A Progressive Grammar of The Telugu Lang
A Progressive Grammar of The Telugu Lang
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B 795,316
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LIBRA
PROGRESSIVE GRAMMAR
OF THE
TELUGU LANGUAGE
BY
The Rev. After 1
-1
Arden, M.A.,
(SECOND EDITION) .
Madras :
AND BY MESSRS . SIMPKIN , MARSHALL, HAMILTON, KENT & Co. , LTD. , LONDON .
1905 .
4773
· A67
1905
1905 .
132 القران ازل
PREFACE .
IN offering this book to the public , the Author is far from undervaluing
the Telugu works, which have been already published with a similar
object. The student of Telugu must ever feel specially grateful to Mr.
the system pursued in this book, in which it has been his endeavour, not
The early portions of the book will be found specially suited for
BEGINNERS , as they are based upon papers , which were drawn up by the
Author, when he himself was commencing the study of Telugu . These papers
one of the best Telugu scholars of the day. Hence all those difficulties , with
explained .
Throughout the book, the great effort of the Author has been, to lead
required, at the stage at which the student has arrived . The special feature,
therefore, of the book is intended to be its PROGRESSIVE character. The
endeavour to make the book essentially progressive , whilst it greatly
The student must not be discouraged at the size of the book. The
and EXERCISES . If these were omitted , the book would be greatly reduced
in size, but it is in these that the chief value of the book consists . All of
the same reason , a foreigner may be able to read and understand a Telugu
book, but at the same time may be unable to converse with the Natives ,
between the colloquial and the grammatical dialect , in the present work
the former has been kept entirely distinct from the latter.
The design of the Author has been to present English- speaking persons
with a book in which they may commence Telugu , and gradually acquire
a thorough knowledge of the colloquial dialect, and afterwards an intro-
THE FIRST PART commences with some general information about the
are given , and the general principles of the alphabet explained . In chapter
III the alphabet is given in full , together with some Exercises in reading.
provides the student with a brief OUTLINE OF TELUGU GRAMMAR and a few
book, and all the information given in it is repeated in Part II , with fuller
PREFACE .
ing the language, as soon as possible, without having first to master the
speech, except verbs . Then follow several chapters upon the various parts
of verbs , and the several classes into which they are divided , together with
neglected in previous works . As some readers may not have studied the
some progress .
foregoing rules , and form useful models for imitation . This chapter, if
reading.
to, and in continuation of, that already given , as will enable the student to
study a Native Grammar , and to read such books as the Vikramárka Tales ,
two chapters . The first gives the Grammatical forms of individual words.
The second explains the rules for Contraction , Elision , Euphony, etc.
branch of the subject, differ in their opinions, it has been thought advisable
vi PREFACE .
to select one particular work, and to adopt its decision on doubtful points .
arranged to suit , as far as possible, all dialects . The chief differences may
be exhibited by comparing the language spoken in the Northern Circars
with that spoken in the Cuddapah District . For this reason , the Telugu
spoken in the Kristna and Godaveri Districts , which is the purest and most
largely used, has been taken as the standard, and the principal differences ,
met with in the Cuddapah District, have been pointed out and explained.
speaking persons, yet Native youths will derive much benefit from the study
the numerous European and Native gentlemen , who have given him so
refrain from specially mentioning the name of the Rev. J. Clay, of the
S. P. G. , Cuddapah, who has for many years been Telugu Examiner to the
Madras University. This gentleman has more than once carefully revised
list have been carefully consulted , and the Author's best thanks are due for
much valuable information that has been derived from them.
MASULIPATAM, A. H. A.
}
March, 1873.
MADRAS,
E. S.
September, 1905.
CONTENTS .
PART I.
Chap. Page
Sentences ... 38
PART II .
V. On Nouns 48
On Adjectives ... 62
:
On Adverbs ... 81
:
On Numerals ... 85
:
B
X CONTENTS .
Chap. Page
:
On Passive Verbs ... 127
:
On the Infinitive Mood ... ... 194
: 205
XIV. On Adjective Sentences
On the use of Relative Participles ... ... 205
Chap. Page
XVII . Miscellaneous information- (on proper names- on giving
:
PART III .
:
On Pronouns, సర్వనామములు ... ... 323
-IDEE-
TELUGU GRAMMAR .
CHAPTER I.
INTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS.
4. Worunkal, the old capital of the kings of Telingána , fell into the
hands of the Muhammadans in 1332 , and the kingdom of Vijayanagar
in 1556. During the Muhammadan rule Telugu literature was dis-
couraged, and many foreign words , especially Hindustani, crept into
the language .
5. Although many Sanscrit words are used in Telugu, yet the language
has not its origin in Sanscrit. Pure Telugu is formed from roots , which
have a close connexion with the roots of the other languages of South
India, e.g., Tamil , Canarese, etc. These cognate languages form a
distinct family of languages, which are distinguished by the term
Dravidian .
9. Telugu is remarkable for its melody of sound, which has gained for
it the name of the Italian of India. It is regular in construction , and
though copious, it is often like Tamil very laconic . In common con-
versation a single word, or short phrase, is often used to convey the
INTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS . 3
10. Whilst the language used in poetry is uniform, local dialects of Telugu
vary. For instance, there is a certain amount of difference between
the Telugu spoken in Rajahmundry, and that spoken in the Cuddapah
district . The present work is arranged so as to suit, as far as possible,
all dialects , and where any differences exist , they are pointed out.
11. The Telugu language, like many others, may be viewed as consisting
of three branches, namely- (1 ) The language of common conversation.
(2) The language of prose books. (3) The language of poetry. Each of
these three branches differs considerably from the others not only
in the choice of words , but also in the grammatical forms of the same
words. The greatest difference exists between the first and third
branch, while the second branch holds a middle position between the
other two, and partakes of the nature and peculiarities of both.
12. As a child first acquires the spoken language of every day life, before
learning that of books or of poetry, so it will be found most advisable for
those who are about to study a living language, and especially for those
whose duty it will hereafter be to converse with the natives in their own
vernacular, to master the spoken language first. Those who have been
accustomed to study dead languages, must continually bear in mind ,
that the study of a living language must be pursued in a different man-
ner from that of a dead language, or fluency in speaking will never be
attained . This is especially the case with Telugu , where the language
of ordinary conversation differs so greatly from that which is employed
in poetry and grammatically written books .
17. On the other hand a vulgar style must be avoided . The Munshi
ought to be a person of some education . Pariah servants use a vulgar
pronunciation , and low words which are offensive to the upper classes
of natives. A good style can be easily understood by all . In England
an English gentleman has no occasion to adopt a vulgar pronunciation
and low words in order to be understood by a labouring man . Telugu
vulgarisms can soon be understood , and therefore they need not be
learned, nor used when understood .
18. Very great care and pains must be taken to acquire from the first
an accurate pronunciation. It will take time, but it is far from
being lost time . If a bad pronunciation is acquired at first , it will
be very difficult to remedy it afterwards. The student should be
particularly careful not to mumble. He should hold up his head , use
a loud tone, and insist upon the teacher's correcting his pronun-
ciation, until it becomes exactly like that of a native.
INTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS. 5
చెలి
దొరలు క్రొత్తగా వచ్చినప్పుడు వారికి దెను గెంతమాత్రమును
ట , ఠ , డ, ఢ, ణ . త , థ . ద. ధ . న . శ. ష . స . యీ అక్షరములకు
మఱియు ణ, ళ,
నుండు భేదము స్పష్టముగా వివరించి చెప్పవలయును .
CHAPTER II .
22 . But the form is only used, when the vowel occupies the position
of the first letter in a word. When it stands in any other position , it
takes the following shape , and is placed at the top of the consonant to
23. That form of a vowel which is used , when it occupies the position of
the first letter in a word, as e , is called the initial form of the vowel.
the sign is put in the place of a secondary vowel form , and implies
that a secondary vowel form is wanting . Thus the English syllables
săs and as would be more correctly written in Telugu as follows-
సస్,
35, 5. It must be especially remembered that the sign does not
represent any sound, but simply denotes the absence of a secondary
vowel form .
INTRODUCTION TO THE ALPHABET. .7
ā · father.
13
8 in, pin.
ee eel, feel.
ఆ
εσ
...
ق
ق م
..... له
ह g ...... gun.
5 n ...... not.
.... sin.
..... S ......
૩, X, 3, 2, స.
It will be noticed that in the case of the first three compound letters
the secondary vowel form is written touching the consonant form , as
, X, 5, but in the case of the two last compound letters the secondary
6 INTRODUCTION TO THE ALPHABET.
CHAPTER II .
Telugu thus,
22. But the form is only used , when the vowel occupies the position
of the first letter in a word. When it stands in any other position , it
takes the following shape , and is placed at the top of the consonant to
in Telugu thus-~~ . ( i . e. « ) .
the sign is put in the place of a secondary vowel form , and implies
that a secondary vowel form is wanting. Thus the English syllables
săs and as would be more correctly written in Telugu as follows-
సస్,
35, 5. It must be especially remembered that the sign does not
represent any sound, but simply denotes the absence of a secondary
vowel form .
INTRODUCTION TO THE ALPHABET. 7
α ...... father.
ž in, pin.
3
9 8
5 ఈ
.... .... J
g ...... gun.
n ...... not.
2m
am
p ...... pin.
స్ S ......
... sin .
૪, X, 3, ప, 3.
It will be noticed that in the case of the first three compound letters
the secondary vowel form is written touching the consonant form, as
, X, 5, but in the case of the two last compound letters the secondary
ON
8 INTRODUCTI T
TO THE ALPHABE .
It will be noticed also that the only distinction between 3 and is, that
in the case of the latter letter does not touch the consonant form .
3, 8, 2, 2, 2.
7, నె, పె , సె
28. Thus far, therefore, the following portion of the Telugu alphabet
has been given, viz . : — .
es. es.
ఇ. ఈ. ఎ.
P
(~). (~). 9 (2). § (*). — (a).
25 Compound letters.
coxs
fas
хо
š g ཙཾ,
k
сох
X ጸ
х
7.
x
21
200
2000
k
29
29
3.
fo
ప 66
f
స 20 సె .
Exercise I.
2
లి
పా X సి స
Y
لله
పీ ప ఎ
યુ
ઉ
enon
03
పి
D
0x6
ఎ
لام
k
క సా గి
✡
పీ ఇ ి ఈ
ఆన
لله
”યટુ
12
8
x
f
x
1
12
fa
k
ఎ సా పా
2
p²
na
ær
ని పె
des
k
Ð
D
Exercise II .
Exercise III .
The following Telugu words must now be read , written out and learnt
by heart : ---
CHAPTER III .
29 . The letters of the Telugu alphabet and their combinations are very
numerous, and at first sight make the language appear difficult . But in
reality they make it far more easy to acquire correctly ; for there is a
distinct letter for each sound , and therefore every word is pronounced
exactly as it is spelt. In English the same letter may have several
sounds, e. g. , the sound of the letter u in the words but, put, hull, full,
bury, busy. Such an ambiguity can never arise in Telugu ; but after
the correct sounds of the Telugu letters have been once acquired, every
word can be pronounced with perfect accuracy. Hence it is of the
greatest importance to acquire from the very first the exact pronunciation
of each individual letter, especially as on the length of a vowel, or the
harsh or smooth pronunciation of a consonant depends in many instances
the meaning of a word.
30. Telugu is written from left to right like English . The letters ought
to be upright, or slightly sloping towards the left . Care must be taken
to form them in the proper way. This can only be done by watching
how the teacher forms them.
32 . The Telugu letters are divided , as in English, into vowels and con-
sonants.
" ai
అ. ఆ. ఇ. ఈ. ఉ. ఊ. ఋ. ఎ. ఏ. ఐ. ఒ. ఓ. ఔ.
34. The second, fourth, sixth, ninth and twelfth vowels are the long
sounds of the short vowels which precede them . The letters and
are also long, and can only be represented in English by diphthongs.
12 ON THE ALPHABET AND ORTHOGRAPHÝ.
35. The sound of each Telugu letter should be learnt by hearing the
36. In giving the powers of the Telugu letters in English, the object of
the author is not to teach the student how to write Telugu with English
letters , but merely to represent the sound of each of the Telugu letters
by that letter which is most commonly used in English to express the
alphabet, and its sound in an English word are often very different ; for
instance the name of the vowel a , and its sound in the word father. In
English also the same vowel often has several sounds ; for instance the
sound of the vowel u in but and put. In Telugu the name of each of
the Telugu vowels and its sound are one and the same ; and each vowel
has one and only one distinct sound. Hence in giving the powers of the
Telugu vowels in English, the student must consider not the NAME , but
the SOUND of the corresponding English vowel ; and only that PARTICULAR
Table of sounds .
38. అ has the sound of the English ǎ in the words era , local, India .
D
has the sound of the English i in the words in, pin, gig, rip.
ఈ has the sound of the English ee in the words eel, feel, need, heed.
13
has the sound of the English u in the words pull, put, full.
has the sound of the English u in the words June, crude, rule.
ON THE ALPHABET AND ORTHOGRAPHY. 13
never have the soft sound (pronounced like you) of the letter u in
such English words as unison, use . The sound of the English u
in such words as up, us is (as already stated) represented by the
Telugu lettere .
has the sound of the English e in the words ember, fen , leg , beg , peg.
The letter never has the sound of the English e in such words
as equal, elongate, era . This sound of e is the same as that of
has the sound of the English a in the words ache, fate, late.
2
23
has the sound of the English o in the words old, gold, sold .
हयु
The sound of the English o in such words as hot, got, object, ostensible .
40. The preceding letters, which are called the initial forms of the vowels,
can only be used (as the name implies) , when they occupy the position
of the first letter in a word. In every other position each vowel uses a
secondary form , which is never written by itself, but is always compound-
ed (in a manner hereafter explained) with one of the consonant forms ,
so that the two together make but one compound letter. Although the
1
a e: 5
ཤ.
ε
8 9 ai 2
JË
x
i. 5 C
हरु
हयु
ह
113
Ë
U oi &
ui 2
ì
au
2000
The letters , 2, and , are usually inserted after the letter www .
as 3
ప్తము
. .. The letters 2 and 2 are merely lengthened forms
of 2 and 2.
(3) Consonants.
a ņ ∞ X 12 18
X
20
ఘ
23
2
&
ņ
3 jo 18 10
X3
23
X
218
మ
12
య ୪ శ స హ ? F.
To these may be added the letter o , called sunna , which stands for
N or M.
ON THE ALPHABET AND ORTHOGRAPHY. 15
45. (1) It will be observed that the first 25 consonants are arranged in
five lines of five letters each . The letters in the second and fourth per-
pendicular columns are the aspirates of those in the first and third
columns. The letters in the fourth horizontal line are the smooth sounds
of those in the third line .
46 . (2) In the case of the eight letters ఖ, జ, జ, ఞ, ట , ణ, బ , ల,
the vowel is sounded , but not written.
47. (3) In the case of the six letters ,,,,,, the vowel
form is written without touching the consonant form.
49. (5) The letter has two distinct sounds, namely ch, as in charity,
and ts, as in hats.
The letter has also two distinct sounds, namely j, as in jar, and
dz, as the ds in swordsman.
When and have the second mentioned sounds, they are some-
م
times written thus-- and . They are so written throughout this
chapter only.
50. (6) ,,, and must be pronounced with special care. They
are very harsh t, d, n , and 7, made by curling back the tongue, and forci-
bly striking the under part of it against the roof of the mouth.
and are very smooth t and d , pronounced by placing the tongue
against the top row of teeth. They have the sound of the English th
in Thanet and that.
51. (7) All the aspirate letters, except &, have the sign of aspiration ,
which is a small straight stroke written underneath the letter, as .
They must be pronounced with great care, and at first with some exagger-
ation. The right aspiration is not the same as in the English letter h,
(which corresponds with the letter ) , but proceeds directly from the chest.
53 . (9) The letters X and Ŏ are pronounced like hard g and r in the
words gun and run.
54. (10) The letter has a sound intermediate between the English
letters v and w. In some words it is more like v, in others more like w.
56. (12) The letter is often written with the secondary vowel form
touching the consonant form .
is represented by a. 2 is represented by ri
a. e.
કૈંીી
ઉ
૨૩
i. ē.
ఈ I. ai .
u. 0.
18
u. & ō.
¿
88
2000 - au ,
ha3
ri.
2·
3
88
ON THE ALPHABET AND ORTHOGRAPHY. 17
CONSONANTS.
las
com
n.
am
em
en
is represented by
on
k. is represented by
en
aņ
am
lõ
lepo
luz
lc
kz
lezz
25 kh .
bez
p.
Ē g. ph.
gh. b.
ng. - bh .
-5 ch , or ts. 50 m.
chh . 255 y.
j, or dz. r.
бор jh. ల్ 1.
سا
اناا
ساا
مهنوان
میهن
چهممهعم
bus
ñ. 1.
ట్ t. 5 V.
th. $.
ḍ. sh .
dh . S.
n. h.
t. ksh .
- th . n, or m
о
- d. - h.
dh .
On Spelling .
60. When using the dictionary, it must be remembered that some words
have more than one mode of spelling . Thus , for instance, some words use
కావిడి , etc. Some words have other vowels optional , e . g . దగ్గిర or దగ్గర ,
J or Jews, etc. Some words have at pleasure , e. g . 30x
or క్రింద , కోసు or క్రోసు , etc. Some words also are occasionally written
చేయవలెను , JF
వస్తా for వస్తాను.
On Vulgarisms.
64. The following vulgarisms are common , but must be carefully avoided—
66. The compound letters are, with few exceptions, formed upon very
regular principles, and are therefore very easy to learn . Whilst learning
them the subjoined notes should be read . Each line of the following
table of compound letters must be carefully studied, until each letter can
be named when pointed to, or written down when named ,
ON THE ALPHABET AND ORTHOGRAPHY . 19
32 pond rad nad påd rad nad need pod pod pod red med ned mod red red red red had had had red med råd pod pod red
Ku K
కా కు కూ కొ
kl . ఖ ఖా ఖు ఖూ ఖృ
8
9 గు గూ هللا
16
గృ
K
32 ņ
ఘ ఘా ఘు ఘూ ఘృ
చీ చు చూ చృ
ņ
こん
23
ឌ జు జూ
2
ఝ ఝా ఝి ఝ ఝు ఝూ ఝృ ఝ ఝ ఝ ఝా ఝా
3
esmo
-alb
టి టీ
Euh
eh
Eub
auh
cub
ab
3b
Ech
sich
ah
zb
&
euh
టృ S
2
tê ŏ రు రూ రో
ට
x3 x3
الاالالليلحهل
لهلالالم
لالللهملهه
డి డు
هههلههه
డూ డృ డె
de ఢూ ఢృ
&
강 ణు ణూ ణృ
+ త తీ తు తూ తో
है
है
छ
क्ष
థు థూ థృ
దీ దు దూ దృ
1i ధ
ను నూ
&
y
లి
~
ezi
&
&
e l
भव्य
పూ
हां
हा
हा
हीी
श्री
हाँ
8
है
ह
బా బొ
छै
क्ष
छ
భా تكرم భూ భృ zaź
మ మా మి మీ ము మూ మృ మొ
యీ యు యూ యృ యొ యో యౌ
α&
င် రు రూ
l లి లో
6
V
వా
శ శా శి శు శూ శౌ
ᏱᎧ
ههه
ష షా
tor
for
93
eon
షూ షృ పె
412
స సా సి సీ సు సూ సృ సౌ
హి హెూహ
హీ హు హూ హృ హె
ళ ళి ళు
క్ష र्द्ध हू
Note . —In this list ఙ and ఞ are omitted , as they are only rarely used.
20 ON THE ALPHABET AND ORTHOGRAPHY .
and 2
(1 ) All the secondary vowel forms, except ,, لو
are written above the consonant forms ; and are placed to the
right, on the same line as the consonant forms ; is placed to the right,
partly underneath and partly on the same line as the consonant forms ;
and 2 is placed partly above and partly below them.
68 . (2) The vowel invariably retains its place above a consonant form ,
Hence all the consonants (except those in which is only sounded , and
and ౮ , viz.— ఘా , ఝా , మా , యా , ఘా , ఝా , హొ , ఘో , ఝౌ ,
69. (3) The sound of , when added to , changes it into , and the
70. (4) The forms ∞ and ox are used without and being ex-
Exercises in Reading .
All the exercises in this chapter are upon reading and pronunciation
N.B. - As all these exercises contain common words only, they should
be learnt by heart, and will form a useful vocabulary.
Exercise 1.
Exercise II ,
Exercise III.
Exercise IV.
Exercise V.
Exercise VI.
Exercise VII.
లంక ... ... an island. మంట ... a blaze . అంత ... all .
Ko
ముందు ... before. wo ...... a ball . Xoes ... a bell .
Exercise VIII .
subscribed consonant,
24 ON THE ALPHABET AND ORTHOGRAPHY .
75. The consonant on the line is pronounced first , and generally forms
in reality a part of the previous syllable. Then the subscribed consonant
and the vowel attached to the consonant on the line are pronounced
they have a different shape from that which they use when written on
the line. In the case of many other consonants also the shape is slightly
altered.
77. The eight consonants, of which the subscribed form shave a different
shape from that which they use when written on the line , are exhibited
in the subjoined table . In it each of these consonants has its subscribed
form written underneath it.
вся
క్క
३क्ष
య్య
९
र
IS
79. When consonants are doubled in Telugu, they are pronounced far
81 . In some words there are more than one subscribed consonant , as,
a woman. Such words are not very numerous,
ON THE ALPHABET AND ORTHOGRAPHY. 25
Exercise IX .
Exercise X.
especial. a mountain .
ముఖ్యము పర్వతము
La
a sentence .
ba
Exercise XI .
understanding. a dispute .
బుద్ధి వ్యాజ్యము
desire . surprise .
ఇచ్ఛ ఆశ్చర్యము
Exercise XII ..
money . schools .
సొము బళ్లు
Exercise XIII.
లాగవద్దు
ఈ this ( Adj. pron). మెల్లిగా gently (adverb).
Exercise XIV.
గొడుగు an umbrella .
తీసుక రావద్దు don't bring .
కర్ర a stick.
తీసుకపోవద్దు don't take away .
ON THE ALPHABET AND ORTHOGRAPHY. 27
Exercise XV .
Imperative moods. Adverbs.
put. well.
పెట్టు
Exercise XVI .
Imperative moods. Nouns.
Don't.wash . a box.
కడుగవద్దు పెట్టె
Exercise XVII.
ము వర్ణము .
82. A letter is called అక్షర
how or w. The alphabet is called
letter 28. The vowels are called ev, and the consonants
Loever.
instead of . instead of d.
dão es . యే 5.
యి 8. అయి . ఐ.
ன்
نتهم
ఈ. So 2.
A. amo 2.
వు
వూ అవు ఔ.
is especially common.
85. The sign ( called Boxes) written on the line, adds the
ప; as అంతఃకరణ , మనఃపూర్వకము .
30 ON THE ALPHABET AND ORTHOGRAPHY.
87. The names of the secondary forms of the vowels are as follows :-
తలకట్టు . ఎత్వము.
91
దీర్ఘము . ఏత్వము.
9 గుడి .
ఐత్వము .
مهع
5 గుడి దీర్ఘము . 2
ఒత్వము .
из
&
కొమ్ము . ఓత్వము .
ك వటవసుడి .
89. The letters and are pronounced ch and j in all Sanscrit words
without exception , and also in all pure Telugu words, except when
followed by the vowels. > , and , in which case
they are pronounced ts and dz.
గుర్రం.
91. In printed books each letter and each word is written separately ; but
in ordinary writing a running hand is usually adopted, called vše ,
in which the letters and also the words are run into each other . In
On Punctuation .
Telugu స్తంభము .
to this rule is , that some of the aspirate letters are occasionally used
in the spelling of Hindustani and English words , and in a few Telugu
colloquialisms ; as తఫిసీలు , ఘాలి . The letter also is often incorrectly
CHAPTER IV .
SKELETON GRAMMAR.
singular, or changes its last syllable into ex. The genitive changes final
Sin. N.
N..8
%. G. D. గోడకు . 0. గోడను .
(a) The feminine pronoun 3rd person has in the singular the
same form as the neuter, and in the plural the same as the mas-
culine.
(1 ) Positive Form .
Future tense.
కొట్టుతాను I shall or will strike . చేస్తాను.
PL . 1st చేసినాము.
We struck, or have struck .
2nd చేసినారు .
You struck, or have struck.
( 2 ) Negative Form .
on have not struck . నీవు కొట్టలేదు Thou didst not strike , or hast not
struck . etc. , etc.
SIN . 1 . చేయను .
కొట్టను _ I shall or will not strike .
2. Thou shalt not strike , etc. చేయవు .
కొట్టవు
He shall not strike. చేయడు .
3.M. కొట్టడు
చేయదు .
F. & N . కొట్టదు _ She or it shall not strike .
Pl. 1. చేయము .
కొట్టము _ We shall not strike .
2. కొట్టరు You shall not strike. చేయరు .
' M. & F . కొట్టరు _ They (M. &F . ) shall not strike . చేయరు.
3.
N. కొట్టవు _ They ( NEU . ) shall nct strike . చేయవు .
36 SKELETON GRAMMAR AND MODEL SENTENCES .
(7) The English auxiliaries must and ought are expressed by adding
Je238 or 33 to the infinitive. Must not and ought not are expressed
చేసినప్రకారము , కొట్టినప్పుడు .
M. లేడు. కాడు .
ఉన్నాడు . He is .
3.
F. & N. ది She or it is. లేదు . కాదు .
SENTENCES .
ప్రయత్నము An endeavour. To go .
వెళ్ల
పని Work. య To write.
after, the affix 38 although , and the affix 385 according as.
DX 52 DO
మీరు అక్కడికి వెళ్లినారా ? (See para . E. I. (b) , and H. 3.)
Did you go there ?
ఆయన వ్రాయవద్దని ( వద్దు అని ) చెప్పినప్పటికీ, వ్రాస్తారు . ( See para . H. 9 and 10.
Although he says , do not write , they will write .
40 SKELETON GRAMMAR AND MODEL SENTENCES.
1 2 3 5
CONCLUDING SENTENCE . మీరు అక్కడికి వెళ్లినతరువాత, నాకు ఉత్తరము
6 7 8 9 10 11 12
నేను చేయవలసిన పనులు తెలియచేస్తే , వారు చేయవద్దని
13 14 15 16 17 18
Free translation . After you have gone there, if you will write me a
letter, and tell me what I ought to do , I will endeavour to do as you write ,
although they tell me not to do so.
After all the above sentences have been thoroughly mastered, the
following English sentences must be translated into Telugu , and after
correction by the teacher, must be learnt by heart.
1 2 3 4 5 6
తరువాత వడ్లవాని వద్దికి వెళ్లి నిన్న పంపిన పెట్టె మంచిది కాదు , బహు
26 27 28 29 30 31
Translate into Telugu. He will not send that box quickly. He did not
go quickly. Did you go to my house yesterday ? Mr. Martin will not go
there. Will you go to them at three o'clock ? He did not send that box
yesterday. Go to him , and say that he must do that work to-day . Tell
him that he must write to-morrow: That is not your box. This is my
house. He is a bad man . He has no box . Have you not a house ? I
have no work, so I shall go to Mr. Martin . This house is a very good
one. Tell him that this is not a good box, and that he must send three
You must do the work that I have told you , but you must not do the
work that he has told you.
1 3 4 5 6
22 23
చేయకూడదని చెప్పినాడు .
6 1 6 2 3 4 5
Literal Translation . When I asked your elder brother that thing,
23 11 11 11 11 10 10 8 7 7 9 9 12 14 14
(he) said—It is not known to me when the Rajah will go , but as soon
14 13 14 17 17 15 15 16 16 18 18 19
as he goes , ( I ) will send to you a message ; if (I) send (it ) , you
22 22 22 21 20 20 20
must not make (it) known to any one .
did not know when the Rajah would go, but that as soon as he ( i.e. , the
Rajah) went, he would send me word, and that if he did so , I must not
mention it to any one.
Trauslate into Telugu . Is he your elder brother ? Ask him that matter.
If you ask him , he will not tell ( you ) . When he asked me, I did not tell
(him) . As soon as he asked you, did you tell ( him ) ? When did you ask
him that matter ? Do you not know when your elder brother will go ?
When they went, your elder brother sent me a message . Your elder
brother did not say when they would go . The Rajah told me that matter,
46 SKELETON GRAMMAR AND MODEL SENTENCES .
but he did not tell my elder brother. I do not know what the Rajah said .
I will not tell you what he said . I will tell the Rajah what you said .
If you go to the Rajah, he will tell you what I said . As soon as he
informed me of that matter, I went to your elder brother, and told him.
After practising himself in this manner for some weeks , he should pro-
vide himself with a pocket-book, and enter into it daily a few sentences,
such as he is likely to require for constant use ; and after having learnt
them thoroughly, he should bring them into practical use on every
CHAPTER V.
I. NOUNS .
95. The English indefinite article a , and the definite article the may be
considered as inherent in Telugu nouns. But 25 one is sometimes used,
where in English the indefinite article is used ; and the force of the English
definite article is sometimes expressed in Telugu by using the demonstra-
tive adjective pronouns es that or those, and this or these.
97. Nouns denoting the agent are sometimes formed from nouns
98. A class of masculine and feminine nouns are formed from neuter
a huntsman, a workwoman.
a glutton.
100. Many nouns are derived from the roots of verbs . (1) In the case
of roots of the first conjugation, the noun has generally exactly the
same form as the root . (2 ) In the case of roots of the third conjugation ,
final is generally changed in . (3) In the case of some roots , the
termination undergoes certain other changes. Thus—
ON NOUNS, POSTPOSITIONS , AND ADJECTIVES . 49
(3) The neuter, which is applied to all such nouns as are neither
child . Some nouns such as milk (no sing. ) and water ( sing . )
102. Telugu nouns have two numbers -the Singular, and the Plural ; and
in each number there are five cases, namely—(1 ) the nominative—(2)
the genitive-(3 ) the dative—(4) the objective— ( 5) the vocative.
On Number ,
103. The names of grains are generally used in the plural number only,
except when used as adjectives, or when spoken of as a crop. Thus—
104. When two nouns closely connected to each other come together, the
two are joined together, and the latter takes the plural termination .
105. When the nominative and genitive singular and the nominative
107. (2) The objective case (except in the first declension , in which it is
108. (3) The vocative case is the same as the nominative with the final
పులి , voc . పులీ ; nom . బిడ్డ , roc. బిడ్డా ; nom . తమ్ముడు , vor. తమ్ముడా.
112. When several nouns are joined together, it is usual to put all in the
చెప్పగలరు ?
Who can tell the damage that arises from thunderbolts , storms, pestilence ,
and disease ?
113. Telugu nouns are divided into two classes, namely- regular and
irregular .
114. This declension includes all masculine nouns, of which the nominative
singular ends in . All these nouns are of more than two syllables .
EXAMPLE .
Singular . Plural.
Of do . .... Of do.
G. తమ్ముని తమ్ముల
.... To do. do .
D. తమ్మునికి తమ్ములకు ...... To
a
a man , స్నేహితుడు a male friend, రాముడు Rama, వర్తకుడు a merchant ,
117 . This declension includes all nouns of more than two syllables ending
EXAMPLE.
Singular. Plural.
N. గుర్రము. గుర్రములు .
G. గుర్రము . Xv&Love.
0. గుర్రమును , గుర్రములను .
V. గుర్రమా. గుర్రములారా .
119. Nouns of this declension may use contracted forms in the dative and
objective case singular, and throughout the plural . These are formed
120. The contracted form of the dative in 556 (as X550 ) is not often
0 , as గుర్రం .
123 . This declension includes all nouns (except those which belong to the
second declension ) which have the genitive singular the same as the
nominative singular.
EXAMPLES.
125. N. D. బిడ్డలు. N.
స్త్రీలు .
टेक
ेक
G. D. G. 3.
চ
బిడ్డల , స్త్రీల .
ट
D.
D. బిడ్డకు . బిడ్డలకు. స్త్రీలకు .
128 . Many nouns of the THIRD DECLENSION, and also IRREGULAR nouns ,
use peculiar forms in the plural nominative (and consequently throughout
the plural, para. 109) , which will now be explained . Most of these forms
Pl. కోమట్లు, Sing . చోటు , Pl. చోట్లు , Sing . చెట్టు, Pl. చెట్లు , Sing . గుడ్డు ,
Pl . గుడ్లు .
(b) Nouns ending in &,,, or ev, and nouns of more than two
into ళ్లు . Thus— Sing . పొడి , Pl . పొళ్లు . Sing . తాడు , Pl . తాళ్లు . Sing . పేరు ,
Pl . పేళ్లు . Sing . కాలు , Pl . కాళ్లు . Sing . కౌగిలి , Pl. కౌగిళ్లు . Sing . పందిరి ,
Pl . పందిళ్లు .
(d) A few nouns ending in & ,, 3 , or ɖɔɔ , sometimes form the plural
Sing . కాడి , Pl. కాండ్లు or కాళ్లు . Sing . ఏడు , Pl . ఏండ్లు or ఏళ్లు . When
ల్లు and
(e) Nouns ending in e form the plural by changing the
letters into o డ్లు or ళ్లు . Thus Sing . ముల్లు . Pl. ముండ్లు or ముళ్లు .
(h) All nouns, which do not come under these rules, form the plural
by adding ex to the singular nominative .
P. కావిళ్లు .
On Irregular Nouns .
129 . There are a large class of Telugu nouns which are irregular in the
Singular, i.e., they form their GENITIVE SINGULAR (and consequently
all derived from it , paras. 106 , 107 ) in a peculiar and irregular manner.
The following rules explain the formation of these irregular genitives .
When these are known, any irregular noun can be easily declined in the
singular by applying the rules given in paras. 106 , 108. The plural
131 . Rule II. With few exceptions, all neuter nouns ending in are
3. Thus-
132 . Some irregular nouns ending in ∞ , also form the genitive singular in
133 . The singular genitives of పేరు , వేరు and ఊరు are పేరిటి or పేరి , వేరి ,
and 8.
134 . Rule III. Some irregular nouns ending in ex form the GENITIVE SIN-
The two last nouns also form their plurals in and o , e.g.,
The noun పాలు a share makes the genitive singular పాలి or పాలిటి.
135 . Rule IV. Irregular nouns ending in ex and form the GENITIVE
136.
Rule V. Irregular nouns ending in ow or ows, change this termina-
tion into to form the GENITIVE SINGULAR . The vowel preceding
Do.
ప్రొద్దు morning. ప్రొద్దుటి పొద్దులు ,
మీరాను a fish .
139 .
The following nouns ending in శ్రు (gram . ఱ్ఱు ) form the genitive
by changing into , and the plural nominative by changing
140 . In a few instances different nouns have the same form in the plural.
sion use the plural objective case in this manner, and drop the final 5.
Thus-
II. POSTPOSITIONS .
143 . In Telugu there are certain words , called postpositions, which are
affixed to nouns and pronouns, just as in English prepositions are pre-
fixed to nouns and pronouns.
that matter. A few postpositions such as బైట , పైన , కింద , దగ్గిర, వెనుక
are sometimes affixed to a dative case .
ON NOUNS , POSTPOSITIONS , AND ADJECTIVES . 61
the final letter is often dropped, and the preceding vowel , if short ,
మార్గాన, etc.
147 . The irregular nouns instead of using the locative case mentioned
above (para. 141 ) may also use the ordinary form made by adding the
tion to— తరువాత after వెనుక ( or వెనక ) behind— దాకా , మట్టుకు (gram .
(Compare paras. 210 and 153. ) Thus- 308 σow. That under
stone -or- The stone which is underneath . oo8 Se . The land
below the hill. ఆ గ్రంథములోని కథలు . The stories in that book . నాయం
III. ADJECTIVES .
150. Telugu adjectives are indeclinable , i.e. , they do not vary in gender,
number, or case ; as- zex a great house,
ఇండ్లలో in great
houses.
much, etc. , or by the use of the ordinary forms preceded by certain post-
ON ADJECTIVES .
and then having o affixed to them. Thus from the crude Sanscrit
man, the feminine noun శ్రేష్ఠురాలు an excellent woman , and the neuter
శ్రేష్ఠుడయిన ఋషి .
An excellent Rishi . Lit. A Rishi , who is an excellent man .
శ్రేష్ఠురాలయిన సరస్వతి .
The excellent Sarasvati . Lit. Sarasvati , who is an excellent woman .
శ్రేష్ఠమయిన ఆవు .
An excellent cow. Lit. A cow , which is an excellent thing.
శ్రేష్ఠులయిన స్నేహితులకు,
To excellent friends . Lit. To friends , who are excellent persons.
159. When these adjectives qualify a feminine noun in the plural, they
often take the masculine form ; as లు .
శ్రేష్ఠులయిన స్త్రీ
160. When these adjectives qualify a neuter noun in the plural, they
may take either the singular or the plural form. The singular form is
most common . Thus-
త్రపు కథ .
9
84 ON NOUNS, POSTPOSITIONS , AND
ON ADJECTIV
at or $ 288, 85 or నిన్న
355 సా .
Fat Saw.
66 ON NOUNS , POSTPOSITION , AND ADJECTIVES .
S
ఆమె శ్రేష్ఠురాలు .
She is an excellent woman.
వారు శ్రేష్ఠులు.
They are excellent persons.
ఈ పుస్తకములు శ్రేష్ఠమయినవి .
These books are excellent.
166 . It may be here mentioned that the words Xe and are often
167. A Sanscrit adjective preceding a Sanscrit noun may drop its Telugu
The two last nouns also form their plurals in and o , e.g.,
135 . Rule IV. Irregular nouns ending in ex and form the GENITIVE
కంటి
కన్ను an eye . కండ్లు or కళ్లు .
136 .
Rule V. Irregular nouns ending in ow or ows , change this termina-
tion into to form the GENITIVE SINGULAR . The vowel preceding
139 .
The following nouns ending in శ్రు (gram . ఱ్ఱు ) form the genitive
140. In a few instances different nouns have the same form in the plural.
oor
పండ్లు is the plural of both o fruit, and ex a tooth , etc.
locative case by changing of their irregular genitive into > and adding
sion use the plural objective case in this manner, and drop the final 5 .
Thus-
II. POSTPOSITIONS .
143 . In Telugu there are certain words, called postpositions, which are
affixed to nouns and pronouns , just as in English prepositions are pre-
fixed to nouns and pronouns .
altering its meaning ; as-- తల్లి ప్రేమ or తల్లియొక్క ప్రేమ a mother's love ;
but whenever a word intervenes between the genitive and the word which
governs the genitive , then s is generally affixed : as-
S తల్లి యొక్క
మార్గాన, etc.
147. The irregular nouns instead of using the locative case mentioned
above (para. 141 ) may also use the ordinary form made by adding the
the following list the most common meanings only are given ; other
idiomatic meanings can be easily learnt from observation. The post-
Veloro the hill . ఆ గ్రంథములోని కథలు . The stories in that book. నాయం
III. ADJECTIVES .
150. Telugu adjectives are indeclinable, i.e. , they do not vary in gender,
number, or case ; as-పెద్ద sex
ఇల్లు a
a great house, పెద్ద ఇండ్లలో in great
houses.
much, etc. , or by the use of the ordinary forms preceded by certain post-
a tank.....
చెరువు నీళ్లు tank water.
385 a river....... ..... ఏటి ఇసుక river sand .
into ). Thus-
ON ADJECTIVES .
and then having o affixed to them . Thus from the crude Sanscrit
man, the feminine noun శ్రేష్ఠురాలు an excellent woman , and the neuter
శ్రేష్ఠుడయిన ఋషి .
An excellent Rishi . Lit. A Rishi , who is an excellent man .
శ్రేష్ఠురాలయిన సరస్వతి .
The excellent Sarasvati . Lit. Sarasvati , who is an excellent woman .
శ్రేష్ఠమయిన ఆవు.
An excellent cow. Lit. A cow , which is an excellent thing.
శ్రేష్ఠులయిన స్నేహితులకు ,
To excellent friends . Lit. To friends , who are excellent persons.
159. When these adjectives qualify a feminine noun in the plural , they
160. When these adjectives qualify a neuter noun in the plural, they
may take either the singular or the plural form. The singular form is
most common . Thus-
త్రపు కథ .
9
66 ON NOUNS , POSTPOSITIONS , AND ADJECTIVES .
163.
When one of the abovementioned words is used in the predicate,
it may remain unaltered , or may take the affix ow with the pronomi-
nal affixes attached to it . In the masculine and feminine the former
is most common , and in the neuter the latter is most common.
Thus-
ఆమె శ్రేష్ఠురాలు .
She is an excellent woman.
వారు శ్రేష్ఠులు.
They are excellent persons.
ఈ పుస్తకములు శ్రేష్ఠమయినవి .
These books are excellent .
166 . It may be here mentioned that the words Xe and are often
167. A Sanscrit adjective preceding a Sanscrit noun may drop its Telugu
i.
68 ON PRONOUNS , COMPOSITE NOUNS , ETC.
CHAPTER VI .
The Telugu pronouns are declined upon the same general principles
as the nouns, and may like them affix postpositions .
169 . I, the pronoun of the first person, has two forms in the plural,
is declined as follows :-
G. నా of me. 20 మన of us .
0.352 me.
నన్ను మమ్ము or మమ్మును మనను or మనలను us .
170.
Instead of మము and మిమ్ము the forms మమ్ములను and మిమ్మలను
are sometimes used. (Paras. 169 , 171.)
ON PRONOUNS , COMPOSITE NOUNS, ETC. 69
Singular. Plural.
dative and the objective case, which is contrary to the general rule.
(Paras. 106 , 107).
173. The pronouns of the third person are the demonstrative pronouns
that man, he ; that woman, she, it, and this man, he;
174. These pronouns have the following peculiarity : -In the singular the
word used in the masculine ( namely , or ) is distinct from the
word used in the feminine and neuter, which are both represented by
the same word (namely ~ , or 8). In the plural the masculine and
feminine are both represented by the same word ( namely ∞∞, or DX),
and the neuter uses a distinct word (namely D , or 2). This peculi-
SINGULAR .
Masculine. Feminine and Neuter.
N. That man , or he. ~ That woman , she ; or that thing, it.
PLURAL .
N. వారు , or వాండ్లు Those men , or women , they. అవి Those things, they.
SINGULAR.
PLURAL.
N. వీరు , or వీండ్లు These men or women , they. ఇవి These things, they.
and దీంట్లో . In the plural వాండ్లు and వీండ్లు are often pronounced వాళ్లు
and వీళ్లు .
the third person are also used , అతడు (or అతను ) , ఆయన thuti man , the ,
ON PRONOUNS , COMPOSITE NOUNS , ETC. 71
ఇతడు (or ఇతను ) , ఈయన this man , he . These words which have no
words ఆబిడె , ఆమె , that woman , she , and ఈబిడె, ఈమె , this woman ,
177. The words వాడు, వీడు , అది , ఇది are used of a person of very low
and ఆయన , ఈయన, ఆమె, ఈమె are used to mark respect. ఆయన
Singular. Plural.
G. తన తమ , or తమరి .
permission . When thus used the forms తమరి , తమరికి and తమరిని are
182. The reflexive pronoun (except when used in the plural num-
On Emphatic Pronouns .
183 . The force of the emphatic expressions - I myself, you yourself, etc. ,
may be expressed in Telugu by emphatic ; as , I myself. Such
ON PRONOUNS , COMPOSITE NOUNS , ETC. 73
(3 ) Interrogative Pronouns .
SINGULAR .
PLURAL .
285
మార్టిన్ 587∞ Mr. Martin, 85 + Mrs. Martin .
9 ,, 52,
as a mark of respect to such words as తల్లి då ,
తండ్రి , మునిషీ , etc. The
Singular. Plural .
G. తన తమ , or తమరి .
permission . When thus used the forms తమరి , తమరికి and తమరిని are
182. The reflexive pronoun (except when used in the plural num-
On Emphatic Pronouns.
183. The force of the emphatic expressions- I myself, you yourself, etc. ,
(3 ) Interrogative Pronouns .
SINGULAR .
PLURAL .
185.
In the singular the forms ఎవతే (or ఎవర్తె) , dat . ఎవ తేకు , obj.
Jare sometimes used in reference to a female of low rank ;
186 . All pronouns ending in sometimes take & in the genitive instead
of ని; as— వాడు , వాడికి , ఎవడికి , etc. The form of the objective in -ణ్ని
(e.g., ) is most common in the Northern Circars .
33. This word (like what in English) may stand in the place of
ఏదైన 25
ఒక పుస్తకము తీసుకరా Bring any book.
Adjective Pronouns.
example-
N. అందరు అన్ని
G. అందరి
అన్నిటి
D. అందరికి అన్ని టికి
192. Instead of the above masculine and feminine forms the words Jo
మంది , ఇంత మంది , అంత మంది , కొంత మంది may be used . The word
308 means persons.
76 ON PRONOUNS , COMPOSITE NOUNS , ETC.
the word each , when used as an adjective ; and the words ఒక్కొక్కడు,
194. NOTE . When reduplication is used, and the first noun is put in
the nominative with 8 or attached to it , it denotes exchange . Thus―
195. NOTE . - When reduplication takes place, and the last noun takes
196 . Each followed by his own, her own, its own, or their own , is expressed
by J5 or 5, followed by ore. Thus-
197. Such sentences as-Each of the two has a different colour- Each of
the four must do different work—are expressed by the reduplication of the
numeral . Thus-
198. The word apiece, which refers to two people only, is expressed in
199. The words several , respective, various , etc. , are rendered in Telugu by
the reduplication of pronouns . Thus—
ఏ యే ఊళ్లలో తిరిగినాడు ?
This is one story, and that is another, i.c., this is quite a different story
from that .
They are one , and we are another, i.c., they are quite distinct from us .
II . COMPOSITE NOUNS .
202. By aflixing వాడు , వారు, వాండ్లు , ది (or అది) , and వీ (for అవి )
means a girl, and, if neuter, a little one (e.g. , a little box) . When
is formed, which is neuter, and means little ones (e.g. , little boxes) .
In the same manner from the word oès (the genitive singular of
latter is the more common form , except in the case of such words as
204. It has already been stated (see para. 166) that the words Xe and
are often placed after a noun , and give it the force of an adjective ; as—
Xe
ప్రేమగ ల a loving friend. After Xe or లేని we may add the
205. Composite nouns ending in & form the vocative by changing & into
దానా ; as– గొల్లది . voc . గొల్లదానా. In the plural వారు is changed into
SINGULAR .
Masculine. Feminine .
G. గొల్లవాని గొల్లదాని
V. గొల్లవాడా గొల్లదానా
PLURAL.
G. గొల్లవారి - గొల్లవాండ్ల
-
D. గొల్ల వారికి - గొల్లవాండ్లకు
―
0. గొల్ల వారిని - గొల్లవాండ్లను
V. గొల్లవారలారా - గొల్లవాండ్లారా
III . ADVERBS .
In the
అప్పుడు then , అప్పటి of that time, అప్పటికి, అప్పటినుంచి , etc.
to- day, రేపు to -morrow, ఎల్లుండి the day after to- morrow, are declined
as follows :--
212. Many of these words may also take pronominal affixes ; as— & X
those (i.e. , the people ) of that place, ♫ the people of this placé, ·
IV. CONJUNCTIONS .
213. In Telugu there are few CONJUNCTIONS, and these are often
omitted .
216. The word w , when affixed to a single word, has the force of
డున్ను, You and your brother . మిమునున్ను ఆయననున్ను, You and him .
218. The above affixes , when affixed to a single word, often have the
force of the English word also or too ; as- , You also or you too.
219. The above affixes and also affix o are often added to INTER-
of the word any in English , i.e. , anybody, anything, etc. The former
affixes are only used in a negative sentence, and the latter affix is only
question . Thus — Have you ever ( Jap∞ ) seen Madras ? I have not
That situation not having become to him, has become to some one else .
i.e., He has not got that situation, but some one else has got it .
221 . These words are also used in the sense of besides , i.e., in addition to.
Thus-
( Or కాక .)
223. The word కాని (or గాని ) is the negative relative participle of అవుట,
and hence in its primary signification it means—who (or which) is not or
was not. Thus-
224. In many instances , however , the word కాని (or గాని ) may be trans-
I will give leave to you , but not to him . Lit. To you , but to him leave
I will not give.
226. The word (or ) is also used to express the English conjunc-
tions either-or, as explained on a former page. (Para . 214.)
228.
NOTE . (2 ) In a similar manner the imperative or og is affixed to
the infinitive . This expression literally means-Give it to go . It
V. INTERJECTIONS .
VI. NUMERALS .
CARDINALS .
231. The Telugu figure for 1'is . One man , one woman , one thing are
one book. The word 25 is also often used , where in English we use the
N. ఒకడు . ఒక తె . ఒకటి.
G. ఒకని.
ఒక ని . ఒక తె. ఒకటి.
D. ఒకనికి . A ఒకటికి.
232 . The following table shows some of the neuter cardinal numbers with
their corresponding figures in Telugu and in English-
4. ౪. నాలుగు . · పద్ధెనిమిది .
18. ౧౮.
5. ౫. అయిదు . 19. ౧౯. పందొమిది .
పందొమ్మిది .
6. ౬. ఆరు . 20. ౨౦. ఇరువై , or ఇరవై .
8. ౮. ఎనిమిది . 30 .
30. ముప్ఫై .
9. 40. రం . నలుభై , or నలభై .
౯. తొమ్మిది .
10. ౧౦. పది . 50. 10. Do ?.
300.
-మూడు వందలు , or మున్నూరు .
400 . రంం-
- నాలుగు వందలు , or నన్నూరు .
600.
-ఆరు వందలు , or ఆర్నూరు .
700. 200-
-ఏడు వందలు , or ఏన్నారు .
900. రు .
-తొమ్మిది వందలు , or తొమ్మన్నూరు
1,100.
- వెయ్యిన్ని నూరు, or పదకొండు వందలు.
100,000. -లక్ష .
expressed by నూరో,
235. When any number ends with the word 2 , the noun is put in
the singular ; as నూట తొంభై ఒక ఆవు. One hundred and ninety - one
cows . (Lit. cow. )
88 ON PRONOUNS , COMPOSITE NOUNS , ETC.
236. Masculine and feminine cardinals take a different form from the neuter
cardinals ; but in common conversation these forms are only used as
far as the number nine. After the number nine the masculine and
feminine cardinals are expressed by the neuter cardinal forms with
287 . The words and do , when written after a noun, have tho
meaning of both . In this case they are generally strengthened by the
238. All the neuter cardinals except 23, form the genitive by adding
3. Before 3 the letter o may be inserted at pleasure, and this is the
form commonly used in conversation. If the preceding vowel be o
it is changed into O. Thus - Nom . 3ox . Gen. Savez or Savol3.
form 2038 and 253038 are often used for 238. (Para . 231) .
239. When several numbers stand together, all except the last are put in the
genitive case, except the word , which is put in the locative case,
ɔ. వెయ్యిన్ని
Thus—— Daug
namely, . The word og takes the affix . Thus- 2
Joe JBJev one thousand one hundred and twenty-four.
-ON PRONOUNS , COMPOSITE NOUNS, ETC. 89
240. The numbers నాలుగు , నలుగురు , పది , పదిమంది are sometimes used
Ordinals .
241 . The ordinals have only one form for all genders , and are formed from
242. The ordinals may take the pronominal affixes ; as- the third
Fractions.
1 I a quarter.
పావు . ( Or పాతికె . )
13 чa half. ~8.
EXAMPLES .
మూడు గొర్రెలు . One thousand seven hundred and twenty - three sheep .
One hundred and twenty -two mats . నూట తొమ్మిదో పుస్తకము . The one
hundred and ninth book. నూట ఇరువై ఒకటో వచనము. The one
CHAPTER VII.
ON VERBS .
వెళ్లుట .
245 . Telugu verbs are divided into three conjugations according to the
termination of their root.
N.B.-The root is the crude form of verb, from which the various
parts are derived . It has no distinct meaning, though it often has the
same form as an abstract noun .
The first conjugation includes all verbs of which the root does not
endin యు or చు ; as కొట్టు.
The second conjugation includes all verbs of which the root ends in
యు ; as చేయు .
The third conjugation includes all verbs of which the root ends in
చు ; as నడుచు .
There are a few Telugu verbs which in some of their parts are
246, Every Telugu verb has two distinct forms, namely a positive form,
and a negative form. For the present the positive form only will be
248 . What is meant by a " relative participle " will be explained here-
after. It is enough for the present merely to state , that the present
relative participle of the positive primary verb is 52.
Singular. Plural.
Singular.
Plural.
1st person . మేము ఉన్నాము We are .
250. It will be noticed that the above tense has the same peculiarity
in the THIRD person as the pronouns of the third person have ; namely—
In the singular the masculine has a distinct form from the feminine
and neuter, both of which have the same form. In the plural the
masculine and feminine have both the same form, and the neuter has
a distinct form . ( Para . 174.)
EXERCISE.
es
స్త్రీలు ఆ గదిలో ఉన్నారు .
Those women are in that room .
251 . The positive form of a Telugu verb consists of the following parts : -
(4) The verbal participles, of which there are two, namely- (1 ) the
present, and (2) the past.
(5) The relative participles, of which there are three, namely- (1) the
progressive present, (2) the past , and (3) the indefinite.
(6) The indicative mood , which has the four following tenses-
Each tense has two NUMBERS , singular and plural ; and each number
has three PERSONS .
252. The first conjugation is in reality the only regular form of conjuga-
tion, and the second and third conjugations are merely variations and
contractions, which occur in the case of those verbs of which the root ends.
96 ON VERBS.
in or . This being the case, the rules for the formation of verbs of
the first conjugation will be given first, and afterwards the variations from
those rules, which occur in the case of verbs of the second and third con-
jugations.
N.B. In the succeeding pages the common forms only of the verbs
are given . The grammatical forms will be given in a future chapter.
253. Rule. 1. Every root of more than two syllables, which has the vowel
in the last syllable but one , changes this into , whenever the
-
succeeding vowel becomes , › Or , Thus- , (root of 1st conj.)
చదివి , చదివే , చదివెను ; పరుచు (root of Brd conj. ) పరిచి , పరిచే , పరిచెను,
254. Rule 2. In common conversation every root of more than two sylla-
bles, which has the vowel in the last syllable but one, changes this v
పరుచు , పరచ.
FIRST CONJUGATION.
255. Every part of a Telugu verb is traceable to the root , which always
ends in v; as . In some dictionaries the verbs are arranged under
this form .
257. The first form of the verbal noun is formed by adding è to the root ;
in conversation.
258. The second form of the verbal noun is formed by adding to the
కొట్టుతు striking .
260. The past verbal participle is formed by changing final of the root
262. The past relative participle is formed by adding 3 to the past verbal
participle ; as 35.
265. The habitual present and future tense is formed by changing final of
-
the present verbal participle into ; as I strike , or I shall
strike.
266 . The past tense has two forms. The FIRST FORM is made by adding
268. The imperative singular 2nd person is formed from the infinitive by
as కొట్టుము . )
The plural 2nd person is formed by changing final of the sing . 2nd
Infinitive. కొట్ట.
1st form.
Verb . noun.- కొట్టుట .
2nd form. కొట్టడము.
Present .
కొట్టుతు.
Ver . partic.
Past . కొట్టి.
Prog . pres .
కొట్టుతున్నాను .
Hab. pres. & fut.
కొట్టుతాను.
Tenses . Past. 1st form .
కొట్టినాను .
Do. 2nd form . కొట్టితిని .
Indefinite . కొట్టుదును .
Pl. 1.
మేము కొట్టుతున్నాము . We are striking.
2.
మీరు కొట్టుతున్నారు . You are striking .
Pl. 1.
మేము కొట్టుతాము. We strike , or shall or will strike .
2.
మీరు కొట్టుతారు . You strike , or shall or will strike .
M. & F. వారు కొట్టుతారు .
3. They strike , or shall or will strike.
N. అవి కొట్టుతవి . They strike , or shall or will strike.
PAST TENSE .
Sing. 1 .
నేను కొట్టినాను . కొట్టితిని . I struck , or have struck .
2.
నీవు కొట్టినావు. కొట్టితివి. Thou struckest, or hast struck .
M.
వాడు కొట్టినాడు . కొ ట్టెను. He struck , or has struck ..
3.
F. & N. అది కొట్టినది . కొట్టెను. . She or it struck , or has struck .
100 ON VERBS.
INDEFINITE TENSE.
(M. & F.. They shall , will or would strike, or would have
struck, etc.
3.
N. అవి కొట్టును . They shall, will or would strike, or would have
struck, etc.
272. Verbs of which the root ends in have the following peculiarity.
ened forms in the present verbal participle and the parts derived from it—
in the past relative participle- in the past tense -in the indefinite tense—
and in the first person plural of the imperative mood . The verb
Infinitive . కొన
Present .
Verb . partic .
Past. కొని .
Indefinite. కొందును .
కొంటాను.
Sing . 1 . కొంటున్నాను.
2. కొంటున్నావు . కొంటావు.
M. కొంటున్నాడు. కొంటాడు.
3.
& N. కొంటున్నది. కొంటుంది.
2. కొంటారు.
కొంటున్నారు.
కొంటారు .
M & F. కొంటున్నారు.
3.
( N. కొంటవి .
కొంటున్నవి.
102 ON VERBS.
2. కొంటివి . కొందువు .
కొన్నావు .
2. కొంటిరి . §ox.
కొన్నారు .
SECOND CONJUGATION.
The rules for the formation of verbs of the second conjugation are
the same as those for verbs of the first conjugation , except in the follow-
ing instances-
275. The present and past verbal participles, together with the parts derived
from them, and the indefinite relative participle are formed as if from a root
ending in సు . Thus, root -imaginary root -present
as చేస్తు . Hence the prog. pres . tense, and the habit. pres. and future tense
276. The first form of the past tense is . The second form of the past
277. The first form of the verbal noun may be formed from either the root in
యు or the imaginary root in సు ; as చేయుట or చేసుట .
278. The indefinite tense is formed by changing the last letter of the root into
తును ; as చేతును .
The imperative plural first person is formed by changing the last letter
of the root into తాము ; as చేతాము .
Conjugation of చేయు.
Present . చేస్తు.
Verb. partic .
Past. చేసి.
Indef. చేసే.
2. చేస్తున్నావు. చేస్తావు .
2. చేస్తున్నారు . చేస్తారు .
282. There are a few roots of more than two syllables , belonging to this
conjugation, which have the vowel in the last syllable but one ; as
జడియు . This (except when followed by or ) is always
Conjugation of .
Present.
జడుస్తు.
Verb. partic.
Past. ಜಡಿಸಿ .
283 . In this conjugation final 2 in the past verbal participle and in the
THIRD CONJUGATION .
285. All verbs of this conjugation (except a few mentioned below) use the
same contracted forms as verbs of the 2nd conjugation in the pres. ver.
partic. and in the parts derived from it, and in the second form of the past
tense. They also form the indef, tense and the imper. pl. 1st per. like verbs of
that conjugation .
drop this o when using the contracted forms. Thus root &o ,
287. Roots of more than two syllables in which final is not preceded
es, etc., which always form the infinitive in ) form the infinitive
in , and consequently the imperative in . Thus-
Infinitive .
రక్షించ ( 07 రక్షింప) . నడవ . ' ( Para . 254.)
Present.
రక్షిస్తు.
Verb. partic . నడుస్తు .
Past. రక్షించి.
నడిచి. (Para . 253. )
2.
రక్షిస్తున్నావు. రక్షిస్తావు.
M. రక్షిస్తున్నాడు.
3. రక్షిస్తాడు.
F. & N. రక్షిస్తున్నది . రక్షిస్తుంది .
2. రక్షిస్తున్నారు . రక్షిస్తారు .
289 . Roots of only two syllables generally form the infinitive regularly
291 . There are some roots of only two syllables, which end in some other
verbal participle and the parts derived from it , these verbs resolve the
root into a three- syllabled word , and then use the ordinary contractions ,
e.g. , root మార్చు , resolved into మారుచు , pres . ver . partic . మారుస్తు . The
those of do
రక్షించు.. The tenses of wo are declined exactly like those of
కొట్టు.
110 ON TELUGU SYNTAX , ETC.
CHAPTER VIII .
SEVERAL TENSES.
I. ON TELUGU SYNTAX .
293. Before giving any exercises upon Telugu verbs, it will be necessary
parts of a Telugu verb will be explained when those parts come specially
under consideration .
object, verb. If there are any words or phrases in the sentence which
modify the verb, they are usually inserted immediately before it. Thus-
295. Rule II. In Telugu a finite verb agrees with its subject in number
296. Rule III. When the subject to the verb is a personal pronoun,
297. Rule IV. When a verb has several subjects joined by a copulative
If any of those subjects are of the first person , the verb is put in the
first person ; if none of them are of the first person , but any of them
.
are of the second person, the verb is put in the second person ; other-
wise , the verb is put in the third person . Thus–
298. Rule V. In Telugu every transitive verb requires an object ; but when
inanimate things are spoken of, the form of the nominative case is
generally used instead of the form of the objective case . Thus-
299. Rule VI. ( 1 ) In Telugu in order to denote a question the final vowel
of a word is changed into , But when the sentence contains an
-
ఆ పుస్తకము ఎక్కడ పెట్టినారు – ఇంట్లోనా ?
Where did you put that book- in the house ?
300. Rule VII. (1) In order to denote emphasis the last letter of a word
is changed into · Thus-
N.B. - The various uses of the affix will be more fully explained
in a future chapter .
304. Rule XI. The word eo is added to words to show respect, and
305.
This tense is always used in reference to something regarded as
actually taking place at the present time. Thus-
బట్టలు నేస్తున్నారు .
They are weaving cloths .
ఏలూరులో నేస్తారు .
కుక్కలు మొరుగుతవి .
Dogs bark ,
15
114 ON TELUGU SYNTAX, ETC.
as in English. Thus--
307. This tense supplies the place not only of the English past tense ,
but also very often of the English perfect and pluperfect tenses. Some-
The Telugu past tense has two forms, both of which have exactly
common conversation ,
EXERCISES.
He is plaiting a mat.
ఆ సంగతినిగురించి ఆలోచిస్తున్నారు .
On the habit. pres . and fut. tense used to express habit or custom .
First they plough the ground two or three times . (Lit. furrows) , and
afterwards they plough it when under water .
On the habit. pres. and fut. tense used to express future time.
The day after to-morrow the cattle will graze in this field .
Pardon my fault.
మీ ఇంటికి వెళ్లుదాము .
ఆ తేలును చంపు.
ఈ ఉత్తరము చదవండి .
309. In the progressive present habitual future and past tenses the
310. In the habitual present and future tense, singular, third person
feminine and neuter, the o before final & is sometimes omitted , and the
311. The first form of the past tense is sometimes contracted in common
conversation by dropping , the last letter but one, and changing the
third person feminine and neuter, 3, the last letter but one, is changed
into o. Except in the case of the verb e , the above forms
should never be written although they are in some parts of the Telugu
country commonly pronounced in the manner mentioned above . Thus-
2. కొట్టినావు . కొట్టావు .
M. కొట్టినాడు . కొట్టాడు .
3.
F. N. కొట్టినది . కొట్టింది .
120 ON TELUGU SYNTAX , ETC.
Pl. 1.
కొట్టినాము. కొట్టాము .
2.
కొట్టినారు . కొట్టారు .
M. F. కొట్టినారు . కొట్టారు .
3.
N.
కొట్టినవి . కొట్టినయి .
312. The verbs mentioned in para. 290 , often use the contracted forms of
the indefinite tense, and of the imperative first person plural. Where final
is doubled in the root, and are doubled in the contracted forms .
P
313. In the second and third conjugations the vowel in the last letter
but one of the imperative first person plural (e.g. , నడుతాము ) is occa-
M. గలును , గలడు.
3.
F. N. గలును , - గలదు.
315 . In the third person singular (M. F. & N.) and plural ( N.) of the indefinite
changing final v of the root (and in the second conjugation of the root
Sing. 1 . పడేను.
2. పడేవు.
Pl. 1 .. పడేము .
2. పడేరు .
M. F. పడేరు.
3.
N. పడేని, or పడీని. ( Nor . Cir . పడేను .)
పరుగెత్తబోకు , పడేవు .
16
122 ON IRREGULAR , PASSIVE , ETC.
CHAPTER 1X .
I. IRREGULAR VERBS .
318 . The following verbs are in some of their parts irregularly formed ,
namely―
Infinitive . కా . రా.
320. The several tenses of these verbs are declined exactly like those of
any other verb of the same conjugation , except in the case of the second
form of the past tense, and in the indefinite tense . These two tenses
are declined as follows :----
అయితిని . పోతిని .
Sing. 1. వస్తిని ..
Indefinite tense.
321 . The verb in addition to the meaning of to become has also the
322 . The verb * , as will be hereafter seen , enters largely into the
The tense పోతున్నాను (as also the words పోతు , పోతున్న , and
P ), when affixed to the infinitive of another verb , gives it (like the
verb to go in English) a future signification . When thus affixed, initial
is by the laws of euphony changed into 25. Thus-
నేను చదవబోతున్నాను .
I am going to read .
323. A class of COMPOUND VERBS are formed by prefixing the past verbal
put in the dative case . But when the object is of such a nature as not to
admit of entrance (as a tree, a man) , the dative case is never used , but
ఆ చెట్టుదగ్గరికి వెళ్లినాను.
ఆ దొరగారివద్దికి వెళ్లినాను.
I went to that gentleman .
ఎక్కడనుంచి వస్తున్నారు ?
Where are you coming from? (Or Whence are you coming ?)
326. When speaking about THE DISTANCE OF ONE PLACE FROM ANOTHER ,
the place nearest to the speaker is put in the dative case, and the more
remote place is put in the nominative case . Thus-
327. ROOT.
ఇచ్చు చచ్చు.
Infinitive . చావ.
ఇవ్వ , or ఇయ్య .
ఇచ్చుట .
Verb . noun. (1st. form . చచ్చుట.
2nd form . ఇవ్వడము , or ఇయ్యడము . చావడము .
Present. ఇస్తు . చస్తు.
Verb . partic .
Past.
ఇచ్చి . చచ్చి.
( Prog . Pres . ఇస్తున్న. చస్తున్న.
Rel . partic . - Past . ఇచ్చిన. చచ్చిన .
Indef.
ఇచ్చే . చచ్చే.
Prog . pres .
ఇస్తున్నాను . చస్తున్నాను .
Habit. pres . & fut. ఇస్తాను . చస్తాను.
Tenses. Past. 1st form . ఇచ్చినాను. చచ్చినాను.
Do. 2nd form. ఇస్తిని . చస్తిని.
Indefinite .
ఇత్తును. చత్తును .
Infinitive . చూడ. తే .
Present . తెస్తు .
చూస్తు .
Verb . partic.
Past. చూచి. తెచ్చి .
Prog. pres . తెస్తున్న .
చూస్తున్న .
Rel . partic. Past. చూచిన. తెచ్చిన.
Indef. చూచే .
తెచ్చే .
ON IRREGULAR, PASSIVE , ETC. 127
The second form of the past tense and the indefinite tense of these
II . PASSIVE VERBS .
328. In Telugu every active verb may be changed into a passive verb by
all its moods and tenses. (When is thus used , initial is always
changed by the laws of euphony into బ . ) Thus the active verb రక్షించు
Conjugation of రక్షించబడు .
Roor . రక్షించబడు.
Infinitive . రక్షించబడ .
Present. రక్షించబడుతు.
Verb . partic.
Past. రక్షించబడి .
రక్షించబడుతాను..
Habit. pres. & fut. 8o
Tenses. Past 1st form. రక్షించబడినాను .
329. In Telugu passive verbs are very seldom used in common conver-
sation ; and when they are used in English, they must generally be
చేత చేయబడినది —it would be more colloquial to say ఆయన ఆ పని చేసి
J. (Lit. He did that work.)
330. Reflexive verbs are formed by affixing the verb to the root of
any verb, and conjugating through all its moods and tenses. Verbs
to rob comes the verb & to rob for oneself, and from ow to do
para. 273) , except that the infinitive and the imperative are
usually changed into , ass , and the second form of the verbal
noun may take the letter వ, as చేసుకోవడము .
Conjugation of చేసుకొను .
ROOT. చేసుకొను .
Infinitive . చేసుకో.
Present . చేసుకొంటు .
Verb . partic .
Past. చేసుకొని .
చేసుకొంటున
Prog . pres . ్న .
Rel . partic. Past . చేసుకొన్న.
Indef. చేసుకొనే.
చేసుకొంటున్నాన
( Prog . pres . ు.
331 . Roots ending in & or X, which are composed of more than two
syllables or of two syllables with the first long, generally contract the
కొను or లాక్కొను .
They express that the action performed by the subject is also performed
రక్షించబడుతాను..
Habit. pres. & fut. 8o
Tenses . Past 1st form. రక్షించబడినాను.
Indefinite. రక్షించబడుదును.
329. In Telugu passive verbs are very seldom used in common conver-
sation ; and when they are used in English, they must generally be
చేత చేయబడినది -it would be more colloquial to say ఆయన ఆ పని చేసి
330. Reflexive verbs are formed by affixing the verb to the root of
any verb, and conjugating through all its moods and tenses. Verbs
para. 273) , except that the infinitive and the imperative are
s,
usually changed into కో , as us ,
as చేసుకో , and the second form of the verbal
Conjugation of చేసుకొను .
ROOT. చేసుకొను.
Infinitive. చేసుకో .
(Presen nto
Verb . partic.
Past.
3.)
(Prop T
Rel. partic. Раб
Paыi
Inder
Pr
Prog
op
Hail
Tenses. Pati 1.
D: 2.
Indera
Imperative. P
(Da Hi
Remarks
ము .)
syllables or of tw
కొను or లాక్కొను .
in reference to that
quan
the action is performed
t (or had
ed by the free c
130 ON IRREGULAR , PASSIVE , ETC.
EXAMPLES.
బట్ట కట్టుకొన్నాడు.
He tied on his cloth . ( Lit. He tied a cloth on himself .)
గాయము చేసుకొన్నాడు.
He wounded himself.
I am shaving myself .
332 . In some instances the difference in meaning between the simple and
the reflexive form is so great that they must be expressed in English by
different words. Thus— అను to say , అనుకొను to think ; చదువు to
peculiar that practice alone can teach the student its exact force and
meaning.
IV . CAUSAL VERBS .
333. In Telugu there are certain verbs , called causal verbs, which are
formed from the simple verbs. The formation is generally as follows :-
root into Jంచు ; as– కొట్టు to beat, కొట్టించు to cause to be beaten ; చేయు
to do avow to cause to be done.
131
ON IRREGULAR, PASSIVE , ETC.
పాలు పొంగించు .
335. In the case of some verbs , especially of intransitive verbs, the causal
336. The causal form and the reflexive form are sometimes combined.
The following examples will make the several forms of the verbs
clear, and illustrate the changes of meaning.
Three Remarks.
(Intrans.).
(Intrans.).
340.
(2) A few verbs although ending in are not reflexive forms
as to be quiet, ev to be awake.
341 . (3) Many verbs although ending in Do are not causal forms ; as-
దీవించు to bless , పరీక్షించు to eramine . '
126 ON IRREGULAR , PASSIVE , ETC.
Infinitive. చూడ . తే .
The second form of the past tense and the indefinite tense of these
verbs are declined exactly like those of వచ్చు . (See para. 320.)
II . PASSIVE VERBS ,
328. In Telugu every active verb may be changed into a passive verb by
changed by the laws of euphony into బ . ) Thus the active verb రక్షించు
Conjugation of రక్షించబడు .
Roor . రక్షించబడు .
Infinitive . రక్షించబడ .
Present . రక్షించబడుతు .
Verb. partic.
Past. రక్షించబడి .
Infinitive. చూడ . తే .
The second form of the past tense and the indefinite tense of these
verbs are declined exactly like those of వచ్చు . (See para. 320.)
II . PASSIVE VERBS .
328 . In Telugu every active verb may be changed into a passive verb by
changed by the laws of euphony into బ . ) Thus the active verb రక్షించు
Conjugation of రక్షించబడు .
ROOT. రక్షించబడు .
Infinitive . రక్షించబడ .
Present. రక్షించబడుతు .
Verb. partic.
Past. రక్షించబడి .
327. Boor .
ఇచ్చు చచ్చు.
Infinitive . చావ,
ఇవ్వ , or ఇయ్య .
చూస్తు . తెస్తు.
Verb . partic. Present.
Past. చూచి.
The second form of the past tense and the indefinite tense of these
verbs are declined exactly like those of వచ్చు . ( See para . 320.)
II . PASSIVE VERBS .
328. In Telugu every active verb may be changed into a passive verb by
affixing to its infinitive mood the verb , and conjugating through
all its moods and tenses. (When is thus used , initial is always
changed by the laws of euphony into బ . ) Thus the active verb రక్షించు
Conjugation of రక్షించబడు.
Roor . రక్షించబడు.
Infinitive . రక్షించబడ .
Present. రక్షించబడుతు .
Verb. partic .
Past. రక్షించబడి.
327. Roor.
ఇచ్చు చచ్చు.
Infinitive . చావ.
ఇవ్వ , or ఇయ్య .
చూస్తు . తెస్తు.
Verb . partic. | Present .
Past. చూచి. తెచ్చి.
The second form of the past tense and the indefinite tense of these
verbs are declined exactly like those of వచ్చు . ( See para . 320.)
II . PASSIVE VERBS ,
328. In Telugu every active verb may be changed into a passive verb by
affixing to its infinitive mood the verb , and conjugating through
all its moods and tenses . (When is thus used, initial is always
changed by the laws of euphony into బ . ) Thus the active verb రక్షించు
to save becomes in the passive voice how to be saved.
Conjugation of రక్షించబడు .
Roor . రక్షించబడు.
Infinitive. రక్షించబడ .
Present . రక్షించబడుతు.
Verb. partic .
Past. రక్షించబడి.
రక్షించబడుతాను..
Habit. pres . & fut . 8o
Tenses . Past 1st form. రక్షించబడినాను.
329. In Telugu passive verbs are very seldom used in common conver-
sation ; and when they are used in English, they must generally be
translated into Telugu actively. Thus in translating the English
sentence-That work was done by him-instead of saying ID
చేత చేయబడినది —it would be more colloquial to say ఆయన ఆ పని చేసి
330. Reflexive verbs are formed by affixing the verb to the root of
any verb, and conjugating through all its moods and tenses. Verbs
of the second conjugation always use the root in . Thus, from
para. 273) , except that the infinitive and the imperative are
usually changed into , ass , and the second form of the verbal
Conjugation of చేసుకొను .
ROOT. చేసుకొను.
Infinitive . చేసుకో .
Present . చేసుకొంటు .
Verb . partic.
Past. చేసుకొని .
చేసుకొంటున
Prog. pres . ్న .
Indefinite. చేసుకొందును.
syllables or of two syllables with the first long, generally contract the
కొను or లాక్కొను .
They express that the action performed by the subject is also performed
EXAMPLES .
బట్ట కట్టుకొన్నాడు.
He tied on his cloth . ( Lit. He tied a cloth on himself . )
గాయను చేసుకొన్నాడు .
He wounded himself.
332. In some instances the difference in meaning between the simple and
the reflexive form is so great that they must be expressed in English by
different words. Thus— అను to say , అనుకొను to think ; చదువు to
peculiar that practice alone can teach the student its exact force and
meaning.
333. In Telugu there are certain verbs, called causal verbs , which are
formed from the simple verbs. The formation is generally as follows:-
చేయించుట . పిలిపించుట.
( 1st form .
Verb . noun .
2nd form. చేయించడము. పిలిపించడము . '
పాలు పొంగించు .
335 . In the case of some verbs , especially of intransitive verbs , the causal
336. The causal form and the reflexive form are sometimes combined.
The following examples will make the several forms of the verbs
clear, and illustrate the changes of meaning.
Three Remarks .
337. (1) A class of verbs are formed by affixing the verb to NOUNS ;
(Intrans.).
(Intrans.) .
(Intrans.).
339 . The verb వేయు is often added to the past verbal participle of
340. (2) A few verbs although ending in are not reflexive forms
341 . (3) Many verbs although ending in Do are not causal forms ; as-
CHAPTER X.
343. There are OTHER PARTS of the negative primary verb connected with
the tense ; but as these are not required in the formation of the
negative form of verbs , they will not be mentioned until the next
chapter.
344 . The negative form of a Telugu verb consists of the following parts :-
(1) The past verbal participle .
(4) The indicative mood , which has the four following tenses :-
Negative Form .
345 . The rules for the formation of the various parts of the negative form
are the same for all verbs, regular or irregular, of whatever class and of
whatever conjugation .
The various parts of the negative form of verbs are formed from the
346 . The past verbal participle is formed by adding to the positive infinitive ;
347 . The verbal noun is formed by prefixing the negative past verbal
Thus కొట్టక పోవడము , the hot striking ; చేయక పోవడము , నడవక పోవడము .
In highly grammatical language the verbal noun is formed by adding
349.
The progressive present tense is formed by prefixing the positive verbal
noun to the word for all numbers and persons ; as
కాను, the neg . hab. press . und fut . tense of అవు as కొట్టుతున్నాను కాను ,
I am not striking.
350. The habitual present and future tense is formed by adding the termin-
ations of the personal pronouns to the positive infinitive ; as ,
I strike not, do not strike, or shall or will not strike, ∞∞, J.
nent one , but merely adopted at the present time. (Compare para . 306,
first note . )
351 . The past tense is formed by prefixing the positive infinitive to the
word for all numbers and persons ; as , I did not
352. The indefinite tense is formed by prefixing the negative past verbal
not strike , or would not have struck , etc. చేయక పోదును , నడవక పోదును .
Verbal noun .
కొట్టక పోవడము, ( Gram . కొట్టసి .)
Prog . pres.
కొట్టడము లేదు . ( Cud . కొట్టుతున్నాను కాను . )
Habit . pres. & fut. కొట్టను .
Tenses . J
Past. కొట్ట లేదు.
Indef. కొట్టక పోదును .
Habit . pres . & fut . tense . I strike not, do not strike , or shall or will not strike.
చేయక. చేయించక .
చేయక పోవడము. చేయించక పోవడము .
చేయని చేయించని .
చేయను . చేయించను .
చేయకు. చేయించకు.
చేయకండి . చేయించకండి .
చేసుకోక. రక్షించబడక .
చేసుకోని . రక్షించబడని .
చేసుకోకు. రక్షించబడకు.
చేసుకోకండి . రక్షించబడకండి.
358. కా. (Pos . infin . of అవు . ) పో. ( Pos . infi . of పోవు . ) రా. ( Pos . infin. of వచ్చు . )
కాని . పోని . రా .
పోకు . రాకు.
360. It has been stated (para . 349) that the negative prog . pres . tense is
not strictly speaking a tense, though used as such, for the verbal noun is
There is not striking. The use and syntax of verbal nouns will be
second form of the positive verbal noun is used ( e.g. , * ) the first
form (e.g. , ɔ) may be used instead ; but the second form is the one
362. The indefinite relative participle with the affix 8 , is sometimes used
కొట్టేది లేదు .
past ver . partic. to పోతున్న , పోయిన , and పొయ్యే , e.J. , చేయక పోతున్న ,
364. A prog. pres. tense , an hab. pres . and fut. tense , and a past tense are
sometimes formed by prefixing the neg. past ver. partic . to the tenses
He did not do. Of these forms that for the past tense is most common.
368. In the case of some verbs the negative habitual present and future
369. Sanscrit words admitted into Telugu use certain prefixes (like in, un,
into Telugu , we must always first put the sentence in such a form that
the negative may be contained in the verb. Thus-There is nobody in
142 ON THE NEGATIVE FORM OF VERBS .
రున్ను లేరు . There is no book on the table — equals — There is not a book on
ఇక్కడ లేడు .
On habit or custom .
On future time.
Did you walk this morning ? No. ( Lit. I did not walk . )
On the imperative.
CHAPTER XI .
370. The PRIMARY VERB , of which mention has already been made in
previous chapters (paras. 247 & 342) , consists of the following parts :-
POSITIVE FORM.
NEGATIVE FORM .
371 . In addition to the primary verb there is the full verb o to be,
which is conjugated throughout just in the same manner as any other
verb. The formation however is somewhat irregular .
19
146 ON THE TELUGU EQUIVALENT TO THE VERB TO BE , ETC.
POSITIVE FORM .
Infinitive . ఉండ .
Present. ఉంటు.
Verb . partic .
Past. ఉండి .
373. The second form of the past tense, and the indefinite tense are
declined as follows-
ఉంటివి . ఉందువు .
M. ఉండెను .
3.
F. & N. ఉండెను . ఉండును .
2. ఉంటిరి . ఉందురు .
NEGATIVE FORM .
Indef. ఉండకపోదును .
375. The PRIMARY VERB has only the meaning of to be, but the FULL VERB
I am staying , sir .
shortened forms used in the Northern Circars for Go (the past relative
participle) and (the past tense), are spelt exactly in the same
In the NORTHERN CIRCARS the second form of the past tense, namely,
o3 , is only rarely used . The form o& is never used ; but the
and not expressed ; but this is only the case where the verb , if expressed ,
would be positive. Thus―
are sometimes used with the verb o ; but this can only be done,
when the noun denotes a moveable object . When used in this way
నాకు గడియారమున్నది .
I have a watch.
not a cow. He is good. He is sick. (2) Not as the copula, in which case it
is itself the predicate , and the words which follow it stand in an
adverbial relation to it ; as-God exists. There is no bread. He is here.
They are in Bunder.
380. When in English the verb to be is not the copula, it generally either
(1 ) expresses EXISTENCE , in which case it is usually introduced idiomati-
cally by the word there ; (as- God is , i.e. , exists - There is no bread)—
EXAMPLES.
దేవుడు ఉన్నాడు .
God is , i.e., exists .
రొట్టె లేదు .
There is no bread . Lit. Bread is not.
Q. &
ఆ చిన్న వాండ్లు ఆటమీద ఉన్నారా ? A. ఉన్నారు .
Q. Are those boys at play ? A. Yes. Lit. They are.
ON THE TELUGU EQUIVALENT TO THE VERB TO BE , ETC. 151
subject and a noun (or its equivalent) , i.e. , where the predicate consists
of the verb to be and a noun (as- That is a cow. That is not a cow ).
EXAMPLES .
అది కుక్కా !
Is that a dog ?
మీ ఇల్లు ఇదేనా ?
Is this your house ?
384. RULE II. When in English the verb to be is placed between the
subject and an adjective (or its equivalent) , i.e. , when the predicate
consists of the verb to be and an adjective , in Telugu there are two
forms of expression as follows : -
385. (A) First. If the sentence has reference to the innate quality or
natural condition of the subject , the predicate in Telugu is expressed by
a COMPOSITE NOUN ; and hence since what is an adjective in English
becomes a noun (composite) in Telugu , the sentence follows the same
rules as those given above for a noun in the predicate . (Para . 383 .
Thus-
386. This use of the composite nouns (or rather of the PRONOMINAL
AFFIXES) in Telugu closely resembles the use in English of the words man ,
woman, people , one, thing, things , etc , which are frequently added to
adjectives expressing innate quality or natural condition . The chief
difference is that whereas in sentences of this kind these words may often
.
Telugu . Thus—
EXAMPLES .
వాడు పిచ్చివాడు.
He is mad . (Or - He is a mad man .)
ఆ గుర్రము జబ్బుది .
That horse is a bad one.
ఆ రాజు మంచివాడు.
That Rajah is a good man .
ఆ పాలకి పచ్చనిది .
That palanquin is green . (Or—a green one .)
20
154 ON THE TELUGU EQUIVALENT TO THE VERB TO BE, ETC.
387 . (B) Secondly. If the sentence has reference to the particular state
of the subject at a particular time, the predicate in Telugu is expressed
both in the positive and negative by the verb o or the primary
this kind in English the adjective is generally used alone , without the
addition of any of the words man , woman , people , etc. (Para. 386.)
namely, 5 , and often expresses the meaning of the English words like
EXAMPLES .
389. Although the above distinction has been drawn between the use in
the predicate of (A) a composite noun and (B) the verb to be with adverbial
and when they do, the above distinction will be a guide to the student
390. When animate objects are spoken about, the verb o or the
used impersonally, and what would otherwise have been the subject in
391. Such impersonal sentences also as the following are very common
in Telugu :-
( Gram . తముడను . )
if it is , changes into .
if it is 9, 5, or adds 2.
ON THE TELUGU EQUIVALENT TO THE VERB TO BE , ETC. 157
మీరు బ్రాహ్మణులు .
You are Brahmans. Or honorific-You are a Brahman.
విూరు మనుష్యులు .
You are men . Or honorific -You are a man.
విూరు బిడ్డలు.
398. The COMPOSITE nouns , when placed in the same position , undergo
exactly the same changes as those mentioned above , except in the case
of the first and second persons singular feminine, where is changed
( Gram . బీదవాడను . )
You are a blind man .
నీవు గుడ్డివాడవు .
158 ON THE TELUGU EQUIVALENT TO THE VERB TO BE , ETC.
FEM .
నేను చిన్న దాన్ని . I am a young woman .
బీదవాండ్లము.
400 . The Negative of all the above forms is expressed by adding the tense
5. Thus-
401. It has been mentioned (paras. 383 & 385) that in a positive
noun or composite noun must always take the AFFIX (the past
when certain nouns are used as adjectives they take the affix eow (the
ఉండు must always take the affix అయి. (Otherwise both అయి and ఉండు
402. In the same manner when reference is made to past time, the tense
He was a
పది సంవత్సరములకిందట ఆయన తహశ్శీల్ దారయి ఉండెను.
Tahsildar ten years ago. But— పది సంవత్సరములకిందట ఆయన తహశ్శీల్
403. When, however, reference is made to past time, the past tense of
is often used , and when reference is made to future time , the future
ఆయన
చాలా కోపము గలవాడై ఉన్నట్టు కనుపడుతున్నాడు .
(కోపముగలవాడైనట్టు. )
He appears to be a very passionate man .
( శాంతుడైనందున .)
As he is very gentle , he let the boy off.
(భాగ్యవంతుడైనప్పటికీ . )
Although he is very rich , he behaves like a poor man .
(బుద్ధిహీనుడై . )
Being himself a fool , how can he instruct others ?
405 . Sometimes a noun signifying a material object (as a king) and some-
406 . (A) The word to generally has the sense of staying, stopping,
dwelling, and is always used regularly, i.e. , with the same subject as that
of the principal verb.
ON THE TELUGU EQUIVALENT TO THE VERB TO BE , ETC. 161
407. (B) The word always has the sense of being, and is always
used absolutely, i.e. , with a different subject from that of the principal
verb . Thus-
Money not being to me ( i.e. , not having money ) , I asked him for a loan .
Why have you bought meat which will not keep till to -morrow ?
409. When reference is made to any other time than the present , ఉండని
is generally used .
Thus-
possession is implied , the word is always used. In this sense లేని may
generally be translated by the English word without. Thus-
Because I could not do that work, he sent me off without giving me any
wages.
413 . N.B. Sometimes the word Xe (as also the tense Xe ) when
Orవెళ్లవలసి ఉన్నా.
Why have you done what you ought not to have done ?
416 .
చేయనక్కరలేనిపని చేసి , ఏమి ప్రయోజనము ? Or చేయనక్కర
లేనిది .
417 .
ఈ రోజు వెళ్లడానకు వల్ల కాకపోతే, నేనేమి చేసేది ! Or వల్ల కాని పక్ష
మందు .
418. The following rule in reference to the use in the negative of the
tenses and will be found useful : —
422. In some instances the use of the pronominal affixes closely re-
423 . First. These affixes are commonly used in the following manner :-
వీరు ఏ దేశపువారు !
వారు ఎటువంటివారు .
ఆ పెట్టె ఎక్కడిది ?
Where did that box' come from ? ( Lit. That box is one of what place ?
ఈ నీళ్లు ఏ నూతివి ?
This water is that of what well ? (i.e. , From what well is this water ?)
424. Secondly. These affixes are frequently used in expressing the force
following manner :-
COMPARATIVES .
This knife is better than that . (Lit. Than that knife this is good . )
SUPERLATIVES .
ఆ గడియారము ఎవరిది ?
నాది . ఆయనది .
ఈ పుస్తకములు ఎవరివి ?
Whose are these books ?
ఈ కత్తి నా స్నేహితునిది .
This knife is my friend's.
This cot is one in whose room ? ( i.e. , Whose room does this cot belong to ?)
నీ చేతిలోనిది ఏమిటి ?
EXERCISES .
427. The two following exercises are in the form of conversations. The
letter E. represents an Englishman , and the letter N. a native :-
CONVERSATION I.
N. మంచివాడే .
N. నలుగురు.
English Translation .
CONVERSATION II.
N. చూచినాను.
E. ఎందుచేత ?
E. ఏలూరు ఎటువంటిది ?
చేరుతవా ?
F. ఈ పట్ణములనుంచి వస్తువులు త్వరగా
ఇష్టము చొప్పునా ?
N. ఇదివరకే వేసినారు .
English translation.
E. Why ?
N. The streets are very broad.
E. Have they already put them on ? or will they hereafter put them on?
N. They have already put them on.
ON DEFECTIVE VERBS, ETC. 173
CHAPTER XII .
I. ON DEFECTIVE VERBS.
they are only used in certain parts . A few of these verbs will now
be explained .
429 . The verb sex to accrue is conjugated throughout all parts both
in the positive and in the negative . But (except when used as an auxili-
ary ; see para . 460 ) it is generally used in the third person only.
How many sons have been born to him ?-or- How many
sons has he got ?
432 . Thirdly. In addition to the regular parts of this verb, from the
root sex is also formed a positive irregular indefinite tense, which is
EXAMPLES .
ఒక సామితె కద్దు.
There is a certain proverb.
ON DEFECTIVE VERBS , ECT. 175
434. Fifthly. The past tense and the irregular indefinite tense are used
(as will hereafter be explained) as auxiliaries to express ability. In this
case they are always attached to the infinitive mood of some other verb ,
and initial is changed into X. When used in this manner, these tenses
M. గలిగినాడు. గలడు.
3.
F. &N . గలిగినది . గలిగెను . గలదు.
2. గెలిగినారు . గలరు .
435. The verb Je has only the following parts in common use-
436 . First. The most common use of this verb is as an auxiliary, to ex-
press the English tense must. This is explained hereafter.
తెలిసినదా ?
నీవు రేపు బైలుదేరవలసినది .
You must start to-morrow. Do you understand?
use a present tense and say- Do you understand ? in Telugu they use
the past tense and say- 575 ? In the same manner where
in English we usually say- Do you see ? (in the sense of-Do you under-
N.B. -In Telugu when speaking of being acquainted with any person,
441 . The following examples illustrate the use of a few other defective
verbs :-
II . ON COMPOUND TENSES .
1
442. In addition to the various tenses given in chapter VII there are
also certain compound tenses, which will now be explained .
443 . In order to mark progressive present time very strongly, the primary
tense is sometimes separated from the present verbal participle, which
in this case generally lengthens its final vowel . Thus- instead of saying
444. By prefixing the present verbal participle of any verb to the tense
ఉంటాను, a positire progressive future tense is formed . Thus–
తాళి వెళ్లండి .
445.
By prefixing the past verbal participle of any verb to the tense
Got a positive future perfect tense is formed . Thus-
446. Two positive compound tenses are formed by prefixing the present
and past verbal participles of any verb to the tense o . These are
448. By prefixing the present verbal participle of any verb to the tense
o3 , an imperfect tense is formed . Thus-
When the latter mentioned form of the imperfect tense is used , the
context will always make the meaning clear. And when translating
from English into Telugu , the student to prevent confusion can use the
form with ఉంటిని .
time, yet was at the time referred to in the sentence in process of per-
formance, and not a completed action .
Thus, in answer to the question - When you saw him, what was he
451 . In the Northern Circars the tense formed by prefixing the positive
verbal noun to is also used to express the negative imperfect tense.
Thus , instead of the above we might say నేను ( నిన్న) స్నానము చేయ
. (See paras . 349 , 350.)
452. The English teuse formed by prefixing the words- have been - to
the present participle (e.g. , I have been making) expresses- that the action
బీదవాడు దొంగిలించవచ్చునా ?
May a poor man steal ?
నీవు వెళ్లవచ్చును .
You may go .
must or ought.
456 . Instead of the word may not (the third person neuter
is often used, but it is only common when the subject is in the second
person . When thus used, gives to the infinitive to which it is
attached the force of a negative imperative , and may be rendered in
English by the words- do not , or don't. This form is in fact more fre-
quently used than the regular form of the negative imperative in and
o . (See para . 353. ) Thus-
కేకలు వేయవద్దు .
Do not shout .
తొందర పెట్టవద్దు .
Do not bother .
459. The auxiliary need not, expressing that the doing of something is
ఆయన వెళ్లనక్కరలేదు .
He need not go .
ON DEFECTIVE VERBS, ETC. 185
N.B.-The form with the past tense is not very often used in Telugu .
N.B. The learner must be careful not to confuse the use of the tense
by affixing to the infinitive of any verb ( See para . 351 ) . The only
case in which any ambiguity can arise is , when the verb expressing
mount that wall -or-That dog did not mount that wall. To avoid this
ambiguity, in the third person singular feminine and neuter the word
Thus-es vox Jš
% weã . That dog cannot mount that wall.
cannot come. నేను పాడలేదు always means—I did not sing — and నేను
tense I could not, or I was not able, is affixed to the infinitive of any
inability. Thus-
కాదు .
అక్కడికి పోవల్ల
It is impossible to go there.
186 ON DEFECTIVE VERBS , ETC.
N.B. The learner must be careful not to confuse the use of the tense
by affixing to the infinitive of any verb ( See para . 351 ) . The only
case in which any ambiguity can arise is , when the verb expressing
there is nothing but the context to distinguish it from the negative past
mount that wall -or- That dog did not mount that wall. To avoid this
ambiguity, in the third person singular feminine and neuter the word
Thus— ~ 55,- & vox Jš www. That dog cannot mount that wall.
tense I could not, or I was not able , is affixed to the infinitive of any
464. Instead of the tense గలను the tenses నేర్తును and చాలుదును (the
inability . Thus—
Instead of the infinitive mood the dative case of the verbal noun is
వల్లకాదు.
All the boats have already started, and so it is impossible to go
to-day.
( Or నల్లకాదు ) .
That book is not mine, and therefore it is impossible for me to
give it to you .
You can come into this room , but you cannot go into that room .
Exercise I.
Servant . Sir, there are no sticks. May the waterman cut down this tree ?
Master. He must not cut (it) down . You must buy sticks in the Bazaar .
Servant . May I buy two bandies ? (i.e. , Bandy loads . )
Master . Do not buy two . One is enough .
Exercise II .
Cartmen. Sir, your baggage is a great weight . We could not put it on two
carts .
Exercise III .
Munshi. రేపు ప్రొద్దున నాకు ముఖ్యమైన పని ఒకటి ఉన్నది గనుక ఆరు
not come at six o'clock, sir . Please give me leave till nine
o'clock.
Master . Very well. I will give you leave ; but do not come at nine
o'clock, come at two o'clock.
CHAPTER XIII .
I. ON VERBAL NOUNS .
469. -
The positive verbal noun has two forms , one in ɔ , as—THɔ the
-
going , and another in w, as the going . Both have exactly
the same meaning and use. The former is the GRAMMATICAL FORM , and
is declined like a noun of the third declension . The latter is the COMMON
FORM , and is declined like a noun of the second declension . Thus
N. పోవుట . పోవడము .
G. పోవుట . పోవడము.
పోవడమును .
0. పోవుటను .
470. The negative verbal noun is formed , as has been already stated
we say YOU wrote that letter - but with the verbal noun — YOUR writing
that letter is not good.
192 ON VERBAL NOUNS , ETC.
In Telugu a verbal noun not only governs the same case or cases as
the verb of which it forms a part, but it also takes a subject in THE
NOMINATIVE CASE . Thus;
472. The case in which the verbal noun itself is placed depends upon the
construction of the sentence in which it occurs . It may be used in any
case , and take any of the postpositions as affixes . Thus—
473. When in an English sentence two or more verbal nouns are con-
nected by the conjunction and or but, in Telugu a similar construction
. is used ; but if the verbal nouns have all the same subject , then all ,
except the last, may be expressed by past verbal participles. Thus—
Your not giving that boy the book, but abusing and beating
him is great injustice .
But as all the verbal nouns in the above sentence have the same
Lit. Your not having given that book to that boy, (and) moreover
a verbal noun , it has the force of the English expression - as soon as.
Thus-
వల్ల or చేత .
476 . The dative case of a Telugu verbal noun may as a general rule be
regarded as equivalent to , and translatable by the English infinitive.
Hence it is the form most commonly used to express the purpose of the
నన్ను రానిస్తారా ?
Will you allow me to come ?
478. NOTE- 1. When the verb which follows the infinitive begins with a
vowel, the letter 5 is added to the infinitive as in the last two examples .
ఇస్తారా ?—but నేను రావడానకు ( నాకు సెలవు ఇస్తారా ? Will you give me
permission to come ?
481 . 1 Occasionally the affix eo is attached to the infinitive, and the verb
mood. Thus instead of saying నీవు ఆ పని యేల చేసినావు ! we may say
Sav
The following is a common expression రాయి గుద్దనేల , చేయి
నొవ్వనేల ?
484. The English infinitive sometimes follows the verb to tell, or some
verb of a kindred meaning, e.g. , He told me to go . In Telugu this sen-
tence would be expressed as follows- He told me "go ." Such sentences
will be explained hereafter .
into Telugu by using the verbal noun , e.g. , కుక్క మొరగడము విన్నాను .
I heard the dog barking.
486. In all other instances (except those mentioned above) the English
infinitive may in common conversation be translated into Telugu by THE
DATIVE CASE OF THE VERBAL NOUN. ( See para . 476.) Thus—
Whereas the verbal noun with ( See para . 474 ) can be used in
any sentence to express as soon as, the present verbal participle can
only be used, with the same subject as that of the principal verb. Hence
491. THE PAST VERBAL PARTICIPLE Sometimes takes the affix (e.g. ,
it has the same form as the indefinite relative participle, from which it
can be used as adjectives ; but such English expressions as the above are
He did not eat his food, but took his books, and went to school .
Lit. Not having eaten his food , having taken his books , he
went to school.
ON VERBAL NOUNS , ETC. 199
beam, and whilst playing, and scratching its back and sides, and peering
about, saw the wedges, and having seized them with both hands , drew
them out .
496 . The above remark must be specially remembered , for in English the
present participle is often used , where in Telugu a past verbal participle
only can be used . Thus for instance in English we may say—The
monkey SEEING the wedges, drew them out-But in the corresponding
Telugu sentence we can use the past verbal participle only , viz . , చూచి .
( We may say— చూస్తూనే ఊడ పెరికినది— but the meaning will then be—
as soon as it saw. ( See para . 490.)
Whatever any one asked him for , he did not say “ no” , but kept
giving it .
INCOMPLETENESS . Thus-
502. In some instances the positive past verbal participle and the nega-
tive past verbal participle are used ABSOLUTELY, i.e. , with a different
subject from that of the principal verb . When a verbal participle is thus
What do you want, that you have brought such fruit , and are
giving it to me ? (Lit. What having been wanted to you ,
having brought such fruit, are you giving it to me ?)
న్నాను .
of the principal verb.— (4) The verbal participle used absolutely generally
Practice alone can teach the student when he may use a verbal
503. In the two following idioms the positive past verbal participle is
always used absolutely.
tences of this kind the finite verb is always idiomatically put in the
This form (together with any words connected with it) is inserted
506 . This adverbial form is sometimes used idiomatically with the verb
Go attached to it . Thus—
coming.)
ADJECTIVE SENTENCES . 205
CHAPTER XIV .
(3) Chapter XVI treats of what are called in analysis NOUN SENTENCES ,
because they occupy the position of nouns.
ON ADJECTIVE SENTENCES .
preceding letter, and changing its vowel into . Thus పడిన or పడ్డ,
తగిన or తగ్గ .
512. In addition to the above there are also the four corresponding passive
the passive occurs in English, the Telugu idiom generally requires the
noun- " Brahman " , and stands in the same relation to it as an adjective.
Again in the sentences- Call the Brahman writing in that room —and—
Call the Brahman , who is writing in that room- the participial phrase-
66
writing in that room " -and- the relative sentence- who is writing in
that room " -qualify the noun-" Brahman" , and stand in the same
relation to it as an adjective .
In Telugu (as has been already stated , para . 493) a verbal participle or
Brahman writing-we cannot use the present , verbal participle and say-
ఆ
ఆ బ్రాహ్మణుని వ్రాస్తు పిలు ; but we must use the present relative
Thus-
PIAL PHRASE .
This can more especially be done in the case of passive relative par-
ticiples. For example—
But in Telugu passive relative participles are very seldom used ; and
sible, when translating into English , to retain the participial form , and
is the antecedent, and this noun is always placed immediately after the
relative participle.
518. Thirdly. Any words which are closely connected with the relative.
1 2 3 4 5
3 1 3 2 2 5 5
The book, which you gave to me , is torn.
Secondly. The relative pronoun " which ", included in the relative
ticiple ఇచ్చిన .
. 520. It may also be remarked that the relative participle is often pre-
ceded by its own particular subject, as in the above sentence in which
governed by ఇచ్చిన .
521 . It must be specially noticed that the Telugu relative participle does
not only represent what in an English relative sentence is the verb
and relative pronoun , but that if the relative pronoun in English be
"with which are writing " -and the whole sentence must be translated
27
210 ON ADJECTIVE SENTENCES .
thus-is the pen with which you are writing, a good one ? In like
manner-
Has not the man , who went to that village , come yet ?
Telugu relative participle must be the OBJECT of the verb in the corres-
ponding English relative sentence . Thus-
thus-is the pen with which you are writing, a good one ? In like
manner-
Has not the man , who went to that village , come yet ?
Telugu relative participle must be the OBJECT of the verb in the corres-
ponding English relative sentence . Thus-
526. The case of the noun itself which is qualified by the relative parti-
cipial phrase (and which in the corresponding English sentence is the
antecedent to the relative pronoun included in the Telugu relative parti-
ciple) depends upon the position which it occupies in reference to the
other words in the sentence. In the sentence - 25 Tiðu
J_D. ( Where is the paper which you have written) —it is in the
528. It has been already stated that passive relative participles are sel-
dom used . Thus the English sentences-I read the letter written by
your son—and—I read the letter which was written by your son - might
These are the jewels, which I saw in Bunder, and which he stole .
participle . Thus—
These are the jewels , which I found , and brought from there,
and showed to you.
Lit. These are the jewels which I having found , (and) having
brought from there , showed to you .
214 ON ADJECTIVE SENTENCES .
PARTICIPLES .
GENERAL EXAMPLES .
What is the work , that you have been doing since dawn ? ( Lit.
From day light , the work which you are doing , what ?)
What have you done with the pen , which I gave you ?
Why have you burnt an English letter, which I had not read ?
540. It has already been shown that by adding the pronominal affixes
వాడు , వారు , వాండ్లు , ది ( for అది ) and వి ( for అవి ) to adjectives and
para. 202. )
formed, which follow the same general rules as the above mentioned
.
class . Thus-
Relative Participles .
541 . N.B. - Before reading these examples, the student should refer to
para . 398 .
What work do you do ? ( Lit. You are one who does what work ?)
cooking . )
542 . In the preceding examples the composite nouns are all of the mas-
culine or feminine gender. The NEUTER composite nouns in & and
are used to express that which, i.e., the thing which and those which,
i.e. , the things which. Thus--
4
మీరు తింటున్నది ఏమిటి ?
What is it that you are eating ? (Lit. That which you are eating ,
what ? )
544. The pronominal affix & joined to a relative participle is often idio-
matically used to express the fact that, and conveys nearly the same
meaning as the verbal noun. When thus used & is indeclinable . Thus-
to-day ?
( Or లేనిది . )
547 . It has been shown (para. 536 ) that in the Northern Circars the
relative participle in is constantly used to translate the English idiom
used to in such sentences as- The Munshi, who formerly used to teach
me, has got a son . పూర్వము నాకు చదువు చెప్పే మునిపీకి కొమారుడు
పుట్టినాడు . The composite noun formed from the relative participle in
(or the present verbal participle prefixed to the composite noun formed
from o ) is also frequently used in the same signification both in the
Northern Circars and in the other parts of the Telugu country . When
thus used, the composite noun always occupies the position of the lust
word in the sentence . Thus—
Relative Participles .
548. (a) The composite nouns are often used elegantly as follows-
What fruits do you eat ? Lit. Those which you eat are what
fruits ?
ఆ వచ్చేది ఎవరు ?
Who is it coming ?
550. (c. ) The positive indefinite relative participle with the affix & is
sometimes used idiomatically, where the future tense might be used.
Thus-
ON ADJECTIVE SENTENCES . 223
551 . The composite noun , formed by affixing & to the indefinite relative
participle negative ( Para. 544) , is sometimes idiomatically used alone ,
ముట్టుకొన్నాానని
నిన్ను ముట్టుకోనిది , ముట్టుకొన్న న అంటున్నావు. సరే .
Lit. Although there was the fact of my not touching you, you say
that I did touch you . All right-i.e . , Although I did not touch
you , you say that I did . All right .
GENERAL EXAMPLES .
CONVERSATION .
English Translation .
E. Is he a trustworthy man ?
N. He is more trustworthy than any of my other servants . ( Lit. than all .)
celebrity.
ఇస్తాను .
Whichever of you does that work best , I will give him ten
remarks— ' ' The compound forms whoever , whichever , etc. , have a cer-
tain indefinite meaning, and have their antecedents often left unex-
Whoever does not pay the tax within a month to-day ( he ) will be
imprisoned by Government. ( Para . 555. )
mentioned above .
Cut ( that one) whichever of these beams is the best . ( Para . 424. )
560.
దినానికి ఎంత సొమ్ము దొరుకుతుందో , అంత సొమ్మ ఖర్చు చేస్తాడు.
He spends daily as much money as he gets . (Lit. Howmuch-
soever he gets daily, so much he spends.)
చేస్తాడు.
He will honour you in the same way that he honoured me.
230 ON ADJECTIVE SENTENCES .
561 . Forms closely resembling those used in the preceding kinds of sen-
tences occur in Telugu, where in English that kind of subordinate sen-
tence is used which is called an indirect interrogation . But as such
sentences are not followed by a correlative, they are (both in Telugu
and English) unmistakeably NOUN sentences, and consequently will be
fully considered in chapter XVI . Allusion only is made to them here
to guard the student against confusing them with the preceding kinds of
sentences . A few examples are subjoined .
562. It has been already stated (Para . 303) that the affix 53 has
the meaning of the English word perhaps. A few examples of its use
are here added to point out to the student the difference in use between
♡
the affix and the affix ఏమో .
CHAPTER XV .
ON ADVERBIAL SENTENCES .
అట్టు. )
No one can do that work, as you are doing it.
EXPRESSING CONDITION.
567. The negative form is made by prefixing the negative verbal participle
to . The word is contracted for ow , from . Thus,
contracted వ్రాయకుంటే .
EXAMPLES .
above may be used. But in addition to this form there is another form
in frequent use , by means of which the exact time of the verb in the
subordinate sentence can be accurately marked. This form is made by
adding to the progressive present , the past, or the indefinite
relative participle of any verb. Thus-
rupees .
If you will make that box very quickly, I will give you three
rupees beforehand for wood.
Bring that box . If you have made it very well, I will give you
ten rupees ; if not , I will give you only eight .
If that carpenter has not yet done that work, you must give it
to another.
తే,, the
NoTE .—The word అట్టయితే is compounded of అట్టు and అయితే
571.
Instead of the affix అట్టయితే the affixes పక్షమందు and పక్షముకు
( the locative and dative cases of పక్షము , which here means hypothesis )
are sometimes affixed to the relative participles . This expression
572. The affix Je (the locative case plural of J place) is also some-
పోయినయెడల. )
( 0 ) వెళ్లిన పక్షమందు) .
If I go to Bunder to -morrow, I will take you with me.
Here it would be quite as common and more correct to use the form
395.
వడ్లవాడు -
ఆ పని ఇదివరకు చేసి ఉంటే , సరే ; లేకుంటే, ఇంకొకరికి
ఇచ్చిరా.
If the carpenter has already done that work, all right ; if not, go
and give it to another . ( Lit. having given , come).
On the Change of the final Vowel of the Second Form of the Past
Tense into , or , to express IF.
Did he know his own interests, he would not have acted thus.
Had he asked I would have given him something.
236 ON ADVERBIAL SENTENCES.
అట్టాయినా .
SON ADVERBIAL SENTENCES . 237
ఇత్తును.)
If he had come, I would have given him the money.
( తగిలే దే .)
It just missed ; otherwise , the blow would have struck me.
( Or వచ్చేదే. )
If I had read Telugu daily, by this time I should have known it.
238 ON ADVERBIAL SENTENCES.
యనే వ్రాతును . )
If I had seen this book yesterday, I would not have bought a new
one in the bazaar.
place in present or future time, then in English the verb in the principal
sentence is put in the subjunctive mood imperfect tense..
A sentence of this kind is not very often used in Telugu , but when
used, it is generally expressed by the indefinite tense . Thus―
If I had any money , I would give you some ; but I have not any .
in the past tense . When this is the case, in Telugu the short conditional
form formed from the past verbal participle, is always used . Thus-
587. The short conditional form (and this form only, see para . 567) ,
when followed by a principal verb in the past tense, is often used idiom-
atically as a CONNECTING LINK in conversation . In English the word
when is sometimes used in a similar manner . Thus-
వెళ్లినారు .
When I came to your house , you had gone to the carpenter's house .
When I came there, you had gone to the canal . When I
588. The following EXAMPLES will illustrate this peculiar use of the short
conditional form . '
Q. అతణ్ని పిలిచినావా ?
మీరు నాకు ఆ
సాము ఇస్తేనేకాని , వెళ్లను .
Unless you give me that money , I will not go.
590.
( 1 ) . The word అప్పటికి ( the dative case of అప్పుడు) , when affixed to
the present, past , or negative relative participle, conveys the force of the
స్తూ ఉన్నప్పటికీ. )
Although I am writing well, he is angry.
591. NOTE . (a) The meaning of the English word although is frequently
expressed in Telugu by adding to the grammatical conditional tense
(which has the same form as the past relative participle with the affix
592.
NoTE . (b) This form (or the form with అప్పటికి ) is also used , where
in English the expression- whether or not- is used in an adverbial
sentence. (Compare para . 546. ) Thus-
వచ్చినా గానిన్ని .
ground or reason .
(a ) The verbal noun with the postposition వల్ల ( or చేత ) ; as— నేను
I will not give you any pay, on account of your not having done
that work well .
ON ADVERBIAL SENTENCES. 243
(d) The word బట్టి ( for పట్టి ) which is affixed to the infinitive of a
verb, means because. This form is usually followed by a past tense.
Thus -
N.B. — This use of we3 is not common in the Cuddapa District; but
the word is there used in a manner very rarely used in the Northern
Circars , namely , in the sense of ఆరంభించి . Thus—
(e) The word గనుక ; as– నేను వచ్చినాను గనుక వాడు వెళ్లిపోయినాడు.
I came, and therefore he went away.
In the latter sentence "for coming " is equivalent either to- (1 ) For
having come, which shows the ground , on which the punishment was
(b) Sometimes instead of the dative case of the verbal noun being
used, the word Xooe is affixed to the infinitive . Thus-
N.B. - Instead of 2
the word నిమిత్తమై is sometimes used .
నిమిత్తము
నిమిత్తము is more often used than కొరకు , but neither of these words
is very common .
Last night a great wind blew, so that many trees were broken ,
and fell down .
ప్రకారము .
(c) The word , meaning when , may be affixed to any of the rela-
tive participles . Thus-
( Or చేస్తూ ఉన్నప్పుడు . )
When I am working , you are doing nothing. You are a nice fellow !
When they had done their work yesterday, I gave them their pay
for the day before yesterday .
వర్తమానము పంపినాను .
అతడు రాకపోయినప్పుడు ( రానప్పుడు) , వర్తమానము
( Para . 363. )
When he did not come , I sent a message ( to him ) .
Various cases of this word are used to express various time relations.
ఉండెను .)
(d) After — The affixes తరువాత, పిమ్మట , మీదట and వెనుక are
attached to past relative participles with the meaning after, after that.
చెప్పిన పని నీవు చేయక పోయినతరువాత, ఇంకా నీకు పని ఎట్లా ఇస్తాను ?
After leaving undone the work ordered, how can I give you more ?
252 ON ADVERBIAL SENTENCES .
NOTE . As the forms with are not very commonly used to express
cause, a beginner had better use them only in the sense of time. There
are several other forms for expressing cause, e.g. , the verbal noun with
or , we
బట్టి with the infinitive , etc.
a principal verb in any tense , whereas the simple form with can be
followed by a past tense only. In common conversation the form
(v) The negatives of the above forms with are not very
frequently used. Two examples are added- ·
ఇదివరకు చెప్పిన పని నీవు చేయక పోగా , ఇంకా పని ఎట్లా ఇస్తాను ?
As you have not done the work already ordered , how can I give
you more ? ( Para . 522.)
(b) The affixes లోగా , మధ్య and లోపల are attached to indefinite
relative participles only, and mean-in the time that, or during the time
that. (The adjective pronouns and are sometimes used before
these affixes . ) Thus-
రండి . ( 0r ఈ లోగా .)
relative participle , it means-as long as, or as far as. In this case the
word is usually inserted idiomatically before . Thus-
మట్టుకు. )
As long as I was writing , he was sleeplng . ( i.e. All the time that . )
600. NOTE . The word 388 (the dative case of 38 ) is sometimes affixed
to an indefinite relative participle to express the meaning of―by the
time that. This form is used in the Northern Circars only. Thus-
603. The various sentences and phrases used to express time are
-
exhibited in the following examples :-
మీ కోసము
మీ కోసము ఎదురుచూస్తు
మీరు వెళ్లినప్పటినుంచి , ప్రతిదినము
Since you went, I have been looking out for you daily .
ON ADVERBIAL SENTENCES. 259
605.
( 2 ) ఆయన వచ్చిన మూడు రోజులకు , బైలు దేరినాను. ( Or ఆయన
వస్తాడు అనగా. )
-D DEC
260 ON NOUN SENTENCES.
CHAPTER XVI .
ON NOUN SENTENCES .
609. This chapter is divided into five parts as follows : -PART I. On noun
sentences which in English are not introduced by the conjunction that,
expressed or understood . PART II . On noun sentences which in English
are introduced by the conjunction that, expressed or understood . PART III .
On noun sentences involving the repetition of words previously spoken or
written. PART IV. On noun sentences ending with the affix or
వచ్చేది రానిది . )
I cannot tell for certain whether he will come or not . (Object. )
EXPRESSED OR UNDERSTOOD .
617 .
( 1) ఆయన ఆ సొమ్ము ఇవ్వలేదని అందరికి తెలుసును . ( i.e. , లేదు అని . )
That he did not pay that money is known to all-or-It is known to all
that he did not pay that money.
Here the noun sentence occupies the position of subject to the verb
Here the noun sentence occupies the position of object to the verb
620. Although the word ~ generally occurs in Telugu where the con-
junction that is used in English, yet the student must not therefore
suppose that the one is the exact equivalent of the other. The word
Telugu may be compared with the use of the word saying in old English .
( Compare Joshua vIII . 4 ; x . 6 , 17 ; St. Luke xv . 2 , 3 , etc.) Para. 496.
That a man should tell a lie, is sinful -or-It is sinful that a man
should tell a lie.
అబద్ధమాడడము పాపము .
SPOKEN OR WRITTEN.
627. In English, in sentences of this kind, the form called the INDIRECT
NARRATION is most commonly used . Thus-
When I (A) called him (C) , he (C) said that he (C) would not come.
ON NOUN SENTENCES. 265
in which the actual words of the original speaker are repeated exactly as
they were uttered . Thus--
When I (A) called him (C ) , he (C) said- " I (C) will not come."
629. The form used in Telugu closely resembles the DIRECT NARRATION
in English, for the words of the former speaker are generally repeated
exactly as they were originally uttered . Thus-
When I (A) called him (C) -" I (C) will not come " -he (C) said .
631 . In English, when the INDIRECT NARRATION is used with the princi-
pal verb in the third person, there is sometimes some ambiguity as to the
meaning of a sentence . Thus the sentence- Rama said that he went there
-may mean- Rama (A) said that he (C, i.e. , someone else) went there —or
Rama (A) said that he (A, i.e. , himself) went there.
In Telugu there is not the same ambiguity, for the first sentence
would be expressed as follows :-
" Self (A) went there "-thus Rama (A) said - or- Rama (A) —
" Self (A) went there "-thus said.
632. The word is often omitted, when the verb in the subordinate
this pronoun always refers to the subject of the verb in the principal
sentence. (The word can only be used, when the principal verb
is in the third person . See para. 182.) Thus-
Lit. “ Self ( A) did not go there ” —thus Rama ( A ) said , i.e. , Rama
( A) said that he (A) did not go there .
633. It may be remarked that the English sentences- Did you (B) say
that you (B) gave that money ? -and- Did you (B) say that I (A) gave
that money ? —would be expressed in Telugu as follows : -
635. In Telugu , when the person addressed is expressed , that person takes
the postposition తో , and may be placed at the beginning of the sentence ,
or immediately before the final verb p or . Thus-
an objective case,
ON NOUN SENTENCES. 267
EXAMPLES .
this kind resemble the indirect narration in English , except that the
subordinate sentence is not thrown into past time, as it is in English.
చెప్పినాడు .
చెప్పినారు .
The gentleman (C ) told me ( A ) that you (B ) would write a letter
to England today.
687. In sentences of this kind the form used in Telugu closely resembles
the form used in English, as will be seen in the following examples :-
EXAMPLES .
చెప్పు.
Please tell him ( C) that I ( A ) will not give him ( C ) any assistance.
Tell the carpenter (C) that he (C) must come tomorrow-or- Tell
the carpenter (C ) to come tomorrow.
Lit. The carpenter must come tomorrow, thus say- or-He must
come tomorrow, thus say to the carpenter.
640. (2) By the IMPERATIVE MOOD . In this case, that form only of the
imperative is used which ends in ము , .g ., కొట్టుము , వ్రాయుము , రము.
ON NOUN SENTENCES. 271
EXAMPLES .
(Or పంపుమను. )
Tell Krishnayya Garu ( C) to send this letter to his (C ) father.
చెప్పు .
Tell the groom to take the horse to Krishnayya Garu's house.
୪
గొల్లవాణ్ని నావద్దికి రమ్మని చెప్పు . (Or రమ్మను , i . e . , రమ్ము అను . )
Tell the milkman to come to me .
చెప్పు .
Tell the groom ( C ) , that he ( C) must take the horse to Bunder
tomorrow .
Inthe Cuddapah district, the form used in the above sentence would
643. In English sentences of this kind , either of the two following forms
may be used, namely- (1) The verb to say, followed by a subordinate
verb compounded with the AUXILIARY must or ought. ( 2) The verb to
tell , followed by an INFINITIVE MOOD . Thus-
EXAMPLES .
నిన్ను పొమన్నాడు .
He told you to go.
645. N.B. -In English sentences of this kind , in narrative writings (and
sometimes even in conversation ) the IMPERATIVE MOOD is used in the
subordinate sentence, as in Telugu . Thus--
" Saul said unto the Kenites-go , depart, " etc. (1 Sam . xv . 6 , )
" He said- Depart, for I will send thee, " etc. (Acts XXII . 21. )
646 . When the word " order " is used in the preceding headings ( see para.
625 ) , it must be considered as including such INVITATIONS, CHALLENGES ,
etc. , as take an imperative form . Thus-
cases interchangeable, and practice will soon teach the student when to
use one form in preference to the other. It may, however, be remarked
that the form with అట్టు usually expresses a certain degree of doubt
( See para. 609. )
EXAMPLES .
చెప్పినాడు.
Rama (C) told me (A) , that the gentleman (D ) said , that the
groom ( E ) had returned .
The peon (C) said , that you (B) said , that you ( B ) would pay
the salaries today . ( Lit. That you ( B ) said–I (B ) will
pay etc. )
నలుపు అని , ఎరుపు అని, తెలుపు అని , పసుపు అని , నాలుగు రంగులు
రంగులు ఉన్నవి .
There are four colours, namely — black , red , white and yellow .
చచ్చిపోవునేమో . )
I greatly feared , lest our child would die.
విద్య చెప్పకపోయినాను .
I did not teach him owing to a pride which said- Shall I teach
to others the learning which I have acquired ? -i.e.— I did not
teach him through a feeling of pride , that I ought not to teach
to others the learning which I had acquired.
656. (c) The word is also used idiomatically with the words
మాట , సమాచారము , etc. , as follows : —
literally translated would beÔIf any one say , what did he write ? This
is equivalent to - He wrote as follows .
(was) that which he said ? if any one say. This equals in English-
What he said was as follows.
ఏమి, ఏలాగు , ఎప్పుడు , ఎక్కడ , etc. , and may be translated into English
by the words- as follows. Thus-
నా తాత్పర్యము ఏమంటే .
Lit. If any one say , where is their house ?—It is on the south
side of Gopalaswami's temple .
663. The student must be careful not to use the words Jos and
They are not very often used in common conversation , and the Telugu
idiom generally requires X , and reverses the order of the English
sentence. Thus-
వెళ్లినాను.
664 . The word ~ , from to say, literally means —As any one
says . It is used idiomatically in the following ways :-
669. (c) The word is used , as already stated ( para . ) 606. ) in sen-
I started the day before he came. Lit. As they said , " He will
come tomorrow, " I started .
C
36
282 MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION.
CHAPTER XVII .
MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION .
On proper names .
first, in the genitive case, and is generally the name of a village. The
by which the person is always called , and is generally the name of a God
On giving answers .
674. also is used in the sense of yes ; and frequently also such
ఆయన వచ్చునుగాక !
Would that he might come ! -or- May he come !
677. To express a CURSE , the infinitive mood is used . The final letter is
generally lengthened . Thus-
నీ దుంప తెగా !
On certain affixes .
of position . Thus-
అతడు వచ్చినాడుగదా .
He has come, you know. Lit. He has come . Is it not so ?
pose. Thus-
684. The word (vul. oes ) affixed to a word , means- They say-
ఆయన వస్తాడట .
రేపు వస్తాను , లే
687 . These words are sometimes turned into verbs by adding ఆడు , అను ,
689. In Telugu there are certain words , each of which has a distinct
meaning, but which, when coupled together, have a peculiar idiomatic
meaning . Such expressions resemble the English expressions house and
home, wear and tear , bag and baggage, rack and ruin, etc. Thus-
తక్కువ. )
He is not in want , sir . He has some landed property.
690. In the same manner are used పిల్లా మేకా , బిడ్డా పాపా , పాడి పంట ,
అరదేశి పర దేశి , etc.
On Sanscrit prefixes .
సహవాసము company .
దుస్సహవాసము bad company .
implies-following . Thus-
వాది a defendant.
a plaintiff .......... ప్రతివాది
దినము ........
a day .... అనుదినము day after day.
GENERAL EXERCISES . 289
CHAPTER XVIII .
GENERAL EXERCISES .
therefore for him now to pursue is— (1 ) to read conversations , letters and
stories , written in the colloquial dialect by a Native, who does not know
English ; (2) to enter in a pocket book, and learn by heart, a few new
After this has been done for some months, the student should proceed
or the Prayer Book, until one of the above-mentioned books has been
mastered. However good translations may be, they cannot fail to injure
imitation . After the student has studied them carefully, he should ask
upon the particular subjects that will be most useful to him hereafter.
Thus a Civilian should require his Munshi to write about civil matters,
and to tell and write out stories from the Puranas, etc.
N.B.-The figures in brackets (if not preceded by the word Para .) , refer
( A. ) ఒక ఇంగ్లీషుదొరకున్ను ఒక హిందువుకున్ను
హి . పోవండి . వరి మళ్లకు ఎంత నీరు ఉంటే , అంత మంచిది . (Para. 103. )
2. ఉలవచేలు మొదలయిన తక్కిన చేలకు నీళ్లు అక్కరలేదా ? Para . 138.)
హి. వడ్లు అన్నీ అడుగున ఉంటవి . గడ్డి పైకి వస్తుంది . తరువాత ఆ గడ్డి
తీసివేస్తారు .
మన్ను పోయడము .
చేబియ్యమని అంటారు.
ఇ. చచ్చినదాన్నా , బ్రతికినదాన్నా ? ( 9. )
హి . రెంటినీ కూడా చూచినాను .
హి . పెద్దపట్లమునుంచి .
( D. ) బడినిగురించిన సంభాషణ.
ఇ. నెల రోజులలో .
పని
జరిగిన సంభాషణ .
రా . అయిదేళ్లది .
సు . లగ్గము ఎప్పుడు ?
రా . ఇంకా వారికీ మాకూ మాటలు కుదరలేదు . ( Para . 217 , end. )
కట్నము ఇత్తురా ?
పేదరికములో
రా . కలిగి ఉంటే , ఇచ్చేవారే కాని , పాపము ! చాలా
రని నమ్ముతున్నాను .
చిత్తమునకు తేవలెను.
అతిశీఘ్రముగా వస్తాను.
( 0. ) రెండో కథ .
పెట్టి ఉంచి , నేను నీకు కబురు పంపించేదాకా రావద్దని కొన్ని యుక్తులు చెప్పి
పంపినాడు. ( 43. )
ఓరవాకిలిగా వేసి ఉన్న తలుపు తెరవగానే, దాని వెనక పెట్టి ఉన్న పాత
కుండలు అన్ని పగిలిపోయినవి . అంతట కోమటి ఈ కుండలు పగిలిపోవడపు
(R ) నాలుగో కథ.
వెళ్లిపోయినాడు .
NOTES.
used instead of 6. " After having first ploughed the land two or three
furrows, they wet plough it . Before doing so , they sow seeds for sprouts in
a sprout bed," i.e., to be transplanted afterwards into the whole field.
are understood .
(8 ) After అదే the words ఈడ్చుకొనిపోతవి
(J ) చూచినారా is understood .
(16) Lit. A little work has come with your horse , i.e. , I want to
have the use of your horse.
GENERAL EXERCISES . 309
(20) They live (in the manner they do) for the sake of respectability .
literally means- You are the one in authority ( ev) to grant them ,
having caused, etc. , etc. , i.e. , It rests with you kindly to favour me with
(26) You must kindly tell Subbarayudu Garu that I asked much
after him .
(28) The letter & before stands for 8 , which means- dated .
(35) On the very day on which the house- warming took place.
310 GENERAL EXERCISES .
(39) Lit. I beg you will inform me, at what time if I come, I may
visit you , i.e., when I can visit you .
(40) All the words from DD ... to ... 383 are connected
by అని to J.
తలపోసి, His wife knowing this (para . 496) reflected thus
(41 ) All the words from మీ రాజుగారు ...to ... ఆపి వేయవలసినది are
(43 ) All the words from రేపటి దినము ... to ...రావద్దు are connected by
~ to awher . He told him a stratagem, namely, ( see para .
619) -Tomorrow put the door of the porch of your house ajar.
(44) Not only did he command that all the people should sleep in the
day time and work at night, and that the police should patrol in the
day time, but he also said--" we will punish those who do not do so . "
(45) here equals . At the time of the second watch , i.e. ,
at mid- day.
CHAPTER XIX .
698. Without such an introduction, the student would find much difficulty
in reading a Native Grammar (which he ought in course of time to do) ,
for all are written in highly grammatical language, and on a system
different to that pursued in the present work. But after reading this
introduction, it is believed that the student will be in a position to under-
stand a Native Grammar ; and he is strongly recommended to proceed to
the study of Chinniah Soory's Grammar , since it is generally regarded
as the best authority, and has been principally consulted in the prepara-
tion of this part of the present work. For this reason , reference is occa-
sionally made to Chinniah Soory's Grammar , throughout the following
pages , by the insertion of the letters C. S. The edition , to which refer-
ence is made, was published in 1858. The number which follows the
initials, refers to the page.
700. It may be here remarked , that the system pursued in all Native
Grammars appears unnecessarily difficult and complicated , except for a
person previously acquainted with Sanscrit. The reason of this is pro-
bably as follows :--
701 . There can be no doubt that the language, which the Brahmans
originally spoke , was Sanscrit, and that they wrote it in the Nagari
character. On entering the Telugu country, they found a language
ON THE GRAMMATICAL DIALECT USED IN BOOKS . 313
702 . The Brahmans soon commenced to learn and use Telugu , and in
course of time, some of them composed Grammars of the language , in
which the system of Sanscrit Grammar was applied to Telugu . These
books were composed on the supposition that the reader had some
knowledge of Sanscrit ; and not only were all the grammatical terms
borrowed from that language, but the Grammar itself was written in
Sanscrit .
703. It is no doubt upon these older books , that the earliest Telugu
Grammars now extant (as for instance Nannaya Bhattu's) were based .
And upon these latter are based the Modern Grammars. Hence, when
we carefully study one of them , we find thatit in reality presupposes a
knowledge of Sanscrit, that much of it is taken up with an explanation
of the manner in which Sanscrit words are introduced into Telugu , that
in many instances it appears unsuited to Telugu , and that it introduces
distinctions and terms, which are unnecessary and needlessly confusing.
(2) The complicated rules, according to which they are strung together
in a sentence.
705. The former will be explained in this chapter, and the latter in the
next chapter. But in reference to the latter, it is necessary here to
remark, that the rules chiefly depend upon whether a word belongs to
the
the class
class called , or not . By this term (which will be
but in this chapter all words belonging to this class are spelt with ,
in order to assist the student in remembering which they are. In the
I.
ON ORTHOGRAPHY, సంజ్ఞాపరిచ్ఛేదము.
707. The division of the words of the Telugu language into తత్సమములు ,
712.
The letter_c, called అరసున్న , or అర్థానుస్వారము , or అర్థబిందువు ,
is only used in the grammatical dialect. The conditions under which it
may be used in case of os, etc. , will be explained in the next chapter.
Theoretically this letter has a nasal sound , but practically it is silent .
713. The letter is always inserted before final , of the first declen-
II . ON POSTPOSITIONS .
718 . The grammatical forms of వల్ల and నుంచి are వలనక్ " and ఉండి .
719 .
The postpositions పట్టుఁడి , పట్టి , చేసి , ఉండి , and గుఱించి or గూర్చి ,
are always affixed to an objective case . All other postpositions are affixed
to a genitive case . Those mentioned in para . 148 may also be affixed to
a dative case .
720. A list of the postpositions in common use is given in paras . 143 and
పట్టి , పట్టుఁడి , కూర్చి or గుఱించి , and all those ending in ము , riz . , నిమిత్తము ,
ending in any other vowel , the initial becomes . In the plural either
OR నామవాచకములు .
III . ON NOUNS , వి శేష్యములు
Hence all objective cases are ద్రుత ప్రకృతికములు . Thus వనమున్ , గోడక్ ,
మగనిక్ , వనముల ౯౯ .
727. The VOCATIVE case (Para . 108) may have the final vowel long or short
or అక్కలారా .
ON THE GRAMMATICAL DIALECT USED IN BOOKS . 317
728. A plural vocative , when connected with a verb in the second person ,
may take the same form as the plural nominative .
రాముఁడ , రాముఁడా , రామ , రామా . If, however , the word has another
(XXI
( గురున,, XXD)
గురువా) or X.
గురూ . The reason of this is, that all crude Sans-
crit nouns denoting men , which end in , take the affix or , when
v, besides being declined in the regular manner (Para. 114) , may also
form the genitive by simply dropping final డు; as తమ్మ ుఁడు , gen . తము .
తమ్ముఁడు,
Hence the dative and objective may be and S తమ్మ. ce
క్ . Hence
also before a postposition either form of the genitive may be used ; as
The forms mentioned in paragraphs
తముచేతక్ or తమునిచేతక్.
115 and 116 are not grammatical .
731 . A few nouns of this declension form the plural by changing final
732 .
Nouns ending in కాఁడు , as వేటకాఁడు. form the Plural in o డ్రు
734. In the grammatical dialect there are a few words belonging to this
declension of only two syllables . See para . 114. Thus . Gen. D.
Pl . తేఁడులు or తేండ్లు .
318 ON THE GRAMMATICAL DIALECT USED IN BOOKS .
735. In the SECOND DECLENSION (Para . 117) there are few nouns which
too , and in the grammatical dialect does not belong to the second ,
but to the third declension . (C. S. 90. )
must change into before taking these forms. These forms may
be retained throughout all cases singular and plural, and before any post-
position . Thus—
D.
వనములకు౯ , వనములకుక్ , or వనంబులకు౯ .
Postpositions.
వనములయందు , ననములయందుక్ , or వనంబుల
యందు ౯ .
743. With the exception of the nouns included in the last paragraph, all
nouns ending in &,,, or ex , and all nouns of more than two
has been added, the letter preceding it may be changed into , or the
J. ( Para. 128. b . )
744. Nouns of more than two syllables ending in may also form the
or
PLURAL by changing final లి into o డులు or ండ్లు ; as కొడవండులు ,
into ట్లు and డ్లు respectively . Thus— Sing . కోటి. Pl. కోటులు or కోట్లు.
but in the PLURAL see only is used . In the same manner are
(Para. 138. )
రేలు . Sing. వ్రాయి . ( Gen. వ్రాయి . ) P. వ్రాలు . Sing . ఆవు . P7. ఆవులు or
ఆలు . Sing . తాయి . ( Gen. తాతి. ) Pl . తాలు . Sing . చేను. Pl. చేలు , Sing .
All nouns not included in the above rules , form the PLURAL nomi-
752. In the formation of the PLURAL, the rules given about in para .
754. The words Xev , ev , and a few other irregular nouns, make
757 . N.B.-There are many nouns which do not use these affixes ; as
పులి , గోడ , పెట్టె. There are also many nouns ending in డు, ము , and
, in which these letters are not ev, but part of the crude form
In all nouns of the first and second declensions final and are
affix . In all other instances , final డు , ము , and వు are not affixes, but
part of the crude form of the word . Every noun which does not take
759.
( 3) తృతీయా విభక్తి ..
తృతీయావిభక్తి Third case. The affixes are చేతక్ or చేక్ ,
and తోడక్ or తోక్; as రామునిచేక్ , చేతులతోక్ .
760. (4) చతుర్థీవిభక్తి, Fourth case . The affixes are కై and కొఱకుక్ ;
as రామునికై , పుస్తకముకొఱకు .
761. (5 ) పంచమీ విభక్తి . Fifth case . The affixes are వలనక్, కంటెక్ ,
762. ( 6) షష్ఠీ విభక్తి , Sirth case. The affixes are కుక్ or కిక్ , యొక్క ,
763. (7) 24. Seventh case. The affixes are అందుక్ , and న౯ ;
as రామునియందు , పుస్తకమునక్ .
767. Nouns are also divided into—( 1 ) Ho≈vev, i.e. , nouns which
take the affix .— ( 2 ) & wver , i.e. , nouns which take the affix
tive singular .
IV . ON ADJECTIVES, వి శేషణములు
ev..
Paragraphs 150 to 166 (omitting paragraphs 159 and 161 ) hold good
in the grammatical dialect.
768. Instead of the affix eo ( para . 154) the affix (the indef.
770. Before the words అన్యము , ఇతరము , పూర్వము, పరము, and ఉత్తరము ,
and their masculine and feminine forms, the dative case is sometimes
e
used instead of కంటె ; as రామునికంటె అన్యుఁడు or రామునికి క్
. (C. S. 71.)
అన్యుఁడు .
ON THE GRAMMATICAL DIALECT USED IN BOOKS. 323
V. ON PRONOUNS, సర్వనామములు .
771 . All pronouns are దేశ్యములు . In the grammatical dialect they take
numerous forms , which are given below . Paragraphs 168 , 172 , 177 , 181 ,
మము ౯.
0. మిమ్మక్ , మిముక్.
Pl.
N. ఎవరు , ఏవారు , ఎవ్వారు , ఎవ్వరు , ఏరు , ఏవారలు , ఎవ్వారలు ,
Sing . N. ఆమె , ఆ పై , ఆకె . ఈమె , ఈపె , ఈకె. ఏమె , ఏపె , ఏకె. ( 176. )
324 ON THE GRAMMATICAL DIALECT USED IN BOOKS .
Sing . N. ఏది , ఎది , ఎద్ది , ఏయది , ఎయ్యది . G. దేని , ఏదాని , ఎద్దాని . etc.
Pl.
N. ఏవి , ఎవి , ఎవ్వి , ఏయవి , ఎయ్యవి . G. వేని , ఏవాని , ఎవ్వాని etc.
774 . The forms of the word are very numerous. See C. S. 59.
becomes అక్కా_లము . This cannot take place , if the first letter of the
776. Instead of the affix & to form a feminine composite noun, the affix
778. The ordinals are formed from the neuter cardinals by adding అవ .
If the neuter cardinal ends in 9, contraction may take place . If it ends
779. The words ఒక ఁడు , ఒక తె , ఒకటి , have very many different forms ,
780 . The following list shows the grammatical forms of the cardinal
numbers. For their declension see para . 238 :-
4. నాలుగు. నలుగురు .
6. esex. ఆఱుగురు .
7. ఏడు. ఏడుగురు.
8. ఎనిమిది . ఎనమండ్రు .
9. తొమ్మిది . తొమండ్రు.
10. పది . పదుగురు , పదురు , పదుగుండ్రు , పదుండ్రు .
11. పదునొకటి. పదునొకరు .
పందొమ్మిది . పందొమ్మండ్రు
19. .
the nominative case, or may take the same as the noun . It may
8. (C. S. 74. )
VIII. ON AFFIXES .
--S
783. The affix (denoting a question) , the affix (denoting emphasis),
X
and the affix (denoting doubt), are sometimes shortened into ,
and .
785. The forms of the verbs used in the grammatical dialect , differ
considerably from those used in the colloquial dialect . They have a
positive and a negative form , but being more uniform, are not divided
into conjugations . Para . 253 is strictly observed .
787 . (1) The infinitive is formed by changing final of the root into ;
788. (2) The verbal noun is formed by adding to the root ; as os.
tense, are formed by adding to the present verbal participle, and the
790. (4) The past verbal participle is formed by changing final v of the
791 . (5) The indefinite relative participle uses the same form as the
root, or changes final of the root into or 2; as Jo , Lot ,
వండి.
792 . (6) The future relative participle affixes e to the infinitive . When
thus affixed , se becomes Xe , and c is inserted ; as ocXe . Para. 432.
793. (7) The past tense is formed by adding to the past participle ; as
వండి .
794. (8) The indefinite tense has two forms . The first is formed by
795. N.B. The indefinite tense and the indefinite relative participle
796 . (9). The future tense is formed by affixing the tense or to the
infinitive. When thus affixed , so becomes Xe , and c is inserted ;
797 . (10). The imperative second person singular and plural are formed
వండుఁడ .
ON THE GRAMMATICAL DIALECT USED IN BOOKS . 329
798.
(11) The imperative first person plural is formed by adding ão
to the root ; as వండుదము .
799. ( 12) FIRST . The √xqxšxv.. This is used to express the sense
of although or if, and where in the colloquial dialect the form made by
adding to the past verbal participle is used . See paras. 591 and 565 .
when the final vowel of the root is changed into or . Thus from
root చేయు are formed చేసి , చేసిన , చేసెడు , చేసెడి , చేసితిక్ , చేసెక్ , చేసె
SE , etc.
వ చేసిన౯ .
చేదాద్యర్థకము•
వండుడు . చేయుడుక్.
ఆనంతర్యార్థకము.
వండె౯ . వండఁగలఁడు .
3. ( M. వండుచున్నాఁడు.
( F.
P. N. వండుచున్నది . వం వండఁగలదు .
Indefinite tense .
3. M. F. N. వండెడుక్ , వండెడిక్ .
2. వండుదురు . వండెదరు .
807. The letter రు , when preceded byo త్ , ంద్ or oడ్ , may drop its
vowel , and be subscribed under the preceding letter ; as o∞ or
808. Roots of two letters only , of which the first is short ( e.g. , కొను ,
అను , పడు , etc. ) may insert య్ , whenever the final vowel of the root
becomes ; as కోనెక్ or కొనియెక్, కొనెడు or కొనియెడు, కొనెదక్ or
కొనియెద ౯.
809. Roots ending in ను , preceded by a short vowel , and the roots పడు,
చెడు, ఇడు , తగు , instead of adding న to form the past relative participle,
may double the final letter of the past verbal participle, and change its
810. The verbs and have two forms in the infinitive (and
Conjugation of కొను .
Infinitive . కొనక్
nite tense, and the imperative first person plural, by changing final of
the root into , and J. (Some of these roots , as explained below,
can also use another form ending in పుదు ౯ . ) Thus పిలుచు , పిలుతు ,
the root becomes . When, in the above verbs , final of the root is
preceded by o, the first form of the indefinite tense , and the imperative
take in the present verbal participle , and the parts derived from it , as
814. Roots of verbs ending in , which are not causal , observe the
following rules in the imperative second person singular and plural , and
whenever final of the root becomes . (1 ) If final of the root
మించ మించుము .
815 .
Regular verbs , ending in చ్చు , retain చ్ ; as మెచ్చు , మెచ్చక్ , etc.
816 . పిలుచు , నిలుచు , and a few other roots, may drop the third syllable
or పిల
రక్షించుచున్నాను.
Tense . prog . pres. పిలుచుచున్నాను.
[దు౯, రక్షించెద౯ .
818. The verbs వచ్చు , ఇచ్చు , చచ్చు , చూచు , తెచ్చు , చొచ్చు , నొచ్చు ,
and have the following peculiarities.—
రాజ్ . రెండు .
వచ్చు . “ రము .
819 . The verb may drop its second syllable in the past tense ,
and in the indefinite tense . It may drop its third syllable in the imper-
ative second person singular and plural, and whenever final of the
Infinitive . ఉండ •
[319. )
Verbal noun . ఉండుట , ఉంట . అగుట , కావుట .
[ ఉండెదక్ . ·
[అయ్యెదక్
Do. fut.
336 ON THE GRAMMATICAL DIALECT USED IN BOOKS .
కాత ,
ఆశీరాద్యర్థకము . ఉండుత , ఉండెడు౯ . అగుత , కావుత౯,
[ ఆయెడుక్ , అయ్యెడుక్ .
Conjugation of పోవు .
823.
REFLEXIVE VERBS ( Para . 330) are formed by affixing the verb
to the root , or to the past verbal participle. Roots ending in
take the latter form only. Thus-
Infinitive . వండికొనక్
V. par. pres .
వండికొనుచుక్ , వండికొన్చుక్ , వండికొంచుక్ .
.
Do. past . వండికొని .
యెడు , వండికొనియెడి .
కొనెదక్ , వండికొనియెదక్ .
ఆనంతర్యార్థకము .
824. CAUSAL VERBS are explained in paras . 333 to 336. In the gramma-
tical dialect a few of these verbs take a double objective case after them,
and hence are equivalent to the English verb to cause, followed by an
active infinitive. These verbals are the causals of పొందుట , తినుట, వినుట ,
825.
PASSIVE VERBS (Para. 328) are frequently used in the grammatical
dialect . Before the letter is inserted . This verb is occasionally
826 . THE NEGATIVE FORM of verbs is formed (as in the colloquial dialect)
827; (1 ) The past verbal participle , the verbal noun and the indefinite
relative participle are formed by affixing 8, 2 , and respectively to
829. (3) The imperative second person singular and plural are formed
by adding and respectively to the positive infinitive. The
~
vowels of the final and may be changed into , 5, or ,
830. (4) A negative present tense may be formed by prefixing the positive
verbal noun to 3 ; as Joe . (Para. 360.) A negative past
832 . (6 ) Since the negative verb is formed from the positive infinitive,
it has the same changes of form. For example, since the infinitive of
MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION .
834 . Instead of the , the past tense, with the final vowel
A transitive verb .
సకర్తకక్రియ.
An intransitive verb,
అకర్షక క్రియ .
A passive verb.
కర్తణి క్రియ .
A reflexive verb.
ఆతి నేపదార్థకము .
A causal verb.
ప్రేరణార్థకము ,
The agent.
కర్త .
The object .
కర్త .
CHAPTER XIX .
First. Those rules which are observed, when the following word
begins with a vowel.
The changes which take place, when the following word begins
with a vowel, are of two kinds, namely-
+ ఇచ్చెక్, రాముఁడిచ్చెక్ .
841 . (2) The change of the initial vowel of the second word into its
842. In order to apply the rules, all the words of the Telugu language
( 1 ) . On ద్రుత ప్రకృతికములు .
843 . The meaning of this term has already been explained in paragraph
705. This class of words includes--
ఇంటక్ , గొడ్డటక్ •
(6) The first and third persons singular, and the third person
neuter plural of the past tense, and of both forms of the
indefinite tense, and the first person singular of the negative
indefinite tense ; as వండితి ౯ వండెక్ , వండుదుక్ , వండు౯ ,
(2 ) . On కళలు .
844. The class of words called ev includes all those which are not
Hence it includes--
ద్రుత ప్రకృతికములు .
343
ON సంధి, గ్రుతము, యశ్రుతి, ETC.
( 5 ) All exclamations .
845 .
(1) When a ద్రుత ప్రకృతికము is followed by a word commencing
with a vowel, that initial vowel is dropped , and in its place, its secondary
846 . ( 2) The words mentioned below , have the power of dropping final,
చుండిరి. ( Or పడుచునుండిరి. )
344 ON సంధి , ద్రుతము , యశ్రుతి , ETC ,
847 .
(1) All words ending in any of the short vowels , always take
సంధి , when followed by the affixes ఎఁడు , ఏసి , అంత , etc. , or by the
words అయ్య , అప్ప , అమ్మ , అత్త , అవ్వ, అన్న , అక్క ; as వీసె + ఎఁడు, వీ సెఁడు ;
when they happen to come under the two precedin rules ) , never take
g
సంధి, but always యశ్రుతి. Thus పల్లకీ + ఎక్కె becomes పల్లకీయెక్కెక్ ;
850. (4 ) When a word ends in , సంధి ' always takes place ; as రాముఁడు
- ఇచ్చెక్ , రాముఁడిచ్చెక్ .
women , when they end in " , take యశ్రుతి only ; as దూత + అతఁడు ,
యిచ్చెక్ .
854 .
E.rceptions . ( a ) The words మఱి , ఏది , ఏవి , ఏమి , and the words
అది , అవి , ఇది , ఇవి , ( even when used as pronominal affixes) may take
సంధి at pleasure ; as అది + ఏది , అదేది , or అది యేది ; చేసినది + ఏమి , చేసిన
855. (b) In the past tense , the termination and 8 , in the first
తి , and తిరి , in the second person singular and plural , always take సంధి ;
త్రీపతి.
(called in this case ఆ దేశ సరళము ) ; and also final ౯ is changed into o
or c
or c , or takes స్వత్వము , or సంశ్లేషము. Thus చెప్పెక్ + కమలాక్షుఁడు ,
క్షుఁడు , or చెప్పెన్దమలాక్షుఁడు .
44
346
ON సంధి , ద్రుతము , యశ్రుతి, ETC.
859.
Final ను of తాను and నేను cannot be changed into o or సంశ్లేషము.
+
కొట్టిరి , వారుగొట్టిరి or వారు
కొట్టిరి ; వత్తురు + పోదురు , వత్తురువోదురు ,
or వత్తురుపోదురు .
861. (2) When the latter word is a సంస్కృతసమము, this change cannot
II . SPECIAL RULES .
862 .
( 1 ) Genitive cases ending in v , or , though కళ words, yet insert
ఆజ్ఞ
with a vowel . Thus రాము + ఎదుట , రాము నెదుట౯ ; రాజు + ఆ రాజు
863 . (2) The root form , and the form in of the indefinite relative
864. ( 3) When the words కుఱు , చిఱు , కడు , నడు , నిడు, are followed
నటిలు .
letter is changed into ట్; as నడు + ఇల్లు , ო
847
ON సంధి , ద్రుతము, యశ్రుతి , ETC.
865. (4) When a word standing in the relation of an adjective to the noun
+ అలుక , సరసపుటలుక. Para . 157. The words పేరు , చిగురు , and పొదరు
III . ON సమాసములు .
ever precedes , to the last word, is that of any of the causal affixes
( విభక్తులు ) except the ప్రథమ . (Para . 755. ) Thus దొంగ భయము . Fear
874.
( b) సమానాధికరణము or కర్మధారయ సమాసము , i.e. , a సమాసము
in which whatever precedes , stands to the last word in the relation of
3. The word drops its final letter, and doubles the first
03..
ముక్కంటి The three-eyed, i.e, Siva.
877.
III . ద్వంద్వము , i. e., a సమాసము composed of nouns , each of
which is equally important, and which, if uncompounded , would be in
the same case, and connected by conjunctions . The last noun takes
ON సంధి , ద్రుతము , యశ్రుతి , ETC. 349
879. a
I. ఆచ్ఛికము, i.c. , n సమాసము composed of అచ్ఛ words only ; as
తేనియానతి , చెరువునీరు .
881. N.B.-A crude Sanscrit word ( i.e. , a Sanscrit word without any
882.
III . సాంస్కృతికము , i.e. a సమాసము which is composed of Suns-
crit words only . These are subdivided into two classes, namely-
884 .
( b ) సిద్ధము , i.e. , a సమాసము in which crude Sanscrit words are
joined together according to the rules of Sanscrit Grammar . The whole
compound is then introduced into Telugu , and the last word , if neces-
885. The subjoined TABLE gives some of the principal changes which
= నరకాసురుఁడు .
ว
as నరక +
+ + + + + + + + + +++ + +
do; + ఆసన =
దర్భ దర్భాసనము .
do ; గంగా + = గంగామృతము .
అమృత
C
do; + ఆసక్తి =
విద్యా విద్యాసక్తి .
5; హరి =
హరీభ్యుఁడు .
ດ
ఇభ్య
3
do; సింధు + =
సింధూరి .
B
== do ; తనూ + ఊష తనూష .
= + ఋణ పితౄణము .
పితృ
B દુ
୧
దేవ = దేవేంద్రుఁడు .
+ ఇంద్ర
do ; రమా + ఈశ = రమేశుఁడు .
J
ఉదయ =
.
చంద్ర + చంద్రోదయము .
=
11
~5; - రాజ + =
H
ఋ రాజర్షి.
2; జనిత + ఏక *
జనితైకము.
== do; ఏకవచన =
ప్రధమా + ప్రధమైకవచనము .
+ + + + + + + + +
= do; --
సర్వ + ఐశ్వర్య
ຄ
సర్వైశ్వర్యము.
do; అంగనా + =
ఐకమత్య అంగ నైక మత్యము,
తండుల + ఓ = తండులేదనము.
>
= do; - ఔరస
గంధర్వ + గంధర్వౌర సుఁడు,
= do; గంగా =
ఔన్నత్య గంగౌన్నత్యము .
= అతి ఆశా =
Si అత్యాశ .
5 = do; గౌరీ ఆరాధన గౌర్యారాధనము.
శాలి + ఓదన =
magi శాల్యోదనము .
+ + + + + +
Cq
5 సుధీ ఉపాస్య =
సుధ్యుపాస్యుఁడు .
=
?
Si మధు మధ్వరి.
వధూ ఆగమన వధ్వాగమనము ,
C
E
ý
అంశ భ్రాత్రంళము,
భ్రాతృ +
ఆదరణ =
మాతృ + మాత్రాదరణము.
+ = గవానయనము.
る
+ +
CC
నౌ + అంత = వంతము .
'
हु ఇ = గ్ ; as +
త్వక్
లె
ఇంద్రియ త్వగింద్రియము.
+ + + + + + + + + + + +
అప్ + అత = అంతరము .
M
= వాక్ రస వాగ్రసము .
+ +
చ్ 5; అచ్ లోప
3x
11
c
అజ్లోపము .
&; తత్ రధ తద్రధము .
+
బ్ అప్ + జాల = అబ్దాలము .
1:
జ
మ జ్ వాక్ మనస్ =
వాఙ్మనస్సులు .
+
ము &
5; షట్ + ముఖ =
షణుఖుండు .
త్ 5; తత్ నామ =
తన్నా మము.
+ + + + +
8 3
55; అప్ మయ =
+ + + +
అమ్మయము.
త్ ట్
65; తత్ టంక
తట్టంకము .
త్ 5; - తత్ =
చాతుర్య తచ్చాతుర్యము.
త్ ల్ ; తత్ లీలా తల్లీల .
ష 5; ధనుస్ + =
+++ ++++ + + + + + ++++
++++
ధనుషండము .
ష్ ; ధనుస్ +
27
2
ధనుష్టంకారము .
శ్ తపస్ శక్తి =
తపశ్శక్తి.
తపస్ చర
తపశ్చరుఁడు.
ర్ ; ధనుస్ + =
అగ్ర ధనుర గ్రము.
5; ధనుస్ + ధర =
ાા
ధనుర్ధరుఁడు .
**; తపస్ =
ధన తపోధనుఁడు .
*ఉ శిరస్ =
అగ్ర శిరో గ్రము .
మనస్ + వాక్ =
మమోవాక్కులు .
WZ WZ WZ kg
12 den 1a)
5; తపస్ + సంబంధ =
తపస్సంబంధము .
= 8; మనస్ =
కృత మనఃకృతము.
8; తపస్ =
ప్రభావము తపః ప్రభావము .
= చ్ఛ్ : - తత్ మన =
తచ్ఛమనము .
-5: ఇష =
ఛన్న
2 2
ఇషుచ్ఛన్నము.
చ్; ఇక్షు ఛాయా =
ఇక్షుచ్ఛాయ .
చ్ ; - =
'
శ్వేత
ध
ఛత్ర శ్వేతచ్ఛత్రము .
ΤΟ
COMPILED BY
B. J. ROCKWOOD , B. A. , B.D.
CONTENTS
C
:
:
B ii es ... xxiii ...
... ... xxxii
:
:
C ... iii a xxiv ...
:
...
:
D ... vi 8 ... ... ... ... Xxxii
:
e3 AIXX
:
:
F Vii XXV
... ...
.
:
...
:
:
:
... ...
:
20 ... XXV
H vii ... ...
..
:
:
... ...
:
:
... X XV న
३
xxxiii
I ... viii ви
:
::
:.
...
ო ... ... XXV ప XXXV
J ... ... viii -21
... ...
م
... ... AXX ... ...
K
:
3
...
... xxvi w
:.
... ...
:
M ix
...
2 ... Xxvii మ ... xxxvii
૩
...
:
N ... X
كم
xxvii Xxxviii
:
...
&
:
xii ୪ Xxxviii
X
Ꮕ ... ...
P xii ల ... xxxix
ວ
xxviii
хо
:
يف
... వ
& ...
:
AX X :XXX
по
:
R XV X xli
:
...
:
... XXX
13
:
$ xli
xvi
B
... xxxi
:
:
12
T xvii
:
... xli
:
U xix
:
V
:
xxxi
:
...
уз
... ఛ ă
:
XIX
:
2 XX GO
:
X XG0 ...
... ... O xlii
:
...
Zא ... ... xxxii 8 xlii
3
:
:
:
Index to Arden's Telugu Grammar
COMPILED BY
Although, "expressed by 33+ with pres. , past. , or neg . rel. part, 590 also
may end in or
expressed by added to gram. cond . tense, 591 .
"" " నా 591 .
Both and , expressed by 1. న్ని, 2. న్ను , 3. యున్ను, 4. నున్ను , 5. last vowel length-
ened, 217.
But, expressed by , 224.
By the time that, expressed by 33 added to ind . rel . part. , 598. (1) c Note.
in Northern Circars by 83 added to ind . rel . part. , 600 .
Expressed by 8% ind . rel. part , 598 (1 ) c Note.
Called, named , termed , expressed by , 654.
Can, could, expressed by Xe added to inf. , 460 ; 468.
అని , 65 ) ,
iv INDEX
Participles-contd.
negative rel . participle.
formation of, 363.
meaning of, 539.
prefixed to అందున , అందువల్ల , అందు చేత , 5946.
"" అందుకు, 594c.
Praticiples -contd .
prefixed to to form conditional, 565 .
"" Go , 598 (2) a iii.
"" "" expressing although, 491 .
"" » ఉంటాను , 445 .
" "" o , 445 note.
"" "" ఉండును, 446 .
same form as ind . rel . part, 492.
used to express reason of an action, 497.
present v. part.
emphasised by , 489, 490.
lengthened form in 2 or with , 488 ; 789.
prefixed to వచ్చు , 500 .
"" ఉన్న , 532 .
"" "" ఉండిన , 533.
"" "" ఉండే , 536 .
"" "" o , 598 ( 2)a iv.
روఅందుకు , 594c.
"" "" ఉంటాను , 444 .
"" ఉందును , 446 .
used to express strongly marked progressive present time, 443.
Perhaps, expressed by 5 , 303.
Permission expressed by , 453; 468.
Person addressed expressed with S , 635.
99 19 "" in objective case, 641.
Place, rules , with reference to, 324 seq.
Please, expressed by o2, 304.
Plurals of irregular nouns : rules for, 128.
same form for different words, 140 .
Posssesion denoted by use of o , 377.
11 "" ,, adj. pronouns, 190.
19 composite noun, 425.
Post positions , 143-148 , 718-723 , 765.
with genitive, 143 , 719.
"9 objective, 143 , 719.
"1 dative, 143 , 719.
used as adjectives , 149.
declined, 211 .
used with pronominal affixes , 426.
Pronouns, 168 ; 172 ; 177 ; 181 seq . 771 seq . 782.
Punctuation , 92.
Purpose,
expressed by dative case of verbal noun , 476 ; 595a.
Xeobe affixed to inf., 595b.
"" » అందుకు , నిమిత్తము , కొరకు affixed to ind . rel . part, 595c .
INDEX XV
Reason of action expressed by rel . parts with అందున, అందువల్ల , అందుచేత, 5946 .
"" "" ~ and rel . parts and pres. v. part, 594c
(1 ) , (2).
19 "" inf. and 3, 594d.
"" "" గనుక , 594e.
"2 99 short cond . form, 594f.
Readiness , expressed by inf + you + o , 481 .
Reduplication of numeral to exp . each of two, ' etc. , 197.
"" ,, pronouns ,, "" several, respective, various , 199.
19 noun 99 each, every, 193.
Reflexive verbs 330 ; remarks on, 331 , 823.
combined with causal verbs, 336.
see also , 340 .
pronouns , 180-182 .
Relative.
participles see under participles .
pronouns , 517.
sentences , 515 seq . 530 seq .
Repeating messages or words, 627 ; 637 seq. 643 .
Repetition of an action , expressed by pres . v. part with 55 , 500.
"" a Telugu word, 688 .
19 22 verb in cond . sent. to denote certainty, 583 .
To require or want exp . by 535 & dative , 437 .
in negative by అక్కరలేదు, 438.
Respect shown by o , 304.
by use of personal pronoun , 172 ; 174 ; 177 ; 178 ; 181 ; 185 .
see also 206.
Respective , various, translated by reduplication of pronouns, 199.
Result, consequence or + ind . rel. part., 596 .
Roots.
defined, 245 N.B.
ending in or peculiarities in reflexive , 331 .
peculiarities of in 1st conj . ending in , 272.
"" "" 19 "" "" , 255.
19 59 99 2nd "" "1 x, 245; 274; 282.
"" "3 3rd "" , 245; 284.
used to form nouns , 100 .
Rules with reference to place 324, seq.
Same plural for different words , 140 .
Sanskrit prefixes , 692 seq. 369 .
Second case, 758.
Second declension of nouns , 769 .
Self, exp. by reflexive pronoun , 180 ; see also 183 .
Sentences, order of words in, 294.
Seventh case, 763 .
INDEX xvii
Time duration of :-
as, while, expressed by + inf. , 598 ( 2)a (i), (ii) .
ఉండగా , 598 ( 2)a ii .
+ past v. part., 598 (2) a iii.
"" + present, 598 (2)a iv.
అ.
, 710 .
o (vulg. for e ) affixed to a word means ' They say,' 684.
అంటే used instead of అనగా, 667 .
affixed to Jo and Joe because, f62.
అచ్ఛదేశ్యము words , 93 .
vowel ,' 82.
అన్యదేశ్యము words , 93 .
used with 33 % to express purpose , 653.
to express ' lest ' , 652.
"" to express reason of action , 651.
"" idiomatically namely ' , 649 seq.
19 to introduce a noun sentence, 616 ; 620 ; 621.
"" as an equivalent to quotation marks, 621 .
omitted when is used, 630.
అన్యము , 770 .
33 used to express although ' , 590 .
"" "" "" by the time that ' , 598 ( 1 ) c note .
"" "" ' upon '
"" do.
99 ' whether or not ' , 592.
"
o used to express from the time that ' , 598 ( 1 ) c .
used to express ' when ' , 598 ( 1) c.
declined , 209.
"
used to express whenever ' , 598 (1) c .
INDEX xxiii
అ మహదర్ధములు , 766 .
used as termination of nouns in predicate, 395 .
changed to form nouns denoting agent, 97.
అయి , 716 .
you + used with inf. to express readiness , 481
"" before ro , 401 .
99 to express spontaneous action , 183 .
o used to form indefinite pronouns , 188.
ܼܝ "" adjectives , 154 ; 158 ; 162 ; 768 ; 769.
19 composite nouns, 203.
99 when one noun is put in apposition to another, 164.
"
used to express either ' , 214 .
"" ' even ' , 216.
indefinite sense , 219 .
used with per. pro . to express ' as for myself, etc. ,' 183 .
as used as an interjection , 229.
అర్రు declined , 139.
S.
ఆనంతర్యార్థకము , 800 .
ఆమె, 176 .
ఆయన , 175.
oo used with inf. , 477 .
ఆశీరాద్యర్థకము , 801,
xxiv INDEX
8.
, 716,
·
of past v. part. lengthened to express although ' , 491 .
6
2005, 2055 to express another ' , 201 .
9
o used to form casual verbs , 333 ; 341 ; 813.
Ro'so much ' declined , 191
Ro'so many ' declined , 191 .
Ro declined , 209.
3 declined , 209.
ఇతరము , 770 .
3 third personal pro . feminine , 173 .
declined, 174.
2 used to express ' both ' , 237 .
'so many ' declined , 191 .
Row
ဒဿ s used with , 227.
"" >> , 228.
3 declined , 135 .
BR.
&.
+ ఉండేటట్టు , 6 ) 1.
ఉండి , 533.
with neg. v. part, ending in so , 593.
declined , 133 .
2003, 709.
ౠ , 709.
9,709.
5°, 709.
2.
J, 710.
Jo used in adj . sent. ending in , 560.
declined , 191 .
D
xxvi INDEX
+ అంటే, 631 .
Joe used with adj . sentence ending in , 560.
Je used in cond . sentence, 572.
5.
2.
2.
& , 710.
25, 25x0, 25 or 253 in each member of sentence to express ' another ' , 200.
"
2- to express each ' , ' every ' , 193 .
2.
2°.
, 716.
name of vowel , $7.
కాదా, 681 .
కాక్ , 784.
"
used with to express unless ' , 589.
uses of, 223-227 .
to express who or which is or was not ', 223.
" 19 ' but ' , 224
"" ' either or ' , 226 .
INDEX xxix
postposition, 143 .
2 name of subscribed consonant S 88.
o declined, 191.
3 pl . of, 128a.
used with inf. , 477 .
క్రమక్రమముగా , 195.
name of subscribed consonant , 88.
క్రియలు, 785 sq .
బ్రసమములు , 767 .
X..
గడగడ , 686 .
you know ' , 681 .
గబగబ , 686 .
Ke affixed to inf. gives future significance, 413.
99 "" noun 29 force of adj ., 166.
used with pronominal affixes , 204 .
Xeo affixed to inf: to express purpose, 595b.
గ్రామ్యము , 93 .
INDEX xxxi
ఘ.
ఘుమఘుము , 685 .
خمییراهم
2, 709.
చతుర్థీవిభక్తి , 760 .
చాలను used instead of లేను , 465.
చాలుదును used instead of గలను , 464.
& declined , 137.
DISI, 483 .
చురచుర , 681 .
conjugated , 327 818.
pl . of, 128a
చేదాద్యర్థకము , 799–834 .
pl. of, 128g ; 137 ; 138 .
o declined, 136.
conjugated in negative, 356.
చేయించుకొను , positive , 333 , 336.
, 709.
Xxxii INDEX
¿.
inserted between adjective ending in and noun beginning with a vowel , 157.
డ, ఢ .
త.
తద్భవము , 93.
used to form abstract nouns , 96 .
తేచు , 818 .
·
used to express unless ' , 589 .
used with verbal noun to express as soon as ' , 474 ; 490 .
as postposition , 143.
to indicate person addressed , 635.
examples of its use , 441 .
used as postposition , 143.
తోడనే "" with past rel . part . to express ' directly, the moment that' , 598 1b note .
నాట్లో and దీంట్లో used for దానిలో and దీని -లో , 174N.
added to pos . indef . rel . part. ' until ' , 598 ( 2) d .
"" 19 past "" 11 599 .
దేశ్యము words , 93 .
దొరగారు and దొరసాని గారు uses of, 179 .
example of its uses, 441.
declined, 131 .
నామవాచకములు, 724 seg .
నేరుచు, 819 .
నొచ్చు, 818.
sx declined , 132.
ప.
పరము, 770 .
3 added to ind . rel . part . , 598 (2) ā.
used as a termination , 139.
ex pl . of, 140.
"
used in sentences to express custom ' , 536.
added to neg. v. part . to express ' before ' , etc., 598 (1 )a ; 770.
o conjugated , 292.
combined with nouns to form verbs, 338.
పేరడు declined , 131 .
2500 pl. of etc. , 128g ; 138 .
used to form neg . prog . hab . pres . and fut . tenses , 364 .
used to form neg . cond . sentence , 579 .
affixed to a neuter noun , 99.
బ.
బొట్టుబొట్టుగా , 195.
బొయ్యే used with inf. , 534 .
25 used to form neg. imp. , 367 .
25.
భగ్గున , 686.
భుగభుగ , 686 .
మ.
మహత్యర్థకములు , 766.
మహదర్ధకములు , 766 .
used as a possessive adj . pro. , 190 .
మాట used with అనే, 656 .
example of use, 666.
declined, 137 .
conjugated, 292 .
uses of, 53 .
added to neg. verb part , 598 ( 1 ) a .
e pl. of 128 (e) ;, 531.
declined , 238.
declined , 138.
య.
యశ్రుతి, 838 sq .
used to express questions , 299 (2) ·
o used for of 3rd person neuter , 309 .
pl. of nouns ending in, 128 f.
genitive of "" 136.
added to interrogative pro . exp. indf. pronoun when verb is negative, 188.
୪.
declined , 210.
INDEX xxxix
ల.
వ.
వండికొను, 823 .
వచ్చు conjugated 319 ; in neg., 358 , 818 .
causal form of, 335.
with pres. v. part. expressing repetition of action, 500,
as an auxiliary, 453.
xl INDEX
postposition , 143 .
used with , 378.
used with verb expressing ' motion from ' , 325 .
93 99 inf. , 477.
38 added to indef. rel . part . , 598 ( 1 )c , note see, 598 (2)d .
వర్ణము, 82 .
వలసినది as auxiliary , 454 .
used to express ' command ' , 639; 644.
common use , 435 .
as auxiliary , 436 ; 454 ; 639 ; 644.
with and dative to express ' want ' , etc. , 437.
postposition , 143 .
uses of, 466 .
29 as auxiliary , 454 .
99 with infinitive , 477, 835.
declined , 174 .
used as termination of noun in predicate , 394 .
విసర్గ , 88 .
విశేష్యములు , 724 seg .
విశేషణములు, 768 seq .
5 declined , 174.
used as a termination of a noun in the predicate , 394 .
33 no meaning , 691 ,
INDEX xli
3.
, 709.
for 3 in 2nd conjugation , 283 .
ష.
ష , 709 .
షష్ఠీవిభక్తి, 762 .
సముచ్చయము, 777 .
83 added to ind. rel. part. used in North Circars , 600.
Jo ve
సర్వనామమ ులు,, 168, 172 : 177, 181 , 201 seq., 771 seq.
names of O, 90.
సుమీ , 683 .
added to ind . rel . part . , 603 note ;, 604.
2o.
O, C, 8.