SIRJEE CLASSES

➢In half-duplex mode, each station can both transmit

and receive, but not at the same time.

➢When one device is sending, the other can only

receive, and vice versa.

➢Walkie-talkies and CB (citizens band) radios are

both half-duplex systems.

➢The half-duplex mode is used in cases where there is

no need for communication in both directions at the
same time

➢the entire capacity of the channel can be utilized for

each direction.

3. Full-Duplex:
SIRJEE CLASSES

❖In full-duplex both stations can transmit and receive

simultaneously.

❖ In full-duplex mode, signals going in one direction

share the capacity of the link: with signals going in the
other direction.

❖One common example of full-duplex communication

is the telephone network.When two people are
communicating by a telephone line, both can talk and
listen at the same time.

❖ The full-duplex mode is used when communication

in both directions is required all the time.

❖The capacity of the channel, however, must be

divided between the two directions.

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PREVIOUS RRB QUESTIONS

Communication mode which supports data in both SIRJEE CLASSES

directions at the same time is called?

a. simplex
b. Full duplex Ans-b
c. Half duplex
d. multiplex

PREVIOUS RRB QUESTIONS

SIRJEE CLASSES

Ans-c

Multipoint: A multipoint connection is one in which more than

two specific devices share a single link.

Ans-1

100

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OPERATING SYSTEM
Operating system is the first and foremost system software that SIRJEE CLASSES

manages the hardware, and application softwares.

An Operating System performs basic tasks such as controlling input
and output devices, processing of instructions, controlling and
allocating memory.
It mainly provides an environment to run the software and serves services to
computer hardware.
An operating system consists of a set of programs, which controls, coordinates
and supervises the activities of the various components of a computer system.
In other words, an operating system is a program which acts as an
interface between a user and hardware.
Functions of Operating Systems
1. Security 2. Control over System Performance
3. Job Accounting 4. Error Detecting Aids
5. Memory Management 6. Process Management
7. Device Management

Ex- unix, MS-DOS, windows 98/2000/XP

PREVIOUS RRB QUESTIONS

SIRJEE CLASSES

Ans-a

Ans-d

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Types of operating system

SIRJEE CLASSES

There are different types of operating systems available

which require different types of hardware to run on.

The operating systems are classified as:-

1. Single user operating system

Single user operating system is a type of operating

system which allows only one user at a time.

Operating system for personal computer (PC) is a

single user operating system.

They are designed to manage one task at a time.

ex- MS-DOS, windows 9X

2. Multi user operating system

SIRJEE CLASSES
This operating system allows multiple users to access a computer
system concurrently.
It is used in computer networks that allows the
same data and application to be accessed by
multiple user at the same time.

Ex- UNIX, LINUX , Windows 2000/2007

3. Multitasking Operating System

In multi-tasking operating system, more than one
processes can be executed concurrently.

It also allows the user to switch between the running

application.
Ex- LINUX, UNIX, WINDOWS 95

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PREVIOUS RRB QUESTIONS

SIRJEE CLASSES

Ubuntu is a Linux distribution

based on Debian mostly composed of
free and open-source software.
Ubuntu is officially released in three
editions: Desktop, Server, and Core
Ans-b for Internet of things devices and
robots.

All the editions can run on the

computer alone, or in a virtual
machine.

Ans-4
105

PREVIOUS RRB QUESTIONS

SIRJEE CLASSES

106

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Mobile operating system

SIRJEE CLASSES

A mobile OS is an OS that operates on smart phones, tablets and

digital mobile devices.
Ex:- android, symbian, IOS, blackberry

Android 13
(LATEST)

107

Android operating system

Code Version Initial release
SIRJEE CLASSES
name numbers date
Cupcake 1.5 April 27, 2009
Donut 1.6 September 15, 2009
Eclair 2.0 – 2.1 October 26, 2009
Froyo 2.2 – 2.2.3 May 20, 2010
Gingerbread 2.3 – 2.3.7 December 6, 2010
Honeycomb 3.0 – 3.2.6 February 22, 2011
Ice Cream Sandwich 4.0 – 4.0.4 October 18, 2011
Jelly Bean 4.1 – 4.3.1 July 9, 2012
KitKat 4.4 – 4.4.4 October 31, 2013
Lollipop 5.0 – 5.1.1 November 12, 2014
Marshmallow 6.0 – 6.0.1 October 5, 2015
7.0 August 22, 2016
Nougat
7.1.1 – 7.1.2 December 5, 2016
Oreo 8.0 – 8.1 August 21, 2017
Pie 9.0 August 6, 2018
Android 10 10.0 September 3, 2019
Android 11 11 September 8, 2020
Android 12 12 October 4, 2021
108
Android 13 13 August 15, 2022
Android 14 14 Q3 2023
Android 15 15 Q3 2024

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PREVIOUS RRB QUESTIONS

SIRJEE CLASSES

KitKat October 31, 2013

August 22, 2016
Nougat
December 5, 2016
Ans-b Oreo August 21, 2017
Pie August 6, 2018

Most of the Android applications all

over the world are in Java. In fact,
Google has announced it officially
that Java is the official Android
language.

PREVIOUS RRB QUESTIONS

SIRJEE CLASSES

Ans-c

Cold boot is the process of starting a computer from a

powered-down, or off state. Cold boot is also called as hard
boot.

Warm boot refers to restarting a computer that is already

turned on via the operating system. Restarting it returns the
computer to its initial state.
a method of restarting a computer
that is already on without completely turning it off.

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COMPUTER SOFTWARE & LANGUAGE

SIRJEE CLASSES

Computer software, or simply software, is a

collection of data or computer instructions
that tell the computer how to work and what
to work.

Software is a interface between user and

computer.

It is responsible for controlling, integrating

and managing the hardware components of a
computer system.

Software cant be touched or feel but it is

effected by virus. 111

TYPES OF SOFTWARE
SIRJEE CLASSES

Software can be divided into two major

categories.

1. System Software.
2. Application Software.

112

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System Software
SIRJEE CLASSES

System software consists of several programs, which are directly

responsible for controlling, integrating and managing the individual
hardware components of a computer system.

It also provides the interface between the user and component of the
computer.

The purpose of system software is to insulate the applications

programmer as much as possible from the detail of the particular
complex computer being used.

Depending on the functionality, the system software can be further

divided into two major categories:-

1. System management program. 113

2. Developing software.

1. System Management Program:

SIRJEE CLASSES

It includes an integrated system of programs, which manages the

operations of the processor, controls input/output, manages storage
resources and provides various support services.
Some common examples of system management programs are:
1. operating system (MS-DOS, windows XP/2000/98, UNIX, LINUX)
2. device driver ( printer software, pen tablet software).
3. system utilities.
2. Developing Software
It is a software which provides service required for the development
and execution of application software. They are:-

1. The programming languages.

2. language translator.
3. loader.
4. Linker. 114

These are required for the application software development.

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1.Programming Languages
SIRJEE CLASSES

A programming language is a primary interface of a programmer with a

computer. A programming language is an artificial language to express
computation that can be performed by a computer.

Programming languages are divided into two categories:-

1. Low Level Language (LLL).

2. High Level Language (HLL).
1. Low Level Language (LLL)

1. Machine Language: It is sometimes, referred to as machine code

or object code. It is a collection of binary digits or bits that
computer reads and interprets.
115
2. Assembly Language: It is used to interface with computer
hardware. It uses English –like mnemonics code to write a program.

PREVIOUS RRB QUESTIONS

SIRJEE CLASSES

116

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2. High Level Language (HLL) SIRJEE CLASSES

It is machine independent language and uses translator. It

is also called source code. Some commonly used high level
languages are:-

1. C & C++ 2. BASIC, 3. FORTRAN, 4. PASCAL,

etc.

Some Object oriented based programming language:-

1. Python
2. Java
3. C++
4. Ruby
5. Scala
6. PHP 117

PREVIOUS RRB QUESTIONS

SIRJEE CLASSES

Python is an interpreted,
object-oriented, high-level
programming language.

118

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Some High level language

SIRJEE CLASSES

119

PREVIOUS RRB QUESTIONS

SIRJEE CLASSES

Ans-d

Ans-3

120
The first computer language developed was
FORTRAN in 1957. It has got its name from
FORmula TRANslating system.

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2. LANGUAGE TRANSLATOR
SIRJEE CLASSES

A language translator helps in converting programming languages

to machine language. The translated program is called the object
code. There are three different kinds of language translator:-

1. Assembler:- It is used to convert the assembly language into

machine language (i.e.,0 or 1), This language consists of mnemonic
codes which are difficult to learn and is machine dependent.

2. Compiler:- It is used to convert the source code (written in high

level language) into machine language. Compiler reads whole source
code at a time and trap the errors and inform to programmer.

3.Interpreter:- This language processor converts a high level language

program into machine language by converting it line-by-line.

If there is any error in any line during execution, it will report it at 121
the same time and cannot resume until the error is rectified.

PREVIOUS RRB QUESTIONS

SIRJEE CLASSES

Ans-b

122

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PREVIOUS RRB QUESTIONS

SIRJEE CLASSES

Ans-4

PREVIOUS RRB QUESTIONS

SIRJEE CLASSES

124

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Application Software
SIRJEE CLASSES

Application software is a computer software designed to help the user

to perform singular or multiple tasks.

It is a set of instructions or program designed for specific uses or

applications, that enable the user to interact with a computer.

Application software are also called the end-user programs. These

programs do the real work for users.

There are two types of application software.

1. General Purpose Software

2. Specific purpose software
125

1. General Purpose Software

SIRJEE CLASSES

General purpose software’s are designed to perform general

tasks.
I. Word Processing Software
E.g.,
Microsoft Word , WordPerfect (Windows only),
Appleworks
II. Presentation software
e.g., IV. Database Management System
Microsoft PowerPoint, (DBMS)
Corel presentations,
e.g.,
III. Electronic Spreadsheets Microsoft Access,
E.g., Corel Paradox
Microsoft Excel,
126
Corel Quattro Pro,
Lotus 1-2-3

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PREVIOUS RRB QUESTIONS

SIRJEE CLASSES

Ans-a

The foremost version of the MS office was released in 1990 and served as a
provider of services, software, etc. It included Paint, PowerPoint, Word, etc.
but the Outlook was included later on.

Ans-b

MICROSOFT (MS) OFFICE

SIRJEE CLASSES

Microsoft Office was developed by Microsoft in

1980’s.

It is a collection of software, based on specific

purpose and mainly used in office work.

There are 5 packages of MS Office:-

1. MS Word (word processing software).

2. MS Excel (tabular data formatting software).

3. MS PowerPoint (presentation software).

4. MS Access (database management software).
5. MS Outlook ( email client).
128
Operating system: Microsoft Windows.

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PREVIOUS RRB QUESTIONS

SIRJEE CLASSES

Microsoft is a multinational computer

technology corporation.
Ans-c Microsoft was founded on April 4,
1975, by Bill Gates and Paul Allen in
Albuquerque, New Mexico.

Ans-d
129

MICROSOFT (MS) OFFICE

1. Microsoft Word (MS-Word) SIRJEE CLASSES

MS Word is a word processing application and

is one of the most important and widely used
application found on computer.

Word processing software is mainly used for

the creation of text-based documents.

It provides tools for composing, editing,

formatting and printing of documents.

The document can be a poster, report, letter,

brochure, web page, newsletter etc.

e.g. wordstar , easy word, notepad for

Windows. 130
File format .doc

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PREVIOUS RRB QUESTIONS

SIRJEE CLASSES

131

Shortcut keys of MS-Word and their Descriptions

SIRJEE CLASSES

Standard toolbar

132

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PREVIOUS RRB QUESTIONS

SIRJEE CLASSES

Press Ctrl+K to open

Ans-d the Insert Hyperlink
dialog box.

Ans-a

The font won't change when "BORDER" is applied to the

selected text, but the text box will have a border.

PREVIOUS RRB QUESTIONS

SIRJEE CLASSES

Ans-a
134

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2. Microsoft Excel SIRJEE CLASSES

It is an electronic spreadsheet used for

analysing, sharing and managing
information for accounting purpose
performing mathematical calculations,
budgeting, billing.

A spreadsheet is a matrix of rows and

columns similar to an accounting ledger.

The spreadsheet program also provides

tools for creating graphs, inserting pictures
and chart, analysing the data etc.

e.g.
File format or extension 135
Microsoft-Excel (MS-Excel), coral Quattro
of Excel is, .xlsx or .xls.
pro, snowball, lotus-1-2-3.

PREVIOUS RRB QUESTIONS

SIRJEE CLASSES

In Microsoft Excel, a workbook

is a collection of one or more
spreadsheets, also called
worksheets, in a single file.

All Excel formulas begin with

the equals sign, =, followed by
a specific text tag denoting the
formula you'd like Excel to
perform.

136

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Shortcut keys of MS-Excel and SIRJEE CLASSES

their descriptions

137

PREVIOUS RRB QUESTIONS

SIRJEE CLASSES

Ans-b

On the Standard toolbar, double-click the Format Painter button.

The review bar contains the spelling

option which can check all the
content
available on a current worksheet.
Ans-a It identifies the wrong spelling and
also
suggests the correct option for that
wrong spelling.

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PREVIOUS RRB QUESTIONS SIRJEE CLASSES

MS-POWERPOINT
3. Microsoft Powepoint SIRJEE CLASSES

File format for the documents created is .pptx or .ppt.

140
In MS-Powerpoint, we can add many types of image and sound format such
as .gif, .bmp, .png, .jpg, .giv, .wav, .mid etc.

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Shortcut Keys of Microsoft Powerpoint SIRJEE CLASSES

and their Descriptions

141

MS-POWERPOINT SHORTCUT
SIRJEE CLASSES

142

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PREVIOUS RRB QUESTIONS

SIRJEE CLASSES

Ans-b

Command winword.exe
Ans-a use to start MS Word in
the Run Dialog box.

Ans-a

4. MS-ACCESS
SIRJEE CLASSES
Microsoft Access is an application which allows the creating of databases.

Microsoft Access is a relational database management system (rDBMS).

Access is a tool for managing the database.

It Allows you to design and create complete database with quick and easy data
entry, maintain them and search for information.

5. Microsoft Outlook
It is an email client and personal information manager that is available as a
part of Microsoft Office Suite.

Windows mobile devices are the version of MS Outlook, enables users to

synchronise their E-mails data to their smartphones.
144

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PREVIOUS RRB QUESTIONS

SIRJEE CLASSES

145

IMPORTANT EXTENTIONS
SIRJEE CLASSES

146

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PREVIOUS RRB QUESTIONS

SIRJEE CLASSES

An ODT file is a text

document created by
various word
processors, such as
the Writer program.

CSS is an acronym for

Cascading Style Sheet.

Ans-d Files that contain the .css

file extension are used to
format the contents of an 147
associated Web page.

PREVIOUS RRB QUESTIONS

SIRJEE CLASSES

148

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PREVIOUS RRB QUESTIONS

SIRJEE CLASSES

Ans-5

149
Ans-2

VARIOUS DATA REPRESENTATION

SIRJEE CLASSES

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PREVIOUS RRB QUESTIONS

SIRJEE CLASSES

Ans-c

Ans-b

Binary Number System

Binary Number System is one the type of most popular Number SIRJEE CLASSES

Representation techniques that used in digital systems.

In the Binary System, there are only two symbols or possible digit
values, i.e., 0 (off) and 1 (on).
Complement of Binary Number
Generally, there are two types of complement of Binary number: 1’s
complement and 2’s complement.
1’s Complement of a Binary Number
To get 1’s complement of a binary number, simply invert the given number.
Ex:- 1’s complement of binary number 10101110

01010001
2’s Complement of a Binary Number
To get 2’s complement of binary number is, 1’s complement of given number plus 1 to the least
significant bit (LSB).
For example 2’s complement of binary number 10010 is (01101) + 1 = 01110.

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PREVIOUS RRB QUESTIONS

SIRJEE CLASSES

Ans-b

Ans-b

PREVIOUS RRB QUESTIONS

SIRJEE CLASSES

Ans-a

Ans-d

Ans-d

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CONVERION BETWEEN NUMBER SYSTEM

Decimal to all representation (binary, octal, hexadecimal) SIRJEE CLASSES

Steps:-
1. divide the given no. by base radix.
2. Note the quotient and remainder.

1. Decimal to binary 2. decimal to octal

155

PREVIOUS RRB QUESTIONS

SIRJEE CLASSES

Ans-d

Ans-a
Ans-b

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PREVIOUS RRB QUESTIONS

SIRJEE CLASSES

Ans-b

Ans-c

PREVIOUS RRB QUESTIONS

SIRJEE CLASSES

Ans-d

Ans-2

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CONVERION BETWEEN NUMBER SYSTEM

Decimal to all representation (binary, octal, hexadecimal) SIRJEE CLASSES

Steps:-
1. divide the given no. by base radix.
2. Note the quotient and remainder.

3. decimal to hexadecimal

159

CONVERION BETWEEN NUMBER SYSTEM

all representation (binary, octal, hexadecimal) to Decimal SIRJEE CLASSES

Steps:-
1. multiply the given digits by power of radix
2. Add all the multiplying digits.

1. Binary to decimal 2. Octal to decimal

160

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CONVERION BETWEEN NUMBER SYSTEM

all representation (binary, octal, hexadecimal) to Decimal SIRJEE CLASSES

Steps:-
1. multiply the given digits by power of radix
2. Add all the multiplying digits.

3. Hexadecimal to decimal

161

CONVERION BETWEEN NUMBER SYSTEM

SIRJEE CLASSES
BINARY TO OCTAL & HEXADECIMAL
Steps:-
1. Make group of three bit for octal & group of four bit for hexadecimal.
2. convert each group to decimal number.

1. binary to octal 2. binary to hexadecimal

162

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CONVERION BETWEEN NUMBER SYSTEM

SIRJEE CLASSES
OCTAL & HEXADECIMAL TO BINARY
Steps:-
1. Convert each octal digit to 3 bit binary & each hexadecimal digit
to 4 bit binary

1. Octal to binary 2. Hexadecimal to binary

163

PREVIOUS RRB QUESTIONS

SIRJEE CLASSES

C = 1100
6 = 0110
Ans-a
C616 = 110001102

Ans-d

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CONVERION BETWEEN NUMBER SYSTEM

SIRJEE CLASSES
OCTAL TO HEXADECIMAL
Steps:-
1. Convert each octal digit to binary number
2. convert each binary digit to hexadecimal no.

165

CONVERION BETWEEN NUMBER SYSTEM

SIRJEE CLASSES
HEXADECIMAL TO OCTAL
Steps:-
1. Convert each hexadecimal digit to binary number
2. convert each binary digit to octal number.

166

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COMPUTER CODES
SIRJEE CLASSES
➢In computer, any characters like alphabet, digit or any special
character is represented by collection of 0’ and 1’ in a unique
coded pattern.

➢In computers, the code is made up of fixed size groups of binary

positions.

➢The binary coding schemes that are most commonly used are as
follows:-

1. Binary coded decimal (BCD).

2. American standard code for information interchange (ASCII).

3. Extended binary coded decimal interchange code (EBCDIC).

167
4. UNICODE.

COMPUTER CODES
1. Binary coded decimal (BCD) SIRJEE CLASSES

Binary coded decimal is a number system where

four bits are used to represent each decimal
digits.

BCD is a method of using binary digits to

represent the decimal digits (0-9).

In BCD system, there is no limit on size of a

number.

Ex- 81 ----- 1000 0001

11 ----- 0001 0001

168

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PREVIOUS RRB QUESTIONS

SIRJEE CLASSES

81 ----- 1000 0001

Ans-a

169

PREVIOUS RRB QUESTIONS

SIRJEE CLASSES

Ans-c

Ans-a

The number of characters that can be handled in

the Binary Coded Decimal System is 64.

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COMPUTER CODES
SIRJEE CLASSES

2. American standard code for information

interchange (ASCII)

ASCII characters are represented by seven bits. These are

standard character codes used to store data so that it may
be used by other software programs.

The standard ASCII codes defines 128 character code(from 0

to 127). Basically, ASCII codes are of two types-

➢ASCII-7 : it is a 7-bit standard ASCII code, it allows = 128

unique symbols.

➢ASCII-8 : It is an extended version of ASCII-7. It is an 8-bit code,

it allows = 256 symbols or characters. 171

PREVIOUS RRB QUESTIONS

SIRJEE CLASSES

172

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COMPUTER CODES
SIRJEE CLASSES

3. Extended binary coded decimal interchange code

(EBCDIC).

In EBCDIC, characters are represented by eight bits.

These codes store information which is readable by other

computers.

It allows 2^8 = 256 combinations of bits.

4. UNICODE
➢It uses 16-bits to represent a symbol in the data.

➢It represents any non-english character like Chinese, Japanese.

173
➢Unicode provides unique codes for every character of every language.

PREVIOUS RRB QUESTIONS

SIRJEE CLASSES

Which of the following is not a

computer code?

(a) EBCDIC
Ans-c
(b) ASCII
174
(c) CISC
(4) UNICODE

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IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
SIRJEE CLASSES

A hexadecimal number is represented by:-

(a) three digits (b) four digits The most widely used code that represents
(c) None of these (d) four binary digits each character as a unique 8-bit code is-

Ans-d (a) ASCII

(b) UNICODE
Decimal number system is the group of .... (c) BCD
Ans-d
numbers. (d) EBCDIC
(a) 0 or 1 (b) 0 to 9
(c) 0 to 7 (4) 0 to 9 and A to F
Ans-b

175

Ans-3

INTERNET
Internet stands for international Network, which SIRJEE CLASSES

began in 1950’s by Vint curf he is known as father of

the internet.

The term internet is derived from two words-

interconnections and networks, also referred to as
NET.

Internet is a network of networks that consists

millions of private and public network of local to
global scope.

Network is a group of two or more computer systems

linked together.

Internet help us in communication, information,

business, social networking, shopping entertainment,
job searching and e-commerce.

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INTERCONNECTING PROTOCOLS
SIRJEE CLASSES
A protocol is a set of rules that governs the data
communication.
TCP/IP MODEL
A protocol defines what is communicated, how it is
communicated and when it is communicated. APPLICATION
LAYER

Some protocols used are:- TRANSPORT

LAYER
1. TCP/IP Protocol- (commonly used for the internet).
INTERNET LAYER
TCP/IP provides end-to-end
connectivity specifying how NETWORK ACCESS
data should be formatted, LAYER
addressed, transmitted, routed
& received at the destination.

2. FTP (file transfer protocol) - for trasfering, uploading

files.

PREVIOUS RRB QUESTIONS

SIRJEE CLASSES

Ans-a

ARP is responsible
to find the
hardware address
of a host from a
known IP address.

Ans-b

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PREVIOUS RRB QUESTIONS

SIRJEE CLASSES

TCP/IP MODEL

APPLICATION
LAYER

TRANSPORT
Ans-a LAYER

INTERNET LAYER

NETWORK ACCESS
LAYER

Ans-b

SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) is a TCP/IP protocol used

in sending and receiving email.

INTERCONNECTING PROTOCOLS
SIRJEE CLASSES
3. HTTP (hyper text transfer protocol)-

It defines how messages are formated,

transmitted and what action should be
taken by the web servers & browsers in
respone to various commands.

When we enter URL in web browser it

sends an HTTP command to the web
server directing it to fetch and transmit
the requested page. A typical URL could have the form

http://www.example.com/index.html

We all use URLs to visit webpages and which indicates a protocol (http),
other resources on the web.
a hostname (www.example.com),

and a file name (index.html).

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INTERCONNECTING PROTOCOLS
4. HTML (hyper text mark-up language)- SIRJEE CLASSES

Used for designing web pages (web page

format & displayed).

It tells the web browser how to display a web

page’s words and images for the user.

5. Telnet (terminal network)

It enable the internet user for remote login.

Telnet is a TCP/IP protocol for accessing remote computers. Through Telnet, an

administrator or another user can access someone else's computer remotely. On
the Web, HTTP and FTP protocols allow you to request specific files from
remote computers, but not to actually be logged on as a user of that computer.

With Telnet, you log on as a regular user with whatever privileges you may have
been granted to the specific application and data on that computer.

PREVIOUS RRB QUESTIONS

SIRJEE CLASSES

Ans-d

Ans-1

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PREVIOUS RRB QUESTIONS

SIRJEE CLASSES

Ans-d

SSH:- The SSH protocol (also

referred to as Secure Shell) is a
method for secure remote login
from one computer to another

POP:- Post Office Protocol (POP) is a

type of computer networking and
Internet standard protocol that
Ans-b extracts and retrieves email from a
remote mail server for access by the
host machine.

SERVICES OF INTERNET
SIRJEE CLASSES

1. Downloading and uploading files from/to sites.

2. Online chat.
3. E-mail

4. Video conferencing.
5. E-learning.
6. E-banking.

7. E-shopping
8. E-reservation.
9. Social networking.

10. E-commerce.

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PREVIOUS RRB QUESTIONS

SIRJEE CLASSES

E-mail (electronic mail)

Invented by Ray Tomlinson. SIRJEE CLASSES

Email is the electronic version of sending and receiving

letter. Electronic mail allow us to send and receive messages
in electronic form.

Email is transmitted between computer system according

to certain internet protocols or rules for exchanging
E-mail.

A user must have email address to Use email, which consists

Of two parts separated by @ symbol.
[email protected]
username host name( Domain name)

Spaces are not allowed within email address. 186

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PREVIOUS RRB QUESTIONS

SIRJEE CLASSES

Ans-b

Ans-c

Mail services protocol

1. SMTP (Simple mail transfer protocol) SIRJEE CLASSES

➢ Used for sending only the text data.

➢ It is not used for receiving text data.

2. POP-3
3. IMAP (internet message access protocol). Both are used for
receiving mail.

Local
ISP E-mail web server:-

SMTP Web 1. Gmail

server 2. Yahoo mail
e.g. 3. Rediff mail
gmail 4. outlook
Local 188
ISP
POP-3, IAMP

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PREVIOUS RRB QUESTIONS

SIRJEE CLASSES

189

E-mail (electronic mail)

SIRJEE CLASSES
CC stands for carbon copy. Email addresses in this
field will receive a copy of the email. CC is done just to
keep the recipients informed about the matter that
sender and recipients in To field are discussing through
email. Boss, Manager, employee

BCC stands for blind carbon copy. This field is almost

same as the CC field with only difference being that none
of the recipients will know who else was sent a BCC copy
of the email.

BCC is generally used when you want to send bulk email.

For example, if you want to send some information to 400
people, it would be inappropriate to put all the email IDs
in To or CC field.
190

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PREVIOUS RRB QUESTIONS

SIRJEE CLASSES

Ans-d

Inbox:- It is a repository in an email application

that accepts incoming messages.

Drafts:- automatically saves unsent emails

that you are editing as drafts.

Spam:- It keeps the junk mail out of sight so

it doesn't clutter your busy inbox.

Trash:- Deleted email are usually stored for

a defined time at the trash folder.

ALL IMPORTANT QUESTIONS

SIRJEE CLASSES

What are the uses of the internet?

(A) Communication Ans-d

Ans-a (B) Information Retrieval
(C) Presentation of Information
(D) All of the Above

Ans-4
Ans-3

192
Ray Tomlinson is universally credited as the creator of email as part of a program for ARPANET in 1971.
Meanwhile in 1978, a 14-year-old boy, Shiva Ayyadurai began his work on an email system for the
University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey.

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WEBSITE
A website is a collection of web pages (documents SIRJEE CLASSES

that are accessed through the Internet),that follow

the same theme and are connected together with
hyperlinks is called a website.
A web page can contain any type of information,
and can include text, color, graphics, animation
and sound.
In other words, a website is a collection of digital
documents, which is basically a HTML files, that
are linked together.
Websites and web pages are written in a coding
language that makes it possible to add pictures,
sound.
http://www.facebook.com website
http://www.facebook.com/profile webpage 193

First page of a website is called home page.

PREVIOUS RRB QUESTIONS

SIRJEE CLASSES

Ans-a

Ans-c

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 8/21/2023

WEB ADDRESS OR URL

SIRJEE CLASSES
It is address of a website, file, or document, in the general
format:- http://www.address/directories/filename
http://www.facebook.com/services/profile

Every computer connected to the internet has its unique

web address, without which it cannot be reached by other
computers.
On the, web addresses are called URL(uniform resource
locator).
Most web browsers display the URL of a web page above the page in
an address bar.
A typical URL could have the form
http://www.facebook.com/index.html
(http)-protocol
(www)- indicate that web page is part of world wide web
(facebook.com)-domain name & indicates unique address of a website. 195
(index.html)-file name

DOMAIN NAME
SIRJEE CLASSES
Domain is a group of network resources
assigned to a group of users.

A domain name is a way to identify and locate

computers connected to the internet.

Domain name is always unique & has two or

more parts, separated by dots.
ex- google.com, yahoo.com
Domain abbreviation

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WEB SERVER

A web server is a computer where the web SIRJEE CLASSES

content is stored.

A web server can, in general, contain one or web server

more websites.
Web server helps to deliver web content that can be
accessed through the Internet, alongwith other uses
like :-
gaming, data storage or running
business applications. 234.134.4.45

A web server commonly known as HTTP server which is a program

that servers content using the HTTP protocol.

This content is generally in the form of HTML documents, images,

and other web resources.
197
Every web server is given a unique address i.e. IP address (ip v-4, 32 bit
ip v-6 128 bit). 234.134.4.45

PREVIOUS RRB QUESTIONS

SIRJEE CLASSES

Ans-c

Hosts on a network include clients and servers that send

or receive data, services or applications.

Ans-c

99
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IP ADDRESSING
SIRJEE CLASSES
1. IP V-4 (32 bit)
2. IP V-6 (128 bit)
1. IP V-4 (32 bit)

➢ With the help of IP we send message

from source to destination.

➢ Each nodes have unique IP address.

➢ IPv-4 is 32 bit logical address.

➢ It have 4 octet (8 Bit each), each

octet can have 0 to 255 max and min value.

➢ It is made of two component:-

199

Network ID + host ID

PREVIOUS RRB QUESTIONS

200

100
 8/21/2023

CLASSES OF IP ADDRESS
SIRJEE CLASSES

IP address has 5 classes:-

126

Multicast
Reserved for
Research
201
Note:-
127 – loop back address

PREVIOUS RRB QUESTIONS

SIRJEE CLASSES

The IP addresses used in

multicast are from 224.0. 0.0
to 239.255. 255.255, defined
as Class D addresses.

Ans-d 202

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PREVIOUS RRB QUESTIONS

SIRJEE CLASSES

Ans-b

WEB BROWSER
It is a software application used to locate, SIRJEE CLASSES

retrieve and display content on the World Wide

Web, including webpages, images, video and
other files.
Purpose of web browser

1. Connect to a server and sends request for

information

2. Receives the information and then displays

it on users computers.

Types of web browser

1. Text web browser (text-based information).
2. Graphical web browser (text and graphic).
204
Note:-
NCSA Mosaic (1st graphical web browser)

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BROWSER EXAMPLES
Some popular web browsers are:- SIRJEE CLASSES

1. Netscape navigator- it is one of the original web

browser.
2. Internet explorer (IE)- product of microsoft.

3. Firefox- new browser derived from Mozilla.

4. Google chrome- Developed by google.

5. Safari- developed by apple included in Mac OS

6. Opera- smaller and faster than most other
browsers.
7. Slimjet brower
8. Maxthon
9. SlimBrowser
10. Netsurf browser
11. Macweb 205
12. UC browser

PREVIOUS RRB QUESTIONS

SIRJEE CLASSES

206

103
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PREVIOUS RRB QUESTIONS

SIRJEE CLASSES

207

SEARCH ENGINE
A search engine is a website that provides the SIRJEE CLASSES

required data on specific topics. It is a tool for

finding information on any topic.

When we type any term in search bar, then search

engine will look for matching websites from all
over the world.

Many search engine haves directories or list of

topics that are organised into categories.

Some popular search engine:-

1. Google 5. AOL.com 9. DuckDuckGo

2. Bing 6. Baidu 10. Hotbot
3. Yahoo 7. Yandex.ru 11. Lycos 208
4. Ask.com 8. Internet Archive

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IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
SIRJEE CLASSES

COOKIES

BOOKMARKS

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
SIRJEE CLASSES

Ans-4

Ans-3

210
Ans-4

105
 8/21/2023

COMPUTER VIRUS
SIRJEE CLASSES

VIRUS-vital information resource under siege.

Computer virus is a small software program that spreads

from one computer to another and that interferes with
computer operation.

It obtains the control of a PC and directs it to perform

unusual and often destructive actions.

Viruses are copied itself and attached itself to other

programs which further spread the infection.

The virus can affect or attack any part of the computer

software such as:-
Boot block Files 211
Operating system Application program

SOURCES OF VIRUS ATTACK

The sources of virus attack can be:- SIRJEE CLASSES

1. Downloadable programs
Downloadable files are one of the best possible sources
of virus.
Any type of executable files like games, screen savers are
one of the major sources.
If you want to download any programs from the internet
then it is necessary to scan every program before
downloading them.
2. Cracked software
These software are another source of virus attacks.

Such cracked forms of illegal files contain virus and bugs that
are difficult to detect as well as to remove.
212
Hence it is always a preferable option to download software
from the appropriate source.

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SOURCES OF VIRUS ATTACK

3. Email attachments SIRJEE CLASSES

Email Attachments are the most common source of

viruses.

We must handle e-mail attachments with extreme

care, especially if the e-mail comes from an unknown
sender.
4. Internet( best possible source of viruses)

Almost all computer users click or download everything

that comes their way and hence unknowingly invites the
possibility of virus attacks.
5. Booting from unknown CD
When the computer system is not working, it is good practice to remove
213
the CD . if you do not remove the CD, it may start to boot automatically
from the discs which enhances the possibility of virus attacks.

PREVIOUS RRB QUESTIONS

SIRJEE CLASSES

Ans-d

Ans-c

107
 8/21/2023

TYPES OF VIRUSES
Some common types of viruses are:- SIRJEE CLASSES

1. Resident virus
It's fixes themselves into the systems memory and get activated
whenever the operating system runs and infects all the files that
are then opened.

It hides in the RAM memory and stays there even after the
malicious code is executed.
e.g., Randex, Meve etc.

2. Direct action virus

It comes into action when the files containing the virus is executed.
it infects files in the folder that are specified in the AUTOEXEC.BAT
file path.
215
eg. vienna virus.

TYPES OF VIRUS

3. Overwrite virus SIRJEE CLASSES

It deletes the information contained in the files that it infects,

rendering them partially or totally useless, once they have been
infected.
e.g., Way, Trj.Reboot, Trivial.88-D etc.

4. Boot sector virus

Also called Master boot sector or master boot record virus.

This type of virus affects the boot sector of the hard disc.
e.g., Elk Cloner, Stoned, Michelangelo, Brain
5. Macros virus

It infects files that are created using certain applications or 216

programs that contain macros like .doc, .xls .ppts etc.
e.g., Melissa.A

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TYPES OF VIRUS
6. File system virus SIRJEE CLASSES

It is also called cluster virus or directory virus.

It infects the directory of your computer by changing the path
that indicates the location of a file.
e.g. Dir-2 virus
7. Polymorphic virus

This virus goes on to create a large number of copies.

e.g., elkern, Tuareg

8. FAT virus

It is used to store all the information about the location of files, 217
unusable space etc.
e.g., link virus

PREVIOUS RRB QUESTIONS

SIRJEE CLASSES

Ans-b

Ans-d

Creeper was a worm — a type of computer virus that replicates itself and
spreads to other systems.

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EFFECTS OF VIRUS

Depending on the types of virus their effects on SIRJEE CLASSES

the computer are:-

1. Monitor what are you doing.

2. Slow down your computer performance.
3. Download illegal files onto your computer without being able
to delete them.
4. Destroy all data on your local disk.
5. Generates IP address randomly and sends those IP address
automatically.
6. Steal confidential information like password, account number,
credit card information by random e-mailing.
7. Increase or Decrease memory size.
8. Display different types of error messages.
9. Alter PC settings.
10.Cause computer to make strange noises make music, clicking
219
noises or beeps.

MALWARE ATTACKS ON COMPUTER

SIRJEE CLASSES
Malware is an unwanted software that any unauthorised person
want to run on your computer.
It includes:-
1. Worms 2. computer virus
3. trojan/trojan horse, 4. spyware etc.

1. worms
It is a computer program that replicates itself
in order to spread to other computers.

worms almost always cause atleast some harm to

the network, even if only by consuming bandwidth,
where as virus almost always corrupt or modify
files on a targeted computer.
worms are hard to detect because they are invisible 220
files.

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3. TROJAN/TROJAN HORSE
SIRJEE CLASSES

It is a non- self- replicating type of Malware

which appears to perform a desirable function
but instead facilitates unauthorised access to the
users computer system.
Trojans Do not attempt to inject themselves
into other files like a computer virus.

Trojan Horses may Steal information, or harm

their host computer systems.

Trojan Horse install via online games or internet

driven application in order to reach the target
computers.
It is non-replicating in nature.
221
e.g., beast, Proxy, ArcBomb, PSW, etc.

PREVIOUS RRB QUESTIONS

SIRJEE CLASSES

Ans-d

Ans-d

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 8/21/2023

4. SPYWARE
Spyware is program which is installed on a computer SIRJEE CLASSES

system to spy on the system owner's activity and collects

all the information which is misused afterwards.
Spyware can transmit personal information to another
person's computer over the internet.

Spyware can harm in many ways like:-

1. Steal your password.

2. Observe your browsing choices.
3. Redirect your web browser to phishing pages.
4. Can alter your computer settings ( web browser,
home page settings or placement of your desktop
icon).

e.g., cool web search, FinFisher, 223

SOME OTHER THREATS TO COMPUTER

1. SPOOFING SIRJEE CLASSES

Spoofing is a technique to access the unauthorised

data without concerning to the authorised user
over the network.
It pretend to be someone one is not.

2. HACKING

It is Act of intruding into someone else's computer

or network.

It prevents The authorised users from accessing

the resources of the computer.
224
Hacker is someone who does the hacking process.

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SOME OTHER THREATS TO COMPUTER

3. PHISHING
SIRJEE CLASSES

It is an attempt to fraudulently acquire sensitive

information such as passwords, credit cards details,
etc by masquerading as a trustworthy person.
Phishing messages usually take the form of fake
notifications from bank providers, e-pay systems
and other organisation.
It is a type of internet fraud that seeks to acquire
a user's credential by deception.

4. SPAM
It is an act of sending unsolicited bulk messages in
the form of emails.

It is a subset of electronic spam involving nearly

225
identical messages sent to numerous recipient by
emails.

PREVIOUS RRB QUESTIONS

SIRJEE CLASSES

Ans-2

Ans-c

Email bomb:- an email bomb is a form of net abuse that sends large
volumes of email to an address to overflow the mailbox.

113
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SOLUTIONS TO COMPUTER SECURITY

SIRJEE CLASSES
Some safeguards or solutions to protect computer system from
unauthorised access and threats are:-

1. Antivirus software

Antivirus software is a application software that are designed to

prevent, search for, detect and remove viruses and other malicious
software like worms, trojans, adware and more.

Popular antivirus software are

➢Avast
➢K7 ➢Norton
➢AVG ➢Trend micro
➢Kaspersky ➢McAfree
➢Quick Heal ➢Symantec
227
➢Dr. Web ➢Panda Global

PREVIOUS RRB QUESTIONS

SIRJEE CLASSES

Ans-4

Ans-d

Oracle Corporation is an American multinational computer technology software

company headquartered in Austin, Texas, United States.

114
 8/21/2023

SOLUTIONS TO COMPUTER SECURITY

2. firewall SIRJEE CLASSES

A firewall can either be software based or hardware based and is used to

help in keeping a network secure.
Its primary objective is to control the incoming and outgoing network traffic by
analyzing the data packets and determining whether it should be allowed through
or not, based on predetermined rule set.
A networks Firewall builds a bridge between Internal
network that is assumed to be secure and another
network, usually an external network, such as the
internet, that is not assumed to be secure and trusted.

3. Passwords

A password is a secret word or a string of characters used for user authentication

to prove identity or access approval to gain access to resource, which should be
kept secret from those who are not allowed to get access.
229

PREVIOUS RRB QUESTIONS

SIRJEE CLASSES

Ans-b

115
 8/21/2023

PREVIOUS RRB QUESTIONS

SIRJEE CLASSES

Ans-b

Ans-a

ALL IMPORTANT QUESTIONS

SIRJEE CLASSES

Ans-3

Ans-1

Ans-2 Ans-1

Ans-1 232

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Important full-form Related to Computer

1. Hardware Parts SIRJEE CLASSES

In this list, We have put all the things full form which is related to computer’s
and it’s hardware.
Short Form Full Form Short Form Full Form
CD Compact Disc IDE Integrated Drive Electronics
CD-ROM Compact Disc-Read-Only Memory LCD Liquid Crystal Display
CD-RW Compact Disc-Rewritable LED Light Emitting Diode
CPU Central Processing Unit RAM Random Access Memory
DVD Digital Versatile Disc ROM Read-Only Memory
DVD-ROM Digital Video Disc-Random Access Memory HDD Hard Disk Drive

DVD-ROM Digital Video Disc-Read Only Memory FDD Floppy Disk Drive

DVD-R Digital Video Disc-Recordable PCI Peripheral Component Interconnect

DVD-RW Digital Video Disc-Rewritable SSD Solid State Disk

DDR Double Data-Rate SMPS Switch Mode Power Supply

DDR RAM Double Data-Rate Random Access Memory USB Universal Serial Bus
233
FDD Floppy Disk Drive VGA Video Graphics Array

HDD Hard Disk Drive VRAM Video Random Access Memory

Important full-form Related to Computer

2. Networking 3. Inside Computer SIRJEE CLASSES
Short Form Full Form
Short Form Full Form
FTP File Transfer Protocol
API Application Programming Interfaces
GPRS General Packet Radio System
GSM Global System For Mobile Communications BIOS Basic Input/Output System

IMAP Internet Message Access Protocol DNS Domain Name Service Or Domain Name Server

LAN Local Area Network DPI Dots Per Inch

IP Internet Protocol FAT File Allocation Table
IPCONFIG Internet Protocol Configuration FPS Frame Per Second
MAC Media Access Control GB Gigabyte
MAN Metropolitan Area Network GUI Graphical User Interface
POP Post Office Protocol I/O Input & Output
POP3 Post Office Protocol 3 MP3 Moving Picture Experts Group Layer 3 Audio
PPP Point-To-Point Protocol
MPEG Moving Picture Experts Group
PPTP Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol
MSCONFIG Microsoft Configuration
NetBIOS Networked Basic Input Output System
NTFS New Technology File System
SMTP Simple Mail Transport Protocol
OMR Optical Mark Recognition
VPN Virtual Private Network
PC Personal Computer
WAN Wide Area Network
WAP Wireless Application Protocol OS Operating System 234
WIFI Wireless Fidelity VDU Visible Display Unit
WLAN Wireless Local Area Network ZIP Zigzag Inline Package

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Important full-form Related to Computer

4. Internet Related 5. Softwares SIRJEE CLASSES

Short Form Full Form Short Form Full Form

HTML Hypertext Markup Language Ps Photoshop
Ic InCopy
HTTP Hypertext Transfer Protocol
Mu Adobe Muse
HTTPS Hypertext Transfer Protocol
In Edge Inspect
Over Secure Sockets Layer
Fb Flash Builder
JS JavaScript
Id InDesign
UI User Interface Pl Prelude

UX User Experience CC Creative Cloud

Fl Flash Professional
ASP Active Server Pages
Wf Edge Web Fonts
SQL Structured Query Language X Excel

NET Internet O Outlook

P PowerPoint
WP WordPress 235
N OneNote
WWW World Wide Web
A Access

Important full-form Related to Computer

6. Top Brands Full Forms SIRJEE CLASSES

Short Form Full Form 7. Other Technologies

GOOGLE Google is not an abbreviation.
Short Form Full-Form
YAHOO Yet Another Hierarchical Officious
Oracle ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode
INTEL Integrated Electronics IT Information Technology
LG Life’s Good IEEE Institute Of Electrical And
Electronics Engineers
IBM International Business Machines
Corporation ISO International Standards
HP Hewlett-Packard Organization

IBM International Business Machines POST Power ON Self Test

CNN Cable News Network
IBN Indian Broadcasting Network
TED Technology, Entertainment and
Design

IMDb The Internet Movie Database 236

ISD International Subscriber Dialing

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Important full-form Related to Computer

8. File Extensions Full Forms SIRJEE CLASSES

Short Form Full Form Short Form Full Form

.txt Text/Plain .cdr Corel Draw Document
.docx Document (without Macros)
.asf Advanced Systems Format
.ppt PowerPoint Presentation
.rar It is an archive file format that
.csv Comma Separated Values supports data compression
.pdf Portable Document Format
.mp3 MPEG Audio Layer 3
.gif Graphics Interchange Format
.aiff Audio Interchange File Format
.xd Adobe XD Document
.bmp Windows Bitmap
.mpeg Moving Picture Experts Group
.wav Waveform PCM Audio
.wmv Windows Media Video
.wma Windows Media Audio
.flv Flash Video
.avi Audio Video Interleave .bwf Broadcast Wave Format

.mp4 MPEG Layer 4 .js Javascript (Document)

.psd Photoshop Document .sub Subtitle File 237

.ai Illustrator Document .bat Microsoft’s Batch Processing

PREVIOUS RRB QUESTIONS

SIRJEE CLASSES

Ans-d

119
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PREVIOUS RRB QUESTIONS

SIRJEE CLASSES

SIRJEE CLASSES

SIRJEE CLASSES

120