Module Code & Module Title

CS6P05 Project

Assessment Weightage &Type

25% Individual Project

Interim Report
Forest Fire Detection and Alert System with LoRa

Student Name:

College ID:
Due Date: 2020/01/07
Submission Date: 2020/01/07
Abstract

Forests are the crucial part of the ecosystem and the environment to which humans and

other life forms are dependent for survival. It is also one of the major sources of economy for

human beings. In the current time, forest fire is a great problem that is faced by not only humans

but by many other creatures too. Forest fire is creating a lot of trouble in the environment and

brings a lot of changes in the climate. In the recent forest fire in Australia alone, an estimation

of 500 million animals have been killed. In the recent years, the frequency of forest fire is

increasing. The forest fires can be controlled with immediate response after knowing the fire

has just started. There is a need of suitable fire monitoring system in several remote forests. To

overcome this problem, a system based on IoT infrastructure has been proposed by

incorporating several sensors to detect and alert the forest fire. Choosing a suitable

methodology, the project has been in development.

Table of Contents

1. Introduction ............................................................................................................ 1

1.1. Problem Statement ........................................................................................... 1

1.2. Current Scenario .............................................................................................. 2

1.3. Survey Result ................................................................................................... 2

1.4. Project as a Solution......................................................................................... 3

1.5. Aim and Objectives.......................................................................................... 4

2. Background............................................................................................................. 5

2.1. Summary of survey .......................................................................................... 5

2.2. Similar Systems ............................................................................................... 5

2.2.1. Similar System 1 ....................................................................................... 6

2.2.2. Similar System 2 ....................................................................................... 7

2.2.3. Similar System 3 ....................................................................................... 9

2.3. Review of tools .............................................................................................. 11

2.3.1. Hardware ................................................................................................ 11

2.3.2. Software ................................................................................................. 16

3. Development ......................................................................................................... 17

3.1. Project Methodologies ................................................................................... 18

3.1.1. Waterfall Methodology ........................................................................... 18

3.1.2. Scrum Methodology................................................................................ 20

3.1.3. Kanban Methodology.............................................................................. 21

 3.2. Analysis of Project Methodology ................................................................... 23

3.3. Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) ................................................................ 24

3.4. Gantt Chart .................................................................................................... 29

4. Progress ................................................................................................................ 30

4.1 Requirement Analysis .................................................................................... 30

4.2 Project Research ............................................................................................ 30

4.3 Proposal and Approval ................................................................................... 31

4.4 Gathering Hardware ....................................................................................... 31

4.5 Circuit Designing and Survey ........................................................................ 32

4.6 Survey and Development of Sensor Node ...................................................... 34

5. Further Work ........................................................................................................ 37

5.1. Further Development on Sensor Node ............................................................ 37

5.1 ............................................................................................................................. 37

5.2 Development of Receiver/Gateway Node ....................................................... 37

5.3 Transmission .................................................................................................. 38

5.4 Testing and Evaluation ................................................................................... 38

5.5 Data Analysis ................................................................................................. 38

5.6 Vulnerability Analysis and Penetration Testing (VAPT) ................................ 39

5.7 Documentation............................................................................................... 39

6. References ............................................................................................................ 40

7. Appendix .............................................................................................................. 43
Table of Figures

Figure 1: System architecture (Niranjana & HemaLatha, 2018) ....................................... 8

Figure 2: Lora network architecture ................................................................................. 9

Figure 3: Arduino Uno R3 ............................................................................................. 11

Figure 4: LoRa module .................................................................................................. 12

Figure 5: Temperature and Humidity Sensor ................................................................. 13

Figure 6: Flame Sensor .................................................................................................. 14

Figure 7: MQ-9 Gas Sensor ........................................................................................... 14

Figure 8: Breadboard ..................................................................................................... 15

Figure 9: Raindrop Sensor Module ................................................................................ 16

Figure 10: Gantt Chart ................................................................................................... 29

Figure 11: Sensor node circuit ....................................................................................... 32

Figure 12: Gateway Node circuit ................................................................................... 33

Figure 13: Programming Temperature and Humidity Sensor ......................................... 34

Figure 14: DHT 11 Output ............................................................................................ 35

Figure 15: Programming Flame Sensor .......................................................................... 36

Figure 16: Survey Question - 1 ...................................................................................... 43

Figure 17: Survey Question - 2 ...................................................................................... 44

Figure 18: Survey Question - 3 ...................................................................................... 45

 Figure 19: Responses ..................................................................................................... 46

Figure 20: Response result - 1 ....................................................................................... 47

Figure 21: Response Result - 2 ...................................................................................... 48

Figure 22: Response Result - 3 ...................................................................................... 49

Figure 23: Survey Feedback .......................................................................................... 49

Table of Tables

Table 1: Roles in Kanban Framework 24

Table 2: Work Breakdown Structure 28

 CS6P05 Project

1. Introduction

Forest fires are common in a lot of parts in the world and as simple the word ‘forest fire’

seems, the damage caused by this disaster is immeasurable. Generally occurring during

summer due to heat and also by lightning, nowadays the number of wildfires is increasing due

to humans for agriculture and wood industry. Being aware of forest fire in time is imperative

to reduce the loss that is made to nature by the disaster. Continuous monitoring is necessary

for the protection of the forest as well as inspecting the changes occurring in the climate.

1.1. Problem Statement

Nepal is highly prone to forest fire as it is situated in the temperate region of the world.

Wildfires generally occur in Nepal during the dry season from November to June affecting

both vegetation and wildlife. In 2016, a total of 5630 wildfire incidents have been reported

burning an area of 222,046 hectares and has caused degradation of wildlife and forest in Nepal

(Bhujel, et al., 2018). In the USA alone, there were 46,706 wildfires recorded from January

2019 to November 22, 2019 burning around 4.6 million acres of land ( National Interagency

Fire Center, 2019). Release of vast quantity of greenhouse gases and smoke pollutants degrade

the ecosystem indirectly. The fires caused due to natural and human factors increase the carbon

emission which directly influence climatic change. Such climatic change has resulted in

increase in temperature thus changing monsoon pattern. Increasing in number of disasters like

flood and landslide is the consequence of this factor (Matin, et al., 2017).

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1.2. Current Scenario

At present, forest fire monitoring in Nepal is done by Moderate Resolution Imaging

Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA's Terra satellite. MODIS performs data acquisition,

processing and reporting fire location with 1x1 km resolution twice a day as it passes over.

This system sends email to several forest divisions and sends an SMS alert to them. However,

this monitoring system watches over a certain location only twice a day (International Centre

for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), 2019). This creates nearly 12-hour gap

between monitoring time. If a forest fire starts during this interval, there is less chance of

detecting and stopping the fire before it spreads on a large scale.

1.3. Survey Result

A survey conducted among 10 different people who have knowledge on working of Internet

of Things, most of them think forest monitoring system is not efficient in Nepal and require a

monitoring system that can detect fire as soon as possible. The project will help in controlling

forest fire.

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1.4. Project as a Solution

As a solution to the problem caused by forest fire, a system that can detect forest fire

remotely and alert the relevant authority as fast as possible, has been in development. This can

assist in protection of vegetation and wildlife from forest fires with an immediate response

afterwards. In this proposed solution, there will be two nodes consisting of sensor node and

receiver node. Humidity and Temperature sensor, flame Sensor, smoke sensor and rain sensor

integrated in Arduino as sensor node will be place in different locations of forest. Data collected

by various sensors will be sent at gateway placed in forest department with wireless

transmission medium, LoRa. The fire will be detected with the intelligent algorithms set in the

receiver. The data received at the gateway will be used in analysing data to find fire patterns.

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1.5. Aim and Objectives

The aim and objectives set for a project helps in realization of goals by providing a

framework for the case, identifying the destination and providing guideline to get there.

Aim:

The main aim of this project is to develop a prototype system that is based on the

infrastructure of IOT using the sensors that can detect the raging fire in the jungle and alert the

officials immediately so that appropriate actions can be made to minimize the loss caused by

forest fire. A cost-effective transmission medium is required to transmit the data from sensor

node to the base station or gateway and store data in database.

Objectives:

• Gather the hardware required for setting up the device.

• Design the circuit nodes and then integrate all the sensors and electrical equipment with

Arduino.

• Set up transmission medium, LoRa, in both sensor node and gateway/receiver node.

• Test the working of all the sensors and data transmission between the two nodes

• Developing interface to store all the received data and conduct data analysis for fire pattern.

• Perform Vulnerability Analysis and Penetration testing to secure the device.

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2. Background

In the case of forest fire, the delay in controlling forest fire after there has been detection is

caused due to the delay in relaying the information giving warning about the fire. This problem

is due to lack of proper network for data communication. Therefore, a device system that can

make communication over a large distance without internet is needed.

2.1. Summary of survey

The survey conducted among the people who can understand this project that is being

developed. A total of 10 people responded the survey. From the survey 90% of them consider

that Nepal has inefficient forest monitoring system as its reliance on NASA’s satellite.

Six out of ten people consider the impact of forest fire in Nepal is very high, 3 of think

there is a high impact and 1 responded with moderate impact. All of them think forest fire

needs to be detected and controlled as soon as possible. 80% of them are certain that this project

will help in controlling forest fire. As for its practicability, 40% of them gave a rating of 5 out

of 5 and 60% gave a rating 5 out of 5.

2.2. Similar Systems

This project has been proposed for development by keeping in reference of the several other

previously developed devices that could detect the forest fire and provide alert about them.

This section discusses about the several such devices from which concepts have been taken in

order to develop the project. The development of those systems, working process as well as

critical analysis of the systems are also discussed.

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2.2.1. Similar System 1

An IoT Based Forest Fire Detection and Prevention System Using Raspberry Pi 3 (E,

et al., 2019).

This is a Raspberry Pi based system which works as the processing unit in this system. It

is an integrated system where Raspberry Pi 3 Model B, GSM modem, GPS module, PIR sensor,

a normal web camera, Flame sensor and buzzer work in co-ordination to information about

fire. When the system is working, the sensors and equipment record the data continuously.

Raspberry Pi processes the data and decides if the fire has occurred based on the algorithms set

in the Pi.

During the time of fire, when raspberry pi receives high value, message through SMS alert

is sent to the forest department. The SMS includes a warning message and google map link of

the fire location. At the time, an image is captured and is sent to the fire station through mail

via WiFi. At the same time the system activates the buzzer to notify the forest department as

soon as possible. The received information is updated in their webpage after that (E, et al.,

2019).

The good feature of this system is that it gives the exact location of the fire occurring place

through the use of GPS. The sensors used in the system gives almost accurate detection during

forest fire. There is less chance of false alarm and works efficiently. However, the ineffective

part is problems during data transmission through WiFi. WiFi does not have a wide range and

information is hard to receive in the forest department. So, missing of information would be

common in the system.

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For the final year project, the use of sensors is implemented for the accurate detection of

fire. The temperature and humidity sensor and flame sensor are used in the FYP. The idea of

notifying the forest department about the information of fire location is also implemented. If

fire location is implemented, it would be easy to locate where fire is occurring.

2.2.2. Similar System 2

An Autonomous IoT Infrastructure for Forest Fire Detection and Alerting System

(Niranjana & HemaLatha, 2018)

The system is designed in two parts: IoT sensor node and web application part that is

kept in central location. The sensor part is configured with Arduino and raspberry Pi as

microcontroller and is integrated with temperature sensor, flame sensor, Smoke Sensor, Rain

sensor and GSM Modem with WiFi shield. The microcontrollers are configured to receive and

process the data. The GSM modem uses a separate battery and the remaining parts use another

battery.

To detect the forest fire, all the sensors work accordingly. The data received by all the

sensors is processed and if there is increase in threshold of temperature, or amount of gas or

flame, then a push SMS is sent to the forest department through emm modem. All the values

from the sensor are stored in a database server for future purpose (Niranjana & HemaLatha,

2018).

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Figure 1: System architecture (Niranjana & HemaLatha, 2018)

The pros of this system are that there is use of multiple sensors and helps in accurately

detecting forest fire. With the multiple sensors, every aspect that can help detect forest fire can

be covered. The chance of missing fire is really slimmed.

In the final year project, the idea of using smoke sensor and rain sensor is received from

this system. These sensors help in detecting the fires with extra information of smoke received.

The idea of storing the data received in a database for future use is also implemented in the

developing system.

However, this system can generate a lot of false alarms because it sends an SMS for

every high data received in every sensor. If there is increase in gas amount only, it will still

send SMS alert to forest department. There may not be fire at all. This will create a nuisance

for forest management.

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2.2.3. Similar System 3

Forest Fire Detection using LoRa Wireless Mesh Topology (Salam, et al., 2018)

The overall architecture of this system is divided into two parts; sensor node and gateway

or receiver node. The sensor uses Arduino Uno as the microcontroller and integrates Lora

shield 915 MHz, DHT11 Temperature and Humidity sensor and M2Q gas sensor. The receiver

end consists of Raspberry pi and Lora module. The LoRa module is used to transmit data from

sensor node to gateway node. The sensor nodes are placed in various locations making a mesh

topology. This configuration allows the data to be sent to over 500 metres where gateway is

situated.

Figure 2: Lora network architecture (Salam, et al., 2018)

When the system is working, the data from sensors is sent periodically to the gateway. The

data is transferred from the gateway to a cloud where a software detects the forest fire. In order

to detect fire, threshold of temperature, humidity and smoke have been set. Threshold for

temperature is 40 degree Celsius, humidity 50% and smoke particle threshold of 2368 ppm.

The system receives alarm when the predetermined values are received (Salam, et al., 2018).

The main advantage of this system design is scalability. Using multiple sensors and a

gateway allows the forest monitoring in a very large area. The use of LoRa gives an advantage

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where internet does not work. The coverage of LoRa is very large up to several kilometres. So,

this transmission medium is suitable in locations such as forest.

Since there is a use of mesh network there is high chance of interference in the Lora

transmission. This may cause the data to reach the gateway slower than required.

From this system design, the idea of making two nodes, the sensor node and gateway node,

is implemented in the FYP. However, data connection in internet will not be implemented.

Long range data transmission is easier with this setup. The use of LoRa as a wireless

transmission medium gives great scalability and data can be sent through a very large distance.

Therefore, the transmission medium in the project is selected as LoRa. Arduino is kept as

microcontroller. It can support multiple sensors, parts and due to its low cost, the overall cost

of the project decreases.

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2.3. Review of tools

The final year project is a system of integration of both hardware as well as software. This

is an IoT system. The effective combination of hardware and software keeps the system

running. The hardware equipment in this project are Arduino Uno, Flame Sensor, Temperature

and Humidity Sensor, Smoke Sensor, Rain Sensor, LoRa as transmission medium, Breadboard,

Resistor as well as wires to connect the equipment with microcontroller, Arduino.

The software that will be used in the project are Arduino application and C/C++ for Arduino

programming.

2.3.1. Hardware

i. Arduino Uno R3

Arduino Uno is a microcontroller based on the ATmega328P. this microcontroller consists

of 14 digital input/output pins and 6 analog inputs. It also consists of a USB connection, power

jack, ICSP header and a reset button. The controller has a flash memory of 32 KB (Arduino,

2020).

Figure 3: Arduino Uno R3 (Arduino, 2020)

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The use of Arduino Uno reduces the cost of the project as it is cheaper than other

microprocessors and microcontrollers, all the equipment can be connected easily, and it is easy

to set up.

ii. LoRa

LoRa, short form of Long Range, is a spread spectrum modulation technique derived from

the chrip spread spectrum technology. It is a long-range low power wireless platform that can

work in transmission over a long distance. It is like a trade between bandwidth and transmission

range. With a very high transmission range the bandwidth is very low (SEMTECH, 2020).

LoRa SX 1278 is used in the project and works on radio frequency of 433 MHz. two LoRa

modules are required for transmitting and receiving data.

In a forest there is no network of any means and always puts a hinder in data transmission.

Here, LoRa plays the role of transmitting data from sensor node to the gateway and it does not

need any network. Data is transmitted through radio frequency. The very long range of LoRa

makes it suitable for forests.

Figure 4: LoRa module (AspenCore, Inc, 2020)

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iii. Temperature and Humidity Sensor

DHT 11 is a sensor that can record both temperature and humidity with a single equipment.

When there is a spike in temperature and drop in humidity, there is more likely to get forest

fire.

Figure 5: Temperature and Humidity Sensor (Amazon, 2020)

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iv. Flame Sensor

It detects flames of infrared wavelength between 760nm to 1100nm and the signal threshold

can be adjusted with potentiometer. It helps detecting forest fire by detecting the waves

produced by the flames.

Figure 6: Flame Sensor (IndiaMART , 2019)

v. Smoke Sensor

The smoke sensor module MQ-9 detects the gases carbon monoxide and methane that are

produced during forest fire.

Figure 7: MQ-9 Gas Sensor (IndiaMART , 2019)

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vi. Breadboard

It is a solderless device that is used for prototype electronics and test circuit designs. This

will be used in the project to integrate various sensors and transmission medium. A breadboard

increases the scalability of the microcontroller since all the connections to the microcontroller

can be made through breadboard.

Figure 8: Breadboard (core ELECTRONICS, 2020)

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vii. Rain Sensor

This sensor helps to detects whether there is rainfall or not with the plate. It gives analog

signal as output.

Figure 9: Raindrop Sensor Module (RedDoko.com , 2020)

2.3.2. Software

i. Arduino IDE

Arduino application, also known as Arduino IDE is an open source software that facilitates

in writing code and uploading it in the board. The sensors and transmission medium are

integrated in Arduino microcontroller. This code written here will make the sensors work and

data can be received with it.

ii. C/C++

It is the programming language that is used to write code in Arduino IDE. The code is

written in structural format. This is also the default programming language of Arduino.

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3. Development

Projects are target-oriented jobs where the objectives of the deliverables, the total cost of

the project, resources available for the project as well as the deadlines are agreed between the

owner and the project development team (Vukovic, 2005). Every project is started to provide

solutions and products to fulfil the requirement and gain knowledge as well as profit. The main

objectives of every project are set in the beginning of the project and making sure that the

project achieves its objective is done through project management.

Everything that is needed for the completion of a project is defined by project management.

Development of project plan including project aim and objectives, allocation of budget and

resources required, and time maintenance is done through project management (Vukovic,

2005). So, there is a need of definitive methodology for every project. The project

methodologies vary according to the requirement of the projects. A methodology provides

guidelines and procedures for the organized development as well as maintenance and design

of the project. Project methodology also ensures the optimum utilization of resources while

fulfilling the requirements (Barjtya, et al., 2017).

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3.1. Project Methodologies

The final year project needs a methodology for the management of tasks as well as

allocating time to complete various steps during the development of project. To develop this

project three methodologies are taken into consideration. They are Waterfall methodology,

Scrum methodology and Kanban Methodology.

3.1.1. Waterfall Methodology

Waterfall method is a basic project development methodology which works in a linear and

sequential process and is also known as iterative model. In this method, each step must be

completed properly before going into another step. Like a waterfall, after going into another

phase, jumping into previous step is not possible. The only option is to keep on moving forward

(Kannan, et al., 2014).

There are mainly five phases in this project methodology:

1. Requirement Analysis and Specification

2. System Design

3. Implementation and Unit Testing

4. Integration and System Testing

5. Operation and Maintenance (Eason, 2016)

After completing each step, a review is done whether it is in compliance with requirement

analysis that is defined in the first phase. This method is best suited when the requirements are

all well defined and there is no need to change any of them during development. Also, when

there is clear picture of final product, this is suitable

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Advantages

• The main advantage of this methodology is that the structure for project organization and

control is provided clearly.

• The errors and the design details are well-recorded before the development and saves time.

• Estimation of time and cost can be efficiently done with the exact following of this

methodology.

• The defects and faults can be recognized before entering another phase (Kannan, et al.,

2014).

Disadvantages:

• All the requirements must be clearly stated in the beginning which is really difficult since

there are always changes in requirements during development.

• No changes are allowed because of linear structure.

• There is no management of risks and security issues.

• It is not suitable for large projects since the real products are not completed sequentially.

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3.1.2. Scrum Methodology

It is a development and design methodology that follows the principle of Agile

methodology. The project under this methodology is done in a group to perform tasks quickly

and work on the development of project. Both management as well as development is included

in Scrum. After gathering the requirement specifications, the whole process is divided into

several iterations and each task is completed through four steps: Planning, Staging,

Development and Release. Each iteration of the process is known as Sprint and each Sprint can

be 2 to 4 weeks (Neelima & Saile, 2013).

In this methodology, the work is conducted in the collaboration of scrum master and scrum

team with product owner in continuous repetition of the evolving software. In a scrum process,

scrum master’s main task is to eliminate the obstacles. Scrum team comprises of developers,

testers and other experts of various fields to create an end product that meets the requirement

of customer.

Advantages:

• The scrum sprints divide the work into several smaller parts and is completed with the daily

stand-up meetings.

• Rapid iteration and development in the project is possible.

Disadvantages:

• The project team is self-managing thus there is higher chance of failure unless team

members are motivated and disciplined.

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Among all the methodologies that are considered for project, Kanban method is selected

for project development.

3.1.3. Kanban Methodology

Kanban is a framework which follows agile principle of project management. The work

items in Kanban methodology are represented visually that allows the member of projects to

see work state at any time. This process was developed by Toyota in 1940s to meet the customer

demand. The main theme of Kanban is to produce only what is needed. The supply of the

product at the right time, in right quantity, and right place is made sure. That’s why the working

philosophy is also known as Just kin Time (JIT) (Adnan, et al., 2013).

Kanban helps in achieving improvement by recognizing the work limit in the process

inventory and thus decreases the overload in the work development. There is no specific role

in this method and importance is given in improvement of the throughput (S & K , 2018). The

main feature of this method is that it visualizes the workflow. There is use of Kanban Board

and Kanban card to visualize the work. The cards are used for withdrawal, store and managing

process with signs that creates smooth process in the production. The team members fully able

to track the workflow in the process of development. The Kanban cards are kept in Kanban

board. The Kanban board consists of three things: To Do, In Progress and Done. Whenever

one process is completed, another task from the backlog is pulled to the right-hand side. The

consumption and demand for more products is also signalled by the cards (Wakode, et al.,

2015). This framework allows an efficient feedback loop too. The feedback from customers

can be crucial for project completion.

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Following agile method of development, changes can be made during the development of

phase too. So, whenever a new feature is needed, it can be added in the backlog and

prioritization of the work can be made. The tasks can be reprioritized, without disrupting the

team (Kirovska, 2015). Tasks can be separated for every member of the team and bottlenecks

in the work can be reduced given that only one work is completed at a time (S & K , 2018).

Though there are no specific roles in Kanban, formal roles are important to clients. But

the significance of these roles is far lesser then that of other methodologies. The two primary

roles that can be implemented are:

• Service Delivery Manager (SDM)

• Service Request Manager (SRM) (Kanbanize, 2020)

Service Delivery Manager (SDM)

The SDM is an emerging role in Kanban where it is not a distinctive title but an added

responsibility to the existing team members. The primary function of SDM is to make sure that

there is proper workflow of the items and to facilitate in continuous improvement and changes

in the activities. Making sure that the work is going on continuously by checking Kanban board.

The SDM also makes policies for the team members. In order to improve the activities, SDM

collects the data from Kanban board and discusses with the team and makes sure the error does

not get repeated (Kanbanize, 2020).

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Service Request Manager (SRM)

The SRM is also an added responsibility to an existing team member. SRM is responsible

for recognizing the client’s requirements and expectations. The SRM can be considered as

‘middleman’ who has an in-depth knowledge of the team or company’s value stream but don’t

necessarily create direct value to the customer. The main responsibility of SRM is to provide

facility in prioritizing the works from backlog and ordering the work items (Kanbanize, 2020).

3.2. Analysis of Project Methodology

Choosing an appropriate methodology for project development is absolutely necessary

because it defines the process involved during the development and provides guideline to the

project. Using Kanban framework, it helps to visualize the work and manage the tasks

accordingly. In this final year project, Kanban is very suitable for project development. The

changes and extra requirements that come during the process can be added easily and the work

can be prioritized accordingly. The efficiency of the project can be improved by properly

following the framework. Since a proper feedback ca be obtained, it can help in realizing the

necessities and features can be added later.

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3.3. Work Breakdown Structure (WBS)

Work breakdown structure helps in achieving the goals through a deliverable oriented work

division. All the smaller tasks can be identified, scheduled, and budget can be allocated.

Planning of the project with Kanban Method.

The main roles that are present in the project are defined below.

People Role

Managing work flow and bringing

SDM Service Delivery Manager
improvement in activities

Understand Client’s requirements

SRM Service Request Manager

Performs the tasks

TM Team Members

Make work request to project team

CL Client

Table 1: Roles in Kanban Framework

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Forest Fire Detection and Alert System with LoRa

Activity Start Date End Date Duration People

No.
(Days)

Requirement Analysis 2019/08/23 2019/09/11

1 20

Receiving requirement from 2019/08/23 2019/08/26 CL, SRM,

1.1
client 4 SDM

Checking technical 2019/08/26 2019/09/3 SDM, SRM

1.2
feasibility 9

Financial Analysis 2019/09/4 2019/09/11 SDM, SRM

1.3 8

Project Research 2019/09/12 2019/10/8

2 27

Problem research 2019/09/12 2019/09/15 SRM, SDM,

2.1
4 TM

Hardware requirements 2019/09/16 2019/09/20 SRM, SDM,

2.2
5 TM

Selecting suitable 2019/09/18 2019/09/20 SRM, SDM,

2.2.1
transmission medium 3 TM

Software Requirements 2019/09/21 2019/09/27 SRM, SDM,

2.3
7 TM

Methodology Selection 2019/09/28 2019/10/03 SRM, SDM,

2.4
6 TM

Project Threat, Contingency 2019/10/04 2019/10/08 TM

2.5
Planning 5

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Proposal and Approval 2019/10/09 2019/10/21

3. 13

Development of proposal 2019/10/09 2019/10/17 TM

3.1 9

Approval of project 2019/10/17 2019/10/21 SRM, CL

3.2
5

Gathering Hardware 2019/10/22 2019/11/15

4 25

Ordering and receiving of 2019/10/22 2019/10/29 TM

4.1
sensors and microcontroller 8

LoRa ordering and receive 2019/10/25 2019/11/15 TM

4.2 22

Circuit Designing 2019/11/17 2019/11/30

5 14

Designing Sender Node 2019/11/17 2019/11/22 TM

5.1 6

Design of Gateway Node 2019/11/22 2019/11/30 TM

5.2 9

Survey and Development 2019/12/1 2020/01/13

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Conducting Survey 2019/12/01 2019/12/08

6.1 8

Update Arduino firmware 2019/12/01 2019/12/02 TM

6.2 2

Configure Serial Port 2019/12/03 2019/12/04 TM

6.3 2

Assemble Temperature and 2019/12/05 2019/12/07 TM

6.4
Humidity Sensor 3

Programming and Testing 2019/12/08 2019/12/15 TM

6.5
Humidity Sensor 8

Flame Sensor Assemble 2019/12/16 2019/12/18 TM

6.6 3

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Programming and testing 2019/12/19 2019/12/25 TM

6.7
flame sensor 7

Assembling Smoke Sensor 2019/12/26 2019/12/30 TM

6.8 5

Programming and testing 2020/01/02 2020/01/06 TM

6.9
smoke sensor 5

Assembling rain Sensor 2019/01/07 2019/01/08 TM

6.10 2

Programming and testing 2019/01/09 2019/01/13 TM

6.11
rain sensor 5

Development of Receiver 2020/01/14 2020/01/22

7
Gateway Node 9

Updating Arduino and 2020/01/14 2020/01/15 TM

7.1
configuring serial port 2

Assembling and Testing 2020/01/16 2020/01/22 TM

7.2
Buzzer 7

Transmission 2020/01/23 2020/02/20

8 29

Assembling LoRa in Sensor 2020/01/23 2020/01/28 TM

8.1
node 6

Programming and testing 2020/01/29 2020/02/04 TM

8.2
LoRa module 7

Assembling LoRa in 2020/02/05 2020/02/10 TM

8.3
receiver/gateway node 6

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Programming and Testing 2020/02/11 2020/02/16 TM

8.4
LoRa module 6

Testing data transmission 2020/02/16 2020/02/20 TM

8.5 5

Testing and Evaluation 2020/02/21 2020/03/05

9 14

Testing of overall data 2020/02/21 2020/02/28 TM

9.1
collected by sensor 8

Testing of fire alarm under 2020/02/29 2020/02/05 TM

9.2
suitable conditions 6

Data Analysis 2020/03/05 2020/03/30

10 26

Research to conduct data 2020/03/05 2020/03/10 TM

10.1
analysis 6

Collection of all data 2020/03/11 2020/03/15 TM

10.2
received at Gateway 5

Data Analysis 2020/03/16 2020/03/30 TM

10.3 15

VAPT 2020/04/01 2020/04/20 TM

11 20

Documentation 2019/11/22 2020/05/20

12 181

Interim Report 2019/11/22 2020/01/06 TM

12.1 46

Final Report 2020/01/20 2020/05/20 TM

12.2 122

Table 2: Work Breakdown Structure

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3.4. Gantt Chart

Figure 10: Gantt Chart

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4. Progress

At the time nearer to the submission of the interim report of the Final Year Project, the

progress on the project is continuing and around 40% of the work has been completed. The

work is being completed by following Kanban framework. The tasks are scheduled in the work

breakdown structure (WBS) and is executed accordingly. Any task can be prioritized and can

be completed at any time. The work has been scheduled to make continuous development and

ease the team members.

4.1 Requirement Analysis

It is the first phase of the project development where the requirements for the project is

analysed. At first, the Service Request Manager (SRM) is approached by the client and asks

for the development of the project. The client requests a device that can detect fire and alert it

remotely. The SRM discusses with the SDM and technicality achievability of the project is

explored to make sure if it is possible to complete with the current resources. An estimation of

the cost on the project is also made if the cost required is suitable for the type of product that

is produced at the end of project.

4.2 Project Research

In the second phase of project, a research on the hardware required for the project is

conducted. At first the problem domain is analysed and solution to the problem is worked out.

The effects of fire on environment and economy is researched. SRM, SDM and all the TM

work on it and find that integrated sensors can help detect fire as soon as possible. Smoke

sensor, Flame sensor, Temperature and Humidity Sensor as well as rain sensors are selected.

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To integrate it in a micro processing system, Arduino Uno is selected since it is cheaper than

other processors and can handle multiple sensors at the same time. After finding the necessary

components, a suitable transmission medium is required to send information from a distant

location; therefore, LoRa is selected because of its low power consumption and a very long

range of transmission. Arduino IDE is selected to program the sensors and transmission

medium and C/C++ as programming language for coding.

A suitable project management methodology is required to complete the project. So,

Kanban method is selected. The risks occurring during the project are analysed and

contingency planning is done to deal with the risks.

4.3 Proposal and Approval

Determining all the components required for the project, the TM develop a strong proposal

to submit it to the client. The SRM presents the proposal to the client and after accepting it, the

development in project starts.

4.4 Gathering Hardware

After the acceptance of proposal, the hardware required for the project is ordered. This

includes sensors, microcontroller (Arduino), Jumper Wires, Resisters and transistors. Because

of the unavailability of LoRa module in the Nepali market, it is ordered from India.

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4.5 Circuit Designing and Survey

After all the hardware components have been ordered and received, a circuit is designed of

both sensor node and receiver node. The circuit design helps in wiring properly while

developing it in real conditions. The built circuit can also function fully.

Figure 11: Sensor node circuit

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Figure 12: Gateway Node circuit

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4.6 Survey and Development of Sensor Node

A survey is conducted after completing the design of the nodes by the SDM. The survey is

carried out by among the colleagues of Islington college who have a knowledge on how Internet

of Things work. The survey consists of questionnaires that includes project’s practicability and

feasibility. From the survey, some suggestions are also taken and planned to implement in the

developing project.

After conducting the survey, the part of node construction comes into action. At first, the

firmware of microcontroller, Arduino is updated and then the serial port that connects to the

computer is configured through Arduino application. The serial port is configured to be

COM10. After the setup of microcontroller, Temperature and Humidity Sensor, DHT 11, is

assembled with wires, register and breadboard keeping the node circuit design in reference and

programming is done to make it work.

Figure 13: Programming Temperature and Humidity Sensor

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Figure 14: DHT 11 Output

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After successful assembling, coding and working of DHT 11, the task of Flame Sensor

started. The flame sensor is also configured according to the circuit design or sensor node and

programming is done to make the flame sensor work. Coding is done in Arduino application.

The sensor works be detecting higher wavelength infrared light. Whenever the sensor detects

fire, the DO-LED lights up.

Figure 15: Programming Flame Sensor

The progress in the Final Year Project is up to this point in sensor node development. The

remaining works is explained in Further Work Section.

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5. Further Work

The progress on the project till this date January 2, 2020 should have been up to assembling

and programming the smoke sensor. But since LoRa module is not available in Nepal and had

to be ordered from India, there were certain delays in the development of project. So, to be

synchronized to the work schedule, I have decided to perform the remaining tasks without the

use of LoRa module and complete the remaining work within the allocated time by giving more

time on the project where development of sensor and gateway node will be completed earlier.

5.1. Further Development on Sensor Node

The remaining sensors, Smoke sensor and Rain sensor will be assembled by taking the

circuit design as reference and programming will be done with the best favourable conditions.

After this process, the work on Sensor Node will be almost complete; with exclusion of LoRa

transmission medium which will be assembled and configured later after configurating the

receiver node.

5.2 Development of Receiver/Gateway Node

After working on sensor node, work will start on the development of gateway node. The

gateway node is not as complex as sensor node. The gateway node will consist of a buzzer and

LoRa transmission medium. The equipment will be assembled and configured according to the

circuit design of Gateway node.

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5.3 Transmission

After receiving the transmission medium, LoRa SX 1278, which will be received by third

week of January, work on transmission medium will start. The data received from the sensor

node will be sent through LoRa chips. LoRa will be assembled in Sensor Node at and then

programmed to make it work well and then assembled and programmed in the receiver node.

After proper programming is done in both sender and receiver, a test is performed to check the

data transfer between sender and receiver.

5.4 Testing and Evaluation

After completing all the construction processes, a test is performed to determine the overall

quality of the constructed system. The accuracy of the data collected by the receivers is checked

so that there are less chances of false alarm during its use. A thorough testing will be done to

check the working of buzzer during the time of fire.

5.5 Data Analysis

Data generated by sensors need to be utilized. So, data analysis will be done to maximize

the utilization of data. First of all, the data received at the gateway needs to be collected. After

careful research and planning, data will be collected at a computer. The data that has been

collected will be analysed statistically as the data received are mostly statistical data. Python

will most likely be used for data analysis incorporating with the data analysis library Pandas.

If the selected tool does not work, the analysis will be performed in traditional style with Ms.

Excel or with SQL.

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5.6 Vulnerability Analysis and Penetration Testing (VAPT)

The device that has been developed needs to be provided with some sort of security

measures. The vulnerable and rough device cannot be launched as it may become a source of

threat in the near future. So, VAPT will be done to find out the weakness in the system and

work on it to make ready for use. Everything will be conducted in process: beginning with

information gathering to generation of report.

5.7 Documentation

This will be the final phase in project development. After a discussion with SRM. SDM

and the Team Members, documentation will be created. The documentation consists of Interim

report and the Final report. The final report will comprise of every minute details that has been

performed since the beginning of the project to the end.

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6. References

National Interagency Fire Center, 2019. Insurance Information Institute. [Online]

Available at: https://www.iii.org/fact-statistic/facts-statistics-wildfires

[Accessed 21 12 2019].

Adnan, A. N. B., Jaffar, A. B. & Yusoff, N. B., 2013. Implementation of Just in Time

Production through Kanban System. Industrial Engineering Letters, 3(6).

Arduino, 2020. ARDUINO UNO REV3. [Online]

Available at: https://store.arduino.cc/usa/arduino-uno-rev3

[Accessed 4 1 2020].

Barjtya, S., Sharma, A. & Rani, U., 2017. A detailed study of Software Development Life

Cycle (SDLC) Models. International Journal Of Engineering And Computer Science, 6(7), pp.

22097-22100.

Bhujel, K. B., Byanju, R. M. & Gautam, A. P., 2018. WILDFIRE DYNAMICS AND ITS

EFFECTS ON THE FOREST RESOURCES AND PUBLIC PROPERTY IN NEPAL. Journal

of Institute of Science and Technology, 23(1), pp. 61-68.

Eason, O. K., 2016. Information Systems Development Methodologies Transitions: An

Analysis of Waterfall to Agile Methodology, s.l.: The University of New Hampshire.

E, R., D, P., s, S. & s, . R., 2019. AN IOT BASED FOREST FIRE DETECTION AND

PREVENTION SYSTEM USING RASPBERRY PI 3. International Research Journal of

Engineering and Technology (IRJET), 06(03), pp. 3226-3230.

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International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), 2019. Forest Fire

Detection and Alert Information System in Nepal. [Online]

Available at: http://servir.icimod.org/science-applications/forest-fire-detection-and-

monitoring-in-nepal

[Accessed 21 12 2019].

Kanbanize, 2020. The Kanban Roles You’ve Probably Never Heard Of. [Online]

Available at: https://kanbanize.com/blog/kanban-roles/

[Accessed 4 1 2020].

Kannan, V., Jhajharia, S. & Verma, S., 2014. Agile vs waterfall: A Comparative Analysis.

International Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology Research (IJSETR), 3(10), pp.

2680-2686.

Kirovska, N. a. K. S., 2015. Usage of Kanban methodology at software development teams.

Journal of Applied Economics and Business, Volume 3, pp. 25-34.

Kovács , R., Kiss , B., Nagy, Á. & Vámos, G., 2014. Early Detection System For Vegetation

Fire In The Aggtelek National Park.

Matin, M. A., Bajracharya, B. & Chitale, V. S., 2017. Understanding forest fire patterns

and risk in Nepal using remote sensing, geographic information system and historical fire data.

International journal of wildland fire, 26(4), pp. 276-286.

Neelima, E. & Saile, N., 2013. A Study on SCRUM Agile Methodology And Its

Knowledge Management Process. The International Journal of Engineering And Science, 2(3),

pp. 22-27.

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Niranjana, R. & HemaLatha, T., 2018. An autonomous IoT infrastructure for forest fire

detection and alerting system. International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics,

119(12), pp. 16295-16304.

Patel, K. K. & Patel, S. M., 2016. Internet of things-IOT: definition, characteristics,

architecture, enabling technologies, application & future challenges. International journal of

engineering science and computing, 6(5), pp. 6122-6131.

Salam, A. E. U., Arifin, A. & Rizal, M., 2018. Forest Fire Detection using LoRa Wireless

Mesh Topology. In: 2018 2nd East Indonesia Conference on Computer and Information

Technology (EIConCIT). s.l.:IEEE, pp. 184-187.

SEMTECH, 2020. What is LoRa?. [Online]

Available at: https://www.semtech.com/lora/what-is-lora

[Accessed 04 01 2020].

S, S. N. & K , . S. N., 2018. A Review of Kanban-based Manufacturing Systems.

International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation, V(4), pp. 244-246.

Vukovic, Z., 2005. Project Management-Software Development Methodology.

Interdisciplinary Management Research, Volume 1, pp. 141-169.

Wakode, R. B., Raut, L. P. & Talmale, P., 2015. Overview on Kanban Methodology and

its Implementation. IJSRD-International Journal for Scientific Research & Development, 3(2),

pp. 2321-0613.

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7. Appendix

Figure 16: Survey Question - 1

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Figure 17: Survey Question - 2

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Figure 18: Survey Question - 3

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Figure 19: Responses

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Figure 20: Response result - 1

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Figure 21: Response Result - 2

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Figure 22: Response Result - 3

Figure 23: Survey Feedback

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