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Biotechnology Genetics

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11 views

Biotechnology Genetics

Uploaded by

diyap4694
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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TOOLS OF

BIOTECHNOLOGY
Genetics

RESTRICTION
ENDONUCLEASES
Bacteria produce these restriction endonucleases which are
defence enzymes against viruses. They acknowledge and
then cut DNA at specified nucleotide sequences which are
normally 4-8 base pairs with some simple, some sticky ends.
Other than their usage to clone and genetic fingerprints,
restriction enzymes are also responsible for protein
expression as they modify plasmid vectors and detect
mutations in molecular diagnostics.

PCR (POLYMERASE CHAIN


REACTION)
The PCR method which amplifies small amounts of DNA
approximately double each cycle. PCR has 3 major steps which
include denaturation, annealing, and extension. Denaturation is
when the double-stranded DNA is heated to unravel into single
strands. Annealing is when the DNA is cooled so that the
primers can bind with the complementary strands. Extension is
when the strands are heated once more and DNA is
synthesized. This enables actions like forensic analysis of small
DNA samples, gene cloning, and genetic disease diagnosis.

DNA SEQUENCING
DNA sequencing determines the randomized pattern
in which the nucleotides of a DNA molecule are
sequenced. This is crucial for the evolution of DNA, the
development of medicine according to each
individual’s necessities, and genome mapping.
Sequencing is the process that allows genomes to be
physically mapped out and genes to be positioned on
chromosomes.

GEL ELECTROPHORESIS
Gel electrophoresis is the biotechnology that separates
fragments of DNA depending on their size which are cut
using restriction enzymes. These DNA fragments are run by
an agarose gel matrix under an electric field. They then
form a pattern of bands which provide the unique
fingerprint for that accommodated DNA sample. When
these band patterns are analyzed and compared, scientists
can identify DNA derivation, diagnose genetic conditions,
and even detect genetic variations.

CRISPR
CRISPR, (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short
Palindromic Repeats) is a type of editing tool for
revolutionary genes which uses RNA as a guide to direct
the Cas9 nuclease enzyme so that restriction enzymes can
cut DNA at the targeted sequence. Because of this,
adding, alterations, editing, and removal of DNA sections
can take place. Research of CRISPR has led to major
advances in terms of potentially treating genetic diseases
in the biology and medical field.

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