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Almughtaribeen University
College of Engineering
Cnt. 521
Fuzzy Logic Control
Dr. Abusabah I. A. Ahmed

[email protected]

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 Course Outline
 Introduction to Fuzzy Logic System: Fuzzy Logic, Fuzzy sets,
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Fuzzy sets and membership, Crisp Set and Fuzzy Set,

Classification of Fuzzy Sets, Probabiltiy vs. Fuzziness
 Fuzzy logic System Architecture: Fuzzification, Inference,
Composition, Defuzzification.
 Classical and Fuzzy Relations: Crisp Relations, Operations on
Fuzzy Relations,
 Membership Functions: Properties of Membership Functions,
 Fuzzy Set Operations. Fuzzy Rules, Linguistic Variables,
 Defuzzification: Defuzzification to crisp sets, Defuzzification
Methods,
 Applications of Fuzzy Logic Systems: Fuzzy Control, Fuzzy
Inference Methods, Fuzzy Inference Systems.
 Artificial Neural Network
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Text Books

1. Guanrong Chen, Trung Tat Pham, Introduction

to Fuzzy Sets, Fuzzy Logic, and Fuzzy Control
Systems, CRC Press 2001.

2. Daniel Graupe , PRINCIPLES OF ARTIFICIAL

NEURAL NETWORKS, (2nd Edition), World
Scientific, 2007.

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Course Evaluation

 Home works: 5%
 Presentations: 15%
 Mid-term Exam: 10%
 Final exam: 70%

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Contact Information

Dr. Abusabah I.A. Ahmed

Email:[email protected]
Tel: 0123730107

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Lecture 1

Introduction

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 Lecture Outline
 What is Fuzzy Logic.
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 Fuzzy Systems.
 Fuzzy Logic.
 Fuzzy sets.
 Crisp Set and Fuzzy Set.
 Fuzzy sets and membership.
 Fuzzy Linguistic Variables.
 Fuzzy Operations.
 Probability vs. Fuzziness

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 What Is Fuzzy Logic?
 The terms fuzzy mean things which are not very clear.
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 In real life, we may come across a situation where we can’t

decide whether the statement is true or false. At that time,
fuzzy logic offers very valuable flexibility for reasoning.
 Fuzzy logic algorithm helps to solve a problem after
considering all available data. Then it takes the best possible
decision for the given input. The Fuzzy Logic (FL) method
imitates the way of decision making in a human which
consider all the possibilities between digital value T and F.

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 Fuzzy Systems
 Coming to the fuzzy systems theory which is based on
fuzzy logic, professor Lotfi A. Zadeh which is who is also
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known as the father of fuzzy systems theory. So, he

proposed the idea of fuzzy logic in 1965. He is a professor
at Berkeley Laboratory, University of California.

 Fuzzy logic is a form of many-valued logic;

it deals with reasoning that is
approximate rather than fixed and exact.

 Fuzzy logic has been applied to many

fields, from control theory to artificial
intelligence.

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 Fuzzy Systems
 Fuzzy systems theory involves soft or partial truth or partial
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false; soft because the truth if it is soft it means that it is true,

but not 100 percent true or somewhere in between 0 to 100
percent or false in between 0 to 10 percent. So, if it is 100
percent true the truth is hard or the false is 100 percent it means
the false is hard, but if there is a truth or the false which is not
100 percent or somewhere in between 0 and 100 percent it is
termed as soft.

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 Fuzzy Logic
 Fuzzy logic provides a method to formalize reasoning when
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dealing with vague terms.

 Traditional computing requires finite precision which is not
always possible in real world scenarios. Not every decision is
either true or false, or as with Boolean logic either 0 or 1.
 Fuzzy logic allows for membership functions, or degrees of
truthfulness and falsehoods. Or as with Boolean logic, not
only 0 and 1 but all the numbers that fall in between.

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Fuzzy Logic Architecture

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 Fuzzy Sets
Sets with fuzzy boundaries.
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Crisp variables represent precise quantities:

x = 3.1415296
A {0,1}

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Fuzzy Sets

Conventional (Boolean) Set Theory

Fuzzy Set Theory

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 Fuzzy Sets
 A fuzzy set, then, is a set containing elements that have varying
degrees of membership in the set.
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 For an element in a universe that contains fuzzy sets, this

transition can be gradual. This transition among various degrees
of membership can be thought of as conforming to the fact that
the boundaries of the fuzzy sets are vague.
 Fuzzy sets are denoted in this text by a set symbol with a tilde
under strike. So, for example, would be the fuzzy set A.
 This function maps elements of a fuzzy set to a real
numbered value on the interval 0–1.
 If an element in the universe, say x, is a member of fuzzy set
then this mapping is given by Equation

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 Classical sets
 Define a universe of discourse, X, as a collection of objects
all having the same characteristics. The individual elements
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in the universe X will be denoted as x. The features of the

elements in X can be discrete, countable integers, or
continuous valued quantities on the real life. Examples of
elements of various universes might be as follows:
 the clock speeds of computer CPUs;
 the operating currents of an electric motor;
 the operating temperature of a heat pump (in degrees
Celsius);

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 Properties of Classical (Crisp) Sets
 Two special properties of set operations are known as the
excluded middle axioms and De Morgan’s principles.
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 The excluded middle axioms are very important because

these are the only set operations described here that are
not valid for both classical sets and fuzzy sets.

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Properties of Classical (Crisp) Sets

De Morgan’s principles are

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Example 1.1

From (1) and (2)

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Example 1.1

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Example 1.2

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 Membership Function
 One of the key issues in all Fuzzy sets is how to
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determine fuzzy membership functions.

 The membership function fully defines the fuzzy set.
 A membership function provides a measure of the
degree of similarity of an element to a fuzzy set.
 Membership functions can take any form, but there
are some common examples that appear in real
applications.

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 Membership Function
Membership functions can
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– either be chosen by the user arbitrarily, based on the

user’s experience (MF chosen by two users could be
different depending upon their experiences, perspectives,
etc.)
– Or be designed using machine learning methods
(e.g., Artificial Neural Networks, Genetic Algorithms,
etc.)
• There are different shapes of membership
functions; triangular, trapezoidal, piecewise
linear, Gaussian, bell-shaped, etc.
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Shapes of membership function

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 Triangular membership function
 a, b and c represent the x coordinates of the three vertices of
µA(x) in a fuzzy set A (a: lower boundary and c: upper
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boundary where membership degree is zero, b: the center

where membership degree is 1)

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Gaussian membership function

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Gaussian membership function

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 Fuzzy Linguistic Variables
Fuzzy Linguistic Variables are used to represent qualities
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spanning a particular spectrum

• Temp: {Freezing, Cool, Warm, Hot}
• Membership Function
• Question: What is the temperature?
• Answer: It is warm.
• Question: How warm is it?

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 Fuzzy Linguistic Variables
How cool is 36 F° ?
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0.7

0.3

It is 30% Cool and 70% Freezing

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 Fuzzy Linguistic Variables
 Membership Function (MF) is a curve that defines
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how each point in the input space is mapped to a

membership value (or degree of membership)
between 0 and 1 and is often given the designation of
µ.
 µA(x) is called the membership function (or MF) of x
in A. Thus membership functions are subjective
measures for linguistic terms. There are many types
of membership functions.

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 Fuzzy Operations
 Fuzzy logic begins by barrowing notions from crisp logic, just as
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fuzzy set theory borrows from crisp set theory. As in our extension
of crisp set theory to fuzzy set theory, our extension of crisp logic to
fuzzy logic is made by replacing membership functions of crisp
logic with fuzzy membership functions. In Fuzzy Logic, intersection,
union and complement are defined in terms of their membership
functions.
 This section concentrates on providing enough of a theoretical base
for you to be able to implement computer systems that use fuzzy
logic.
 Fuzzy intersection and union correspond to ‘AND’ and ‘OR’,
respectively, in classic/crisp/Boolean logic.
 These two operators will become important later as they are the
building blocks for us to be able to compute with fuzzy if-then rules.

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 Fuzzy Operations Fuzzy AND (intersection)
expressed using membership
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functions:

Fuzzy OR (union) Fuzzy Complement

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 Probabiltiy vs. Fuzziness
Probability describes the uncertainty of an event
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occurrence.

Fuzziness describes event ambiguity.

Whether an event occurs is RANDOM.

To what degree it occurs is FUZZY.

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 Probabiltiy vs. Fuzziness
Probability:
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There is a 50% chance of an apple

being in the refrigerator.

Fuzzy:
There is a half an apple in the
refrigerator.

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