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English texts on math

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Bakhyt Ushkempirov
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8 views

6 рус

English texts on math

Uploaded by

Bakhyt Ushkempirov
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Satellite orbits
On Earth, we are never more than around 100km from space. This height is
called height of the Kármán Line, the generally accepted international standard for
where Earth ends and space begins. This theoretical line is the point that scientist
Theodore von Kármán proposed an aircraft could reach before the surrounding air
became too thin for it to fly. However, it is mainly today used as a reference point.
Most commercial airlines generally fly up to 11km altitude, while weather balloons
capable to reach up to 50km. There are four orbits where overwhelming of
satellites are designed to work: Low Earth Orbit (LEO), Medium Earth
Orbit(MEO), Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO) and Highly elliptical Orbit (HEO).
LEO begins around 160km above the Earth’s surface and rises to around
2,000km, however typically you will find most satellites orbiting at around 400km.
Here, satellites, stations or other objects must move extremely quickly to stay in
orbit and avoid the downward pull of gravity, as the Earth’s gravitational pull is
stronger the closer an object is to the surface. Satellites in LEO do not need to be
continuously powered to keep up these speeds. Due to lack of atmosphere and
wind resistance, the initial speed provided by a satellite’s launch rocket is enough
to keep the object orbiting for several years, however satellites will degrade faster
the closer they are to Earth, meaning they must be replaced to provide continuous
service.
MEO begins between 2,000km and rises to around 36,000km above Earth. You
will find most MEO satellites above 5,000km. There are several satellite
constellations in MEO that provide important global navigation services, including
the United States’ Global Positioning System (GPS), the European Space
Agency’s Galileo, China’s BeiDou and Russia’s GLONASS, or Hurricane.
Satellites in MEO do not move as quickly as in LEO because the Earth’s
gravitation pull is not as strong. This means its signal is available for longer over a
fixed position on Earth and its beam can transmit over a much wider coverage area,
due to its distance from Earth. This makes them far more efficient for providing
global navigation services.
GEO’s path is around 36,000km above the Earth. Here, satellites move at the
same speed as the Earth’s rotation which means they always stay above the same
point on Earth, this is also referred to as geosynchronisation. This provides two
main benefits: antennas on Earth do not need to move to receive signals and each
satellite can provide coverage for a third of the Earth. Geostationary orbit is also
used by a worldwide network of meteorological services to observe the Earth’s
surface, weather conditions and atmosphere.
HEO or a Molinya orbit is one which orbits the Earth in an oval or elliptical
pattern. This means a satellite will move more quickly when it is closest to Earth -
known as its perigee (lowest point of orbit) – but more slowly when it is furthest
away – known as its apogee.
What makes this orbit path beneficial in satellite communications that it can
provide coverage around the Earth’s high latitude areas – those around the North
and South Poles – for longer.

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