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Secondary 2 (Cell)

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6 views

Secondary 2 (Cell)

Uploaded by

aungkaungsatt.zinny
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CELLS

Cell
• Every part of your body is made of cells.
• So are all living things.
• Protozoa, yeasts, and bacteria only have one cell, but large plants and animals
have billions.
• most important thing these cells do is stay alive.
• You are alive because your cells are all alive.
• use energy from respiration, and simple nutrients, to build the spare parts they
need to grow and repair themselves.
Animal cells
Cells come in many shapes and sizes.
Animal cell has three main parts with different functions.
● The nucleus stores a set of instructions called genes, which control what happens
in the cell.
● Most of the chemical reactions that keep cells alive take place in the cytoplasm.
● The cell membrane controls what enters and leaves the cell. It lets nutrients and
oxygen in and waste products out.
Plant cells
• Like animal cells, plant cells have a nucleus, cell membrane, and cytoplasm.
• The green structures in most plant cells are chloroplasts.
• They capture light energy, which plants use to make food.
• The food is stored in cell sap, which fills a large bag called a vacuole in the middle of
the cell.
• Root cells don’t receive light, so they have no chloroplasts.
• Every plant cell has a tough cell wall around its membrane.
• The vacuole pushes against the cell wall to keep a plant cell firm.
• Firm cells make a plant stand up straight.
Red blood cells
• More than half the cells in your body are red blood cells.
• smallest cells.
• magnified about 2000 times.
• travelling through a blood vessel
• have no nucleus and they are small and flexible.
• packed full of haemoglobin – a red chemical that carries oxygen.
• specialised to squeeze through narrow blood vessels to deliver
oxygen to every other cell.
SEM photography of RBC
Muscle cells
• Muscle cells are long and thin.
• designed to work together.
• pull on bones are grouped into bundles, while the muscle cells
in the heart are linked together.
• completely full of fibres, so its nucleus is squeezed to the side.
• The fibres allow muscle cells to contract and produce
movement.
Bone muscle

Heart muscle

Gut/Intestine
muscle
Fat cells
• The nucleus and cytoplasm are squeezed to the side to make room.
• act as an energy store for times when you can’t eat enough.
• A layer of them under your skin also helps to keep you warm.
SEM photography of Fat cell
Bone cells
• Bone is rigid and hard but it is full of living cells.
• make fibres and excrete them into their surroundings.
• Then minerals stick to these fibres and turn them into solid
bone.
• The cells are left surrounded by bone.
• They reach out through tiny gaps to contact other cells and
take in nutrients.
Bone cell

Nucleus
Nerve cells

• A nerve cell (neuron) consists of a large cell body and nerve fibers—
• one elongated extension (axon) for sending impulses and usually many branches
(dendrites) for receiving impulses.
• The impulses from the axon cross a synapse (the junction between two nerve
cells) to the dendrite of another cell.
End plate
passes chemical
Nucleus
signals to muscles
or other nerves

Axon
Carries electrical
signals
Dendrite
collects
information
Nerves contain bundles of nerve cell axons.
Specialised plant cells
• Leaf cells absorb sunlight and make nutrients, while root cells are specialised to take
in water and minerals.
• The cells on the outside of this root are root hair cells.
• They have long, thin side branches.
• These increase the surface area of roots and make it easier for them to collect water
and minerals from the soil around them.
• Xylem cells form tough hollow tubes that carry water from the roots to the rest of
the plant.
• Phloem cells are specialised to carry nutrients down from the leaves.
SEM photography of Root hair
SEM photography of Xylem &
Phloem
Characteristics of living things
MRS GREN
1. Movement
2. Respiration
3. Sensitivity
4. Growth
5. Reproduction
6. Excretion
7. Nutrition
Amoeba
Protozoa
Microscope
Dissecting Microscope
10x & 20x Eyepiece
Compound Microscope (2D view)
5X, 10X, 15X, 20X-1000X
Stereo microscope (3D View) 5x -50x
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
Transition Electron Microscope (TEM)

Phloem in stem

Red blood cell in a tiny capillary (human central nervous system)

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