CHM420/ASSIGNMENT/20234

ASSIGNMENT / CHM420 (Answer)

ASSIGNMENT FOR CHM420 CHAPTER 5/6/7

INSTRUCTIONS
This assignment contains 8 questions (40 marks = 20%). Answer all the questions.You need
to return this assignment by Dec 2023.

QUESTION 1
Objective: Understand the hydrogen bond.
Explain how hydrogen bonding affects the boiling point of a compound using the data below.

Compounds Molecular Weight(g/mol) Boiling Point (°C)

H2O 18 100
H2S 34 – 60
H2Se 81 – 41

There are several factors affecting boiling point. They are i.e. intermolecular forces and
molecular weight. In general, the boiling point is proportional to the molecular weight,
therefore in this case, boiling point of H2Se and H2S should higher than H2O. The reason for
this is due to the hydrogen bond present only in H2O and not in H2S and H2Se. Molecules with
hydrogen bonds will always have higher boiling points than molecules of similar structure or
size. On the other hand, the molecular weight of H2Se is greater than that of H2S, therefore
the boiling point of H2Se is higher than that of H2S.
(2 marks)
To explain this, hydrogen bonding is a special type of dipole-dipole attraction. It is a result of
attractive forces between the hydrogen atom in a polar N-H, O-H, or F-H bond and an
electronegative O, N, or F atom. Hydrogen bonding is a very strong intermolecular force that
influences the properties of many substances. For example, hydrogen bonding is responsible
for water's high boiling point, DNA's structure, and soap's ability to remove dirt and oil.
(2 marks)

(1 marks)
 CHM420/ASSIGNMENT/20234

QUESTION 2
Objective: To draw Lewis’s electron dot structure.
Show the formation of ionic compound below using Lewis’s dot symbols.
i) MgCl2
ii) Al2O3

(2 marks)

(3 marks)

QUESTION 3
Objective: To determine the geometrical shape of compounds.
Draw the correct Lewis structure for BF3 and PCl3. Give the geomatical shape of the molecule
and predict the polarity. One of the molecules is polar. Use the concept of electronegativity
and polarity in a molecule to explain this phenomenon.

A polar molecule is a molecule that has a net dipole moment, meaning that it has a bond with
some positive end and a negative at the end. This situation occurs when the bond forms
between two atoms at different electronegativity values. The polarity of the bond can happen
when the distribution of electron was suddenly not equal. The main reason for polarity is due
to electrons not being evenly distributed. This will give a value of net dipole moment not equal
to zero. However, a nonpolar molecule needs to have a net dipole moment of 0. This is
evident; the dipole moment cancels out because of the shape of the dipole. Although the
bond is polar, not all polar molecules will result from it.
Based in the structure below, BF3 has a trigonal planar molecular geometry, meaning that the
three fluorine atoms are arranged in a triangle around the central boron atom. This symmetry
means that the three B-F bonds have equal dipole moments, and these dipole moments
cancel each other out. As a result, BF3 has a net dipole moment of zero and is nonpolar.
The blue arrows represent the dipole moments of the B-F bonds. The dipole moments arrow
towards F due to F has higher electronegativity than B. This dipole moment is cancelled out,
 CHM420/ASSIGNMENT/20234

resulting in a net dipole moment of zero.

(3 marks)

On the other hand, PCl3 has a trigonal pyramidal molecular geometry, with the phosphorus
atom in the center and the three chlorine atoms arranged in a triangle around it. Chlorine is
more electronegative than phosphorus, so the electrons in the P-Cl bonds are pulled closer to
the chlorine atoms. This creates a partial negative charge on the chlorine atoms and a partial
positive charge on the phosphorus atom.
Based on the Lewis structure, PCl3 has a lone pair of electrons on the phosphorus atom. This
lone pair is responsible for the trigonal shape of this molecular. The dipole moments arrow
towards Cl due to Cl has higher electronegativity than P. The overall effect of the
electronegativity difference and the lone pair is to create a net dipole moment for the PCl3
molecule. This means that PCl3 is polar.

(3 marks)
QUESTION 4
Objective: To predict the types of bonds and their properties.
Chlorine can react with sodium and carbon to form two types of chemical compound. They
have different chemical bonding and properties. Predict the formation and types of chemical
bonding, name and its chemical properties.

Chlorine is non-metal. Therefore, it can from ionic compounds with sodium based on the
following Lewis dot symbols.

The name of the compound is sodium chloride, NaCl

 CHM420/ASSIGNMENT/20234

(1 marks)

Chlorine will react with carbon (non-metal) to form molecular compounds. The following are
the steps to form the molecule.

The name of the compound is carbon tetrachloride, CCl4

(1 marks)

The following table is the general properties of these compounds based on chemical
bonding.
NaCl CCl4
Dissolve in water Not dissolve in water
High meting point Low melting point
Conduct electricity Not conduct electricity
(2 marks)

QUESTION 5
Objective: Chemical reaction and Le Chatelier’s Principle.
Phosphorus (V) chloride decomposes into phosphorus (III) chloride and chlorine at
temperature of 500 K.

i) Write a balance equation.

PCl5(g) PCl3(g) + Cl2(g) (1 mark)
ii) This is a reversible reaction and a dynamic equilibrium. Explain the bold terms
and describe why equilibrium is described as dynamic.
Reversible reaction: Products can react to give back the reactant / can go both
directions. ½ marks
Dynamic equilibrium: Rate forward = rate of reverse ½ marks
Why dynamic: Reaction has not stopped 1 mark

iii) Write the equilibrium constant (Kc) expression for the above reaction.
Kc = [PCl3][Cl2] 1 mark
[PCl5]
 CHM420/ASSIGNMENT/20234

iv) 208.5 g of phosphorus (V) chloride is heated in a 100 L container at a temperature

of 500 K and equilibrium is established with 53.25 g of chlorine gas is produced.
Calculate the Kc of the reaction.

PCl5(g PCl3(g) + Cl2(g)

208.5 g 53.25 g
Mw: 208.5 g/mol 71 g/mol
Mol: 1 mol Mol: 0.75 mol
M: 1mol/100L = 0.01 M M: 0.75 mol/100L= 0.0075 M

PCl5(g PCl3(g) + Cl2(g)

I 0.01 0 0
C -x +x +x
E 0.01-x +x +x
1 mark
From above information, [Cl2] = 0.0075M ½ marks
Replace x with 0.0075M
[PCl5] = 0.01 M-0.0075M = 0.0025M ½ marks
Kc = [PCl3][Cl2] = [0.0075][0.0075] = 0.0225 (1 mark)
[PCl5] [0.0025]

v) When the temperature is increased, the phosphorus (V) chloride decomposes

further. Is the reaction endothermic or exothermic? Justify your answer.
Endothermic reaction (1 mark), involving bond breaking. System responds to
consume (absorb) the added heat (1 mark).

vi) Would an increase in pressure change the value of Kc? Explain your answer.
Kc will not change ½ marks. The value of Kc is constant at constant temperature ½
marks.
 CHM420/ASSIGNMENT/20234

QUESTION 6
Objective: Identify acid and base according to Bronsted-Lowry theory.
Methylamine is a colorless gas with a chemical formula of CH3NH2.

i. Write an equation for the dissociation of methylamine in water.

Ans: CH3NH2 + H2O CH3NH3+ + OH-
ii. Identify the Bronsted-Lowry acid and base in the above equation (i).
Base Conj. Acid

CH3NH2 + H2O CH3NH3+ + OH-

Acid Conj. base

(2 marks)

QUESTION 7
Objective: Creating a diluted solution by demonstrating the necessary calculations and
outlining the procedural steps.
Determine the volume of stock solution needed to prepare 250 mL of 1.00 M propanoic acid,
CH3CH2COOH from a 20.00 M stock solution of propanoic acid. Explain the procedure to
prepare the diluted solution.
(4 marks)
Ans:
First step: calculate volume of stock solution needed.
M 1V 1 = M 2V 2
(20 M)V1 = (1 M)(0.25 L)
V1 = 0.0125 L ………….1 mark

The procedure:
Pipette 12.5 mL of stock solution and transfer it into 250 mL of conical flask (1 mark). Then,
add deionized water into the conical flask until it reaches the flask's mark (1 mark). Place a
stopper at the mouth of conical flask and shake the flask by swirling and twirling it to ensure
thorough mixing (1 mark).
 CHM420/ASSIGNMENT/20234

QUESTION 8
Objective: To determine pH and percentage dissociation of an acids.
Acetic acid, CH3COOH is a common acid used as a flavoring and preservatives in industries.
Determine the pH and percentage dissociation of 2.5 M CH3COOH solution at 25 ºC.
(Ka CH3COOH = 1.8 x 10-5)
(4 marks)
Ans:
CH3COOH + H2O CH3COO- + H3O+
CH3COOH H2O CH3COO- H3O+
I 2.5 - 0 0
C -x - +x +x
E 2.5-x - x x

Ka = [CH3COO- ][ H3O+]
[CH3COOH]
1.8x10-5 = (x)(x)
(2.5-x)
1.8x10-5 = x2 ……………….1 mark
(2.5-x)
1.8x10-5 = x2
2.5
x2 = 4.5 x 10-5
x = √4.5 x 10-5
x = 6.708 x 10-3 = [H3O+] …………..1 mark
pH = -log [H3O+]
= - log (6.708 x 10-3)
= 2.17 ………….. 1 mark
% dissociation = 6.708 x 10-3 x 100 = 0.268% ……………..1 mark
2.5