Algebra 211

divisible by 3 or 9.
(2)4 1 2
 Coefficient of x4 =  
388. We have, 22016 = (26)336 = (64)336 = (63 + 1)336 4 e 3
3e3
So, remainder = 1
400. Since the digit in the unit’s place of any exponent of 5 is
31
389. Last digit of = 3 5.  b is true.
32
Last digit of = 9
33
Last digit of = 7 401. 3100  250 = (34)25  (24)12  4 = (81)25  (16)12  4 = (1
34
Last digit of = 1 at unit place  (6 at unit place)  4 = 4 at unit place. When
35
Last digit of = 3 number with 4 at unit place will be divided by 5, remainder
1
 Last digit of 3101 = Last digit of (34  25  3 ) = 3 will be 4.
Hence, last digit of 3101 + 1 3 + 1 = 4
402. A = 1 + (1 + x) + (1 + x)2 + .... + (1 + x)n
390. Sum of the coefficients in (1 + x + x2 – 4x3)2149 1  ((1  x)n 1  1)
=  x 1 ((1  x)n 1  1)
= (1 + 1 + 12 + (– 4(1)3)2149 = (1 + 1 + 1 – 4)2149 = –1 1  x 1
Now, co-efficient of xk in x–1((1 + x)n + 1 – 1)
391. 7886 =(74)221 . 72 = co-efficient of xk + 1 in ((1 + x)n + 1 – 1) = n + 1Ck + 1
 Last digit of 7886 = 1  9 = 9
404. 53 = 1 (mod 124)  (53)41 = 1 (mod 124)
392. Sum of coefficients in (1 + 3x – 3x2)1143
 5123 = 1 (mod 124)  5124 = 5 (mod 124)
= (1 + 3 – 3(12)1143 = 1
405. (1 + x – 3x2)10 = 1 + a1x + a2x2 + a3x3 + ....... + a20x20
394. (1 – x + x2)n = a0 + a1x + a1x2 ... + a2nx2n ...(i)
Putting x = 1
Putting x = 1 in (i), we get 1 = a0 + a1 + a2 .... + a2n ...(ii)
(1 + 1 – 3)10 =1 + a1 + a2 + a3 + ....... + a20
Putting x = –1 in (i), we get 3n = a0 – a1 + a2 – a3 + ....
 1 = 1 + a1 + a2 + a3 + ....... + a20 ....(i)
+ a2n ...(iii)
Adding (ii) and (iii), we get Putting x = –1
1 + 3n = 2a0 + 2a2 + 2a4 + .... + 2a2n (1 – 1 – 3)10 =1 – a1 + a2 – a3 + ....... + a20
3n  1  (3)10 = 1 – a1 + a2 – a3 + ....... + a20 ....(ii)
 a0 + a2 + a4 + .... a2n =
2 Adding (i) and (ii)
310 + 1 = 2(1 + a2 + a4 + ....... + a20)
395. (1 + x)–2 = 1 – 2x + 3x2 – 4x3 + 5x4
 Coefficient of x4 is 5 310  1  2 310  1
 a2 + a4 + a6 + ....+ a20 = 
2 2
396. The sum of the coefficients in the expansion
(a2x2 – 6ax + 11)10 can be obtained by putting x = 1 Sequence & Series
 (a2(1)2 – 6a(1) + (11))10 = 1024
 (a2 – 6a + 11)10 = 1024  a2 – 6a + 11 – 2 = 0 406. We have an A.P. {9 – 8i, 8 – 6i, 7 – 4i, ....}
 a2 – 6a + 9 = 0  (a – 3)2 = 0  a = 3 Here, first term, a = 9 – 8i
And common difference, d = 8 – 6i – 9 – 8i = –1 + 2i
397. 450 = 21  52  32 Let rth term be real number.
Sum of positive divisors = 1209 Tr = a + (r – 1)d = 9 – 8i + (r – 1)(–1 + 2i)
= 9 – 8i – r + 1 + 2ir – 2i = 10 – r + i(2r – 10)
398. 599 = 5 . 598 = 5(25)49 Since, Tr is real,  2r – 10 = 0  r = 5.
Thus, 5th term is a real number.
= 5(26 – 1)49 = 5[49C0(26)49 – 49C1(26)48 + ... + 49C4826 –1]
= 5  26[49C0(26)48 – 49C1(26)47 + ... – 49C4726]
407. a1 = 1  a2 = 2a1 = 2, a3 = 3a2 = 3  2 = 6,
+ 5  49C4826 – 5
a4 = 4a3 = 4  2 = 24, a5 = 5a4 = 5  24 = 120
= 26  5k + 6365, where k  N
= 26  5k + (13  489 + 8)
408. 9(25a2 + b2) + 25(c2 – 3ac) = 15b(3a + c)
= 13(10k + 489) + 8 when divided by 13
 (15a)2 + (3b)2 + (5c)2 – (15a)(5c) – (15a)(3b) – (3b(5c) = 0
 Remainder = 8 1
 [(15a – 3b)2 + (3b – 5c)2 + (5c – 15a)2] = 0
399. e2x – 3 = e2x . e–3 2
1  2x (2x ) 2 (2x) 3 (2x ) 4   (15a – 3b)2 = 0, (3b – 5c)2 = 0, (5c – 15a)2 = 0
= 1 
3 
    ....   a b c
e  1 2 3 4   15a = 3b = 5c     b, c and a are in A.P..
 2 5 3
 212 MATHEMATICS  FOR N.D.A AND N.A

409. Let a be the first term and d be the common difference of

2n  1
the A.P.
Given that 60(a60) = 40(a40) 418.  (1) k  1 . k 2  13  23  32  42  52  ....
k 1
 60(a + 59d) = 40(a + 39d)  20a = –1980d (2n)2  (2n  1) 2
 20a + 1980d = 0  a + 99d = 0 = 1 + (3 + 2)(3 – 2) + (5 + 4)(5 – 4) + .... + (2n + 1 + 2n)
Now, a100 = a + 99d = 0 (2n + 1 – 2n)
n
= 1 + [5 + 9 + .... + (4n + 1)] = 1 + (4n + 6)
410. Given series is in A.P. with first term (a) = 3, common 2
= (n + 1)(2n + 1)
difference (d) = 2
n
 Sn = [2  3  (n  1)2]  n(n  2) 419. We have x1 + x4 + x9 + x11 + x20 + x22 + x27 + x30 = 272
2
 8a + 116d = 272  2a + 29d = 68
411. Let three numbers in A.P. be a, b and c 30
Also, S30  [2a  29d]  15  68 = 1020
Then according to question 2
a + b + c = 21 ...(i) and ac = 45 ...(ii)
a, b and c are in A.P.  2b = c + a ...(iii) 420. Let the angles be A, B and C
such that A > B > C  a > b > c

Substituting (iii) in (i), we get
3b = 21 b=7 A + B + C =  ...(i), A + C = 2B ....(ii)
Hence, product of these three numbers = abc From (i) and (ii), we obtain B = /3
= 7(45) = 315 (Using (ii)) a 2  c2  b2
Using cosine formula, cosB =
2ac
 102  92  b 2
412. Given a + 1, 2a + 1, 4a – 1 are in A.P.  cos   b  91
 2(2a + 1) = 4a – 1 + a + 1  4a + 2 = 2a  a = 2 3 2  10  9
421. 8 – 6i, 7 – 4i, 6 – 2i, ....., 0 + 10i
413. Let a be the first term and d be the commondon difference. 0 + 10i is purely imaginary, that is 9th term
According to question,
T25 = 15  a + 24d = 15 ...(i) 422. Let the common difference be d
T15 = 25  a + 14d = 25 ...(ii) Sm m 2
On solving (i) and (ii), we get a = 39, d = –1 
Sn n2
So, T40 = a + 39d = 39 + 39(–1) = 0
m
[2a1  (m  1)d]
414. Since a1, a2, a3, a4  A.P. m2 2a  (m  1)d m
 2   1 
 a2 – a 1 = a 3 – a 2 = a 4 – a 3 = d n
[2a1  (n  1)d] n 2 2a1  (n  1)d n
1 1 1 2 d
Now,    2a1(n – m) – (n – m)d = 0  a1 = ( m  n)
a1  a 2 a 2  a3 a3  a4 2
d
 (m  1)d
a 2  a1 a  a2 a  a3 a 4  a1 a a  (m  1)d 2 2m  1
=  3  4  Now, m  1  
a 2  a1 a3  a 2 a 4  a3 a3  a 2 an a1  (n  1)d d
 (n  1)d 2n  1
2
n 20
415. Sn  (a  l )  S20  (45)  450 ( a1 + a20 = 45) 423. We know that the roots of the equation x3 + ax2 + bx + c
2 2 = 0 are in A.P.
1 1 Let  = –1,  = 1,  = 3
416. 2 log b x  log a x  log c x   So, (x + 1)(x – 1)(x – 3) = 0  x3 – 3x2 – x + 3 = 0
log x a  log x c log x a log x c
 a = –3, b = –1 and c = 3
=
log x a . log x c Now, 2a3 – 9ab = 2(–3)3 – 9(–3)(–1) = –81 = –27c
2
  log x ac . log a x . log c x  log a ac . logc x 1
log x b 424. Sum of first 10 terms = (Sum of next 10 terms)
 2 = logaca . logcx . logxb = logaca . logcb 2
1
 S10  (S20  S10 )  3S10  S20
 2 = log c (b loga ca ) 2
10  20
 
3 (2a  9d)   [2a  19d]
 c2  blog a ac  (ac)loga b [ b log x a  a log x b ]  2  2
 2a = 11d  2(13 – d) = 11d  d = 2
417. Clearly x = 1 is the solution.
ab 425. Let a1 = a – 3d, a2 = a – d, a3 = a + d and a4 = a + 3d
 Product of the roots = a1 + a4 = 10  2a = 10  a = 5
bc
ab a2a3 = 24  a2 – d2 = 24  d2 = 25 – 24 = 1
 (1)(1) = b–c=a–b
bc
 2b = a + c  a, b, c are in A.P.
Algebra 213
The A.P. is 2, 4, 6, 8 n n
 Sn  [2a  (n  1)d]  5550  [270  (n  1)15]
Sum of terms 2 2
 n2 + 17n – 740 = 0  (n + 37)(n – 20) = 0
427. A.M. = Total terms  n = 20 ( n  –37)
So, the man will save money in 20 years.
Here the given sequence is in G.P., where a = 1, r = 3 > 1
and total termsn = n 433. Here, a, 9, 3a – b and 3a + b are in A.P.
a(r  1) 1(3n  1) 3n  1
 A.M. =   So, 9 – a = (3a + b) – (3a – b)  a + 2b = 9 ...(i)
n(r  1) (3  1)n 2n
Also, 9 – a = (3a – b) – 9  4a – b = 18 ...(ii)
428. 1 + 3 + 5 +7 + ....+ 29 + 30 + 31 + 32 + ... + 60 Solving (i) and (ii_, we get a = 5 and b = 2
[1  3  5  7  ...  29]  [30  31  ...  60] So, a(first term) = 5, d(common difference) = 4
=  
1st A.P. 2nd A.P.
2011th term = 5 + 2010d = 5 + 2010  4 = 8045
1st A.P. has first term = 1, common difference = 2 and last
term = 29 434. Here, S2n = 3Sn
2nd A.P. has first term = 30, common difference = 1 and last 2n n
term = 60  [2a  (n  1)d]  3. [2a  (n  1)d]
2 2
 Required sum = Sum of 1st A.P. + Sum of 2nd A.P.
 2a = (n + 1)d ...(i)
n1 n
= (1  29)  2 (30  60) 3n
2 2
S [2a  (3n  1)d]
3.[4nd]
=
n1
(30) 
n2
(90)  15n1  45n 2 Now, 3n  2   6 [using (i)]
Sn n 2nd
2 2 [2a  (n  1)d]
We know that l = a + (n – 1)d So, k = 6 2
 29 = 1 + (n1 – 1)2  2(n1 – 1) = 28  n1 = 15
and 60 = 30 + (n2 – 1)(1)  n2 = 31 1 1 1 1
Now, from (i) 1 + 3 + 5 + .... + 29 + 30 + 31 + .... 60 435.   ...  
S1S2 S2S3 S100S101 6
= 15  15 + 45  31 = 225 + 1395 = 1620
1  S  S S  S2 S S  1
  2 1 3  ...  101 100  
429. Let total saving of the man will be Rs 11040 after n months d  S1S2 S2S3 S100S101  6
According to question, [ S2 – S1 = S3 – S2 = .... = d]
n 3
3  200  {2  240  (n  4)40}  11040 11 1 1 1 1 1  1
2       ...   
 n 3 d  S1 S2 S2 S3 S100 S101  6
  (480 + 40n – 160) = 11040 – 600 = 10440 11 1  1 11  1
 2  1
 n2 + 5n – 546 = 0  (n + 26)(n – 21) = 0
       
d  S1 S101  6 d  S1 S1  100d  6
 n = 21
1 100d  1
    S1 . (S1 + 100d) = 600 ..(i)
n d  S1. (S1  100d)  6
430. Now, S1  [2a  (n  1)d] ....(i)
2 Also, S1 + S101 = 50 [given]
S2  n[2a  (2n  1)d] ....(ii)  S1 + (S1 + 100d) = 50  2S1 + 100d = 50
3n
S3  [2a  (3n  1)d]  S1 + 50d = 25 ...(ii)
....(iii)
2 Now, by (i), S1 . (S1 + 100d) = 600
Subtracting (i) from (ii), we get
n  (25 – 50d) . (25 + 50d) = 600 (using (ii))
S2  S1  [2[2a  (2n  1)d]  [2a  (n  1)d]]
2  625 – 2500d2 = 600  d = ±1/10
n n
= [2a  3nd  d]  [2a  (3n  1)d] Now, |S1 – S101| = |S1 – (S1 + 100d)|
2 2
1 3n = |–100d| = 100|d| = 10 [ d = ±1/10]
 S2  S1   [2a  (3n  1)d]  3(S2  S1 )  S3
3 2 Thus, |S1 – S101| = 10

431. 4x = 16y = 64z  4x = 42y = 43z x = 2y = 3z 436. We have a1 + a2 + ... + an = 4500
1 2 3  a11 + a12 + ... + an = 4500 – 10  150 = 3000
    k(say)
(1/ x) (1 / y) (1 / z)  148 + 146 + ... = 3000
Now, 1, 2, 3 are in A.P.
n  10
1 1 1  . (2  148  (n  10  1)( 2))  3000
So, k   , k   , k   are in A.P.. 2
x y z Let n – 10 = m  m  148 – m(m – 1) = 3000
1 1 1  m2 – 149m + 3000 = 0  (m – 24)(m – 125) = 0
 , , are in A.P..
x y z  m = 24, 125, giving n = 34, 135
But for n = 135, we have
432. We have a = 135, d = 15 and Sn = 5550
 214 MATHEMATICS  FOR N.D.A AND N.A

a135 = 148 + (135 – 1)(–2) = 148 – 268 < 0 443. Let Sn and Sn are the sum of n terms of two A.P.’s, then
But a34 is positive. Hence, n = 34 is the only answer. n
[2a  (n  1)d]
Sn 2n  3
437. Let the four Arithmetic means be A1, A2, A3, A4 between  2  (given)
Sn n [2a   (n  1)d ] 6n  5
–10 and 25 i.e, –10, A1, A2, A3, A4, 25 2
Then a = –10, a6 = 25 (n  1)
a d
 a6 = a + 5d = 25  –10 + 5d = 25  d = 7 2 2n  3
 
 A1 = a + d = –3, (n  1)
d  6n  5
A2 = a + 2d = –10 + 14 = 4
a 
A3 = a + 3d = –10 + 21 = 11, A4 = a + 4d = –10 + 28 = 18 2
Put n = 25 on both sides, we get
438. Let a and d be the first term and common difference of an a  12d 53 T 53
  13 
A.P. a   12d  155 
T13 155
According to the question, 19(a + 11d) = 18(a + 10d)
 19a + 209d = 18a + 180d  a + 29d = 0 ....(i) 444. Let tp and tq be pth and qth term of an A.P. respectively.
The 30th term of A.P. = a + 29d = 0  tp = a + (p – 1)d = q ...(i)
and tq = a + (q – 1)d = p ...(ii)
439. The difference between the successive terms are (i) – (ii) gives d(p – q) = –(p – q)  d = –1
3 – 1 = 2, 7 – 3 = 4, 13 – 7 = 6, 21 – 13 = 8, ... Substituting d = – 1 in (i), we get
Clearly it is an A.P. Let nth term = Tn. a + (p – 1)(–1) = q  a – p + 1 = q or a = p + q – 1
Tn = An2 + Bn + C  t10 = a + 9d = p + q – 1 + 9(–1) = p + q –10
 For n = 1, T1 = A + B + C = 1 ...(1)
n = 2, T2 = 4A + 2B + C = 3 ...(2) a b c
n = 3, T3 = 9A + 3B + C = 7 ...(3) 445. , , are in A.P..
bc ca ab
Solving (1), (2) and (3) A = 1, B = –1, C = 1 Adding 1 to each term, we get
Tn = n2 – n + 1 and Tn = 9901
abc a bc abc
 n2 – n + 1 = 9901  n2 – n – 9900 = 0 , , are in A.P..
 (n – 100)(n + 99) = 0  n = 100, –99 bc ca ab
 n = 100 [as no. of terms are not negative] 1 1 1
 , , are in A.P..
bc ca ab
440. Sum to 2n terms of the A.P. 2, 5, 8, 11, ... 2 1 1 2 a  2b  c
    
2n ca bc ab c  a (b  c)(a  b)
= [2.2  (2n  1)3]  n(6n  1)
2  2b2 = a2 + c2 So, a2, b2, c2 are in A.P.
Sum to n terms of A.P. 57, 59, 61, 63, ....
n
= [2.57  (n  1)2]  n(n  56) 446. Let G.P. be a, ar, ar2, ....
2
Both sums are equal, so, n(6n + 1) = n(n + 56) According of question, a = ar + ar2  r2 + r – 1 = 0
 5n = 55  n = 11 ( n  0) 1  1  4 1  5
r 
2 2
1  5
441. d = a2 – a1 = a3 – a2 = .... = an – an – 1 Terms are positive  r<0r=
 sind[seca1seca2 + seca2seca3 + .... + secan – 1 secan] 2


sin(a 2  a1 ) sin(a 3  a 2 ) sin(a n  a n  1 ) 1

=  ....  447. sin , cos  and tan are in geometric progression
cos a1 cos a 2 cos a 2 cos a 3 cos a n cos a n  1 6 1
 sin . tan   (cos ) [If a, b, c are in G.P.  ac = b2]
2
sin a 2 cos a1  cos a 2 sin a1
 6
cos a1 cos a 2 1 sin  1 2
 sin .  cos 2   sin   cos 
3
sin a 3 cos a 2  cos a 3 sin a 2 6 cos  6
  ...  6 cos3 – sin2 = 0  6cos3 + cos2 – 1 = 0
cos a 2 cos a 3

= tana2 – tana1 + tana3 – tana2 + .... + tanan – tanan – 1 Equation is satisfied when cos   cos
3
= tanan – tana1 
  = 2n 
3
442. d = –3, n = 10
10 448. According to question, b  ac , a + b = 2x, b + c = 2y
S1 = [2a  (10  1)(3)]  5[2a  27]  30 (Given) 1 1 1 1 a  c  2b
2
21 Now,    
 2a – 27 = – 6  a = 2x 2y a  b b  c (a  b)(b  c)
2 a  c  2 ac
10 =
S2 = [21  (10  1)  3]  5[21  27]  240
2 (( a )  ac)( ac  ( c)2 )
2
 Actual sum = 240
Algebra 215
log e c
( a  c) 2 1 1  Other root =  log a c
=   log e a
( a  c) 2 ( ac) ac b
7 7 7 7 r
449. Consider the 11 terms of the G.P. as, 457. t r  0.77777....7
  10  2  ...  r  9 (1  10 )
a a a a a r terms 10 10

 
7 
, , , , , a, ar, ar 2 , ar 4 , ar5 20 20
r5 r4 r3 r3 r S20 = t r   20  10r 
Now, T6 = a = 2 9 
 Product of 11 terms = a11 = 211 = 2048 r 1  r 1 
7 1 20  7 20
450. We have = 20  (1  10   (179  10 )
(a2 + b2 + c2)p2 – 2(ab + bc + cd)p + (b2 + c2 + d2)  0 9 9  81
 (a2p2 – 2abp + b2) + (b2p2 – 2bcp + c2)
458. a – 2d, a – d, a, a + d, a + 2d are in A.P. then
+ (c2p2 – 2cdp + d2)  0
 t1, t3, t4 are in G.P.
 (ap – b)2 + (bp – c)2 + (cp – d)2  0  a2 = (a – 2d)(a + d) – a2 – ad – 2d2
This is possible only if ap – b = bp – c = cp – d = 0
b c d  2d2 = –ad  a = –2d
   p  a, b, c, d are in G.P.  a + 2d = 0  t5 = 0 always
a b c
a 459. Let a = 1st term and r = common ratio of G.P.
451. Let , a, ar be the roots of the equation.
r  arP – 1 = 64 ...(1) arQ – 1 = 27 ...(2)
a arR – 1 = 36 ....(3)
 . a . ar  8 a3 = 8 a = 2
r Dividing equation (1) by (2)< we get
 a = 2 is the root of given equation 3
4
 8 – 4k + 28 – 8 = 0  k=7 rP  Q   
3
Divide equation (2) by (3), we get
452. Given that l, G1, G2, G3, n are in G.P. 3 3
3

G1 = lr, G2 = lr2, G3 = lr3, n = lr4 r Q  R   r 3Q  3R   

4 4
Then G12  2G 24  G 34 = (lr)4 + 2(lr2)4 + (lr3)4 From (4)  (5), we have
rP – Q + 3Q – 3R = 1 P + 2Q = 3R
= (l3)(lr)4 + 2l2(lr4)2 + l.(lr4)3
= l3.n + 2l2. n2 + ln3 = ln(l2 + 2nl + n2) = ln(n + l)2 a2
= 4m2nl 460. Arithmetic mean of a and 2 =
2
Geometric mean of a and 2 = 2a
453. 25 
50 25
  ....  area of S10 (G.P. series) a2 a 22 a
Now, 2a  1  
4 4 1 2 2 2
where a = 25, r = 2
 1  a
2 25 1  10   2a   8a  a 2

 2   50 1  1  4
 Sum of G.P. series =    a – 8a = 0  a(a – 8) = 0  a = 0, a = 8
2
1  210 
1 a can’t be zero,  a = 8
2
454. Let the numbers be a, ar, ar2, we have
461. cos2 = sin tan  cos3 = sin2
2|2ar| = a + ar2  4r = r2 + 1  r2 – 4r + 1 = 0
(cos3 ) 2 cos 2 
cot6 – cot2 = 
4  12 4  2 3 sin 6  sin 2 
r   2 3
2 2 sin  cos  cos   sin 2 
4 2
=  
 r = 2  3 , as G.P. is increasing sin 6  cos33  sin 2  cos 2
cos   cos  cos (1  cos )
=  1
455. We have a : b = 3  2 2 : 3  2 2 sin 2  cos  sin 2  cos 
ab
  3 and ab  1
2 462. Given arithmetic mean of x and y is 3
So, required ratio = 3 : 1 xy
i.e., 3 x  y6 ...(i)
2
456. On putting x = 1, we get L.H.S. = logea – 2logeb + logec and geometric mean of x and y is 1
ac
= log e 2  log e 1  0 [ b  ac] = R.H.S.
2
i.e., xy  1  xy  1 ...(ii)
b
 1 is a root of given equation. Squaring (i) on both sides, we get
(x + y)2 = (6)2  x2 + y2 + 2xy = 36
 216 MATHEMATICS  FOR N.D.A AND N.A

 x2 + y2 + 2 = 36 (Using (ii))
 x2 + y2 = 34 469. Let the A.P. be a, a + d, a + 2d, ....., a + (n –1)d
n
We have [2a  (n  1)d]  cn
2
463. Given, arithemtic mean of x and y is 9 2
n 2 d nd d 2  d
xy  na    cn 2    n  n  a    cn
2
i.e.,  9  x  y  18 2 2 2  2
2 d
Geometric mean of x and y is 4 which holds for all n implying = c and a = d/2
2
i.e.,xy  4  xy  16 Then the A.P. is a, 3a, 5a, ...., (2n – 1)a
Now, sum of roots (x + y) = 18 The sum of square of these n terms
Product of roots (xy) = 16 = a2(12 + 32 + .....+ (2n – 1)2)
 Required quadratic equation is x2 – 18x + 16 = 0 2 n(4n  1) n(4n 2  1) . c2
2
= a .  [ a  c]
3 3
tan A  tan B
464. We know that, tan(A  B) 
1  tan A tan B 470. 1 + sin + sin2 + .... upto  = 2 3  4
1 y
  , where y = tanA + tanB Since L.H.S. is an infinite geometric progression with
3 1  tan A tan B common ratio sin.
 tanAtanB = 1  3y . Also A.M.  G.M. 
1
 2 3  4  2 3  4  2 3 sin   4sin   1
1  sin 
tan A  tan B
  tan A tan B  2 3  3  sin (2 3  4)
2
2 33 2 34 3 
 sin     
 y  2 1  3y  y 2  4  4 3y 2 34 2 34 2 3

 y2  4 3y  4  0
1 1 1
 y   2 3  4 or y   2 3  4 471. S1  1    ....to  
1
2
2 2 2
1
( y   2 3  4 is not possible as tanA, tanB > 0) 2 2
2 2 2
S2  2  2.  2    ....to   6
3 3 1
2
465. We have, 113 + 123 + 133 + .... + 203 3
= (13 + 23 + ... + 103 + 113 + 123 + ... + 203) – (13 + 23 + 3 3
2
3
... + 103) = (20)3 – (10)3 S3  3  3    3    ....to    12
4 4 1
3
 20(20  1)   10(10  1) 
2 2
4
=     = 41075 = 5  8215 4 4
2
4
 2   2  S4  4  4    4    ....to    20
5 5 1
4
1 2 5


466. We have (1 + 2 + ... + n) (1  2  ...  n )
2 2 
(1)k 1 1 1 1
5       .... to 
n(n  1) 1  n(n  1)(2n  1)  Sk S1 S2 S3 S4
    k 1
2 5 6  1 1 1 1
 5  3n(n + 1) = n(n + 1)(2n + 1) =      .... to 
 15 = 2n + 1 2n = 14  n = 7 2 6 12 20
1 1 1 1
=      .... to 
467. 12 – 22 + 32 – 42 + .... + 112 1.2 2.3 3.4 4.5
= (12 – 22) + (32 – 42) + ... + (92 – 102) + 112  1 1 1 1 1 1 1
=  1                .... to 
= (1 – 2)(1 + 2) + (3 – 4)(3 + 4) + .... + (9 – 10)(9 + 10) + 112  2  2 3 3 4  4 5
= (–1)[1 + 2 + 3 + ... + 9 + 10] + 112  1 1 1 1 
= 1  2 1      ....to    2
10 11  2 3 4 5 
= (1) .  112  66 = –1 – 2loge2 + 2 = 1 – loge4
2
3 4
472. Here, a = . S =
468. The numbers which leave a remainder 5 when they are 4 3
divided by 7 is of the form 7x + 5 a 4 9 7
   3a  4  4r   4  4r  r 
For all two digit such number x = 1, 2, ...., 13 1 r 3 4 16

 (7x  5)  7 
13  14 
13
 log 2.5   
1
 Sum =   5  13  2
2  473. Let y = (0.16)
x 1  
= 637 + 635 = 702
 
Algebra 217
 a1 + 9d = 3  2 + 9d = 3  d = 1/9
 1 
 1 1 1 7
1 3 1 3 1  a4 = a1 = 3d = 2  
  2  3  ...    
1 3 2 2  3 3
 3 3 3 1 Let D be the common difference of the given H.P.
 3  1 1
 logy = log2.5 (1/2) log(0.16) h10 = 3  
h10 3
 log 2 1 1 1 1 1
 logy = 2 log 0.4   9D    9D   D  
log(1 / 0.4) h1 3 2 3 54
 log 2  1 1 
logy =  2 log 0.4  log y  2 log 2  , .... are in A.P.
 log 0.4 1 1
h
 1 2 h 
 y  22  4  (y) 2  4 2  2  1 1 1 1 18
  6D    h 7 
h 7 h1 2 9 7
7 18
474. Let two numbers be a and b  a 4h7    6
We have given H = 4 2A + G2 = 27. Since, G2 = AH 3 7
9 479. Let two numbers be a and b
 2A + AH = 27  2A + 4A = 27  A = and G2 = 18
2 (A = A.M., G = G.M., H = H.M.) Here, H = 10, H = 8
So, we get ab = 18, a + b = 9 25
 a = 3 and b = 6 are the required numbers.  G2 = AH  100 = 8A  A =
2
 ab = 100 & a + b = 25, which are satisfied by option a
1 only.
475. Given, x = 1 + a + a2 + .... 
1 a
1
y = 1 + b + b2 + ....  = 480. log(x + z) + log(x – 2y + z) = 2log(x – z)
1 b  log(x + z) . (x – 2y + z) = log(x – z)2
1  (x + z)2 – 2y (x + z) = (x – z)2
z = 1 + c + c + ....  =
2
1 c  x2 + z2 + 2xz – 2yx – 2yz = x2 + z2 – 2zx
Since, a, b and c are in A.P.  xz – yx – yz = –zx  2zx = xy + yz
 1 – a, 1 – b and 1 – c are in A.P.
1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1
 , and are in H.P..    , , are in A.P..
1 a 1 b 1 c y x z x y z
 x, y and z are in H.P.  x, y, z are in H.P.
2 12
481. 1st term of a H.P. = =
476. Since a, b, c are in H.P. 5 30
1 1 1 12
 , , are in A.P.. 2nd term of a H.P. =
a b c 13
abc a bc abc The terms of the corresponding A.P. are
 , , are in A.P.. 30 13 4 21
a b c , , , ...
bc ac ab 12 12 12 12
 1 , 1 ,1 are in A.P.. Clearly 3rd term, 4th term of the H.P. are negative, H.P. can
a b c be seen by inverting the terms of the corresponding A.P.
bc ac ab 12
 , , are in A.P.. Hence largest term is .
a b c 13
a b c
 , , are in H.P.. 482. Let the two required numbers are a and b, where a > b.
bc ca ab According to the problem,
477. Given, H is the harmonic mean between P and Q G.M. = ab  24  ab = (24)2 = 576
2PQ H 2Q 2ab 2 72
 H   ...(i) H.M. =  14  ...(1)
PQ P PQ ab 5 5
H 2P 2  576  5
Also,  ....(ii) a+b=  80 ...(2)
Q PQ 72
Adding equations (i) and (ii), we get
 a – b = (a  b)2  4ab  802  4  576  64 ...(3)
H H 2(P  Q)
  2 Solving equations (2) and (3), we get a = 72 and b = 8
P Q (P  Q)  Greater number is 72

478. Let d be the common difference of the given A.P. 483. tn = n . (n!).
Then, a10 = 3
 218 MATHEMATICS  FOR N.D.A AND N.A

1 1 2 5 2 5 1
 t n   n. (n!)
15 15      ( 2  5)
 2 5 2 5 2 5 25 3
n 1 n 1 1 1
= 1 . (1!) + 2 . (2!) + 3 . (3!) + 4 . (4!) + .... + 15 . (15!) Similarly   ( 5  8)
5 8 3
= (2 – 1) . 1! + (3 – 1) . 2! + (4 – 1) . 3! + (5 – 1) . 4!
+ .... + (16 – 1) . 15! So given series becomes
1
= 2.1! – 1! + 3.2! – 2! + 4.3! – 3! + 5.4! – 4! + ... =  [ 2  5  5  5  8  8  11  3n 1  3n  2]
+ 16.15! – 15! 3
= 2! – 1! + 3! – 2! + 4! – 3! + 5! – 4! + ... + 16! – 15! 1
=  [ 2  3n  2]
= –1! + 16! = 16! – 1 3
1 1
Since Tn   Sn  ( 3n  2  2)
2  1 1  3n  1  3n  2 3
484.   2  
(1  x)(2  x)  1 x 2  x 
1 1 1 2
1 489. Given    ..... to  
1  x
= 2(1  x)   1   = 2[1 + x + x2 + x3 + ... to ] 12 22 32 6
 2 1 1 1
 x  x  2  x 3  Now, 
  ....
 1         ....to  [ | x |  1] 12
32 52
 2  2   2   1 1 1 1   1 1 1 
1 15  Sodd =  2  2  2  2  ...    2  2  2  ... 
 Required coefficient of x3 = 2   1 2 3 4  2 4 6 
8 8
 1   1 1  1    1 1 1
2
1 

485. 1000 1        ...  
1       ....
   6  4 12 22 32
  2   2 3   999 1000    
 1    1  
2 2 2
 2 2
= 1000 1    999  Sodd =        
 1000   6  4  6  6 24 8
   
A 5 B 20
486. Given tan  , and tan  .
2 6 2 37 Matrices
A B C
Since,    90
2 2 2 490. There are 9 elements in 3  3 matrices and each element
A B B C A C can be filled in two ways either –1 or 1
 1  tan tan  tan tan  tan tan  0
2 2 2 2 2 2  Total possible matrices = 29
5 20 20 C 5 C
 1  .  .tan  .tan  0 491.  Every orthogonal matrix is non-singular but every non-
6 37 37 2 6 2
singular matrix may or may not be orthogonal.
 C   20 5  100 C 2
 Q is proper subset of P.
  tan      1   tan 
 2   37 6  222 2 5
5/3 60 40 / 37 1480 492. We have, PQ = Q ....(i) and QP = P .....(ii)
Now, sin A   , sin B  
25 61 400 1769 From (i), PQ = Q  Q(PQ) = Q.Q
1 1
36 1369  (QP)Q = Q2  PQ = Q2  Q = Q2 [Using (ii)]
4/5 20 From (ii) QP = P  P(QP) = P . P
and sin C    (PQ)P = P2  QP = P2  P = P2 [using (i), (ii)]
4 29
1 Now P2 + Q2 = P + Q [ P2 = P and Q2 = Q]
25
Above values of sinA, sinB and sinC are neither in A.P.,
G.P., or H.P. So, a, b, c are not in A.P., G.P. or H.P. 493. A – B

1 sin 
1
1 1 1 1 ( x)  cos 1 ( x) 0
487.    ....  =  
10  9 11  10 12  11 121  120  cot 1 (x)  tan 1 (x) 
 0
is equal to
 
Rationalising each term separately, we get 0
1 2 1 1 0  1
=     I
10  9  11  10  12  11  ....  121  120    2  0 1  2
0
= 9  121  3  11  8  2 
 2
7 1 5  1
488. Given series is
1

1

1
 .... 494. We have,    3  5 
 8 0 0   0
2 5 5 8 8  11 1
Taking
Algebra 219
 14  3  5   5   22   5   27  16  50  51
= 16  0  0    0    16    0    16  As P50 – Q = I. We have, q31 = ,
          2
q32 = 200, q21 = 200
 2x  y x  y   1 1 
495. We have,    q31  q 32 16  50  51
 p  q p  q  0 0    1  102  1  103
q 21 2.200
On comparing, we get
2x + y = 1 ....(i) x+y=1 ....(ii)  3 1
p–q=0 ....(iii) p+q=0 ....(iv) 500. Given, A =  
On solving (i) and (ii), we get x = 0 and y = 1  1 2
And, on solving (iii) and (iv), we get p = 0 and q = 0  3 1   3 1   8 5
 A2 =  1 2  .  1 2    5 3
 (x, y, p, q) = (0, 1, 0, 0)      
 8 5   15 5   7 0 
1 1  A2 – 5A =  5 3   5 10    0 7    7I
496. We have, A =        
1 1
 1 1  1 1  2 2   1 1 d1 0 0 0
 A2  A . A      2   2A 0 d

 1 1  1 1  2 2   1 1 0 0
 2 
 2 2  1 1  4 4   1 1 501. Let A =  0 0 d3 0
A 3  A 2 .A       4   2 .A
2
 
 2 2  1 1  4 4   1 1 0 0 0 d4 
Similarly An = 2n – 1 . A d12 0 0 0
 A2017 = 22017 – 1 . A = 22016 . A  
0 d 22 0 0
A2 = A . A =  
497. Given, AB = A and BA = B 0 0 d32 0
Consider, A2 = (AB)2 = (AB)(AB)  
 0 0 0 d 24 
= A(BA)B = ABB = (AB)B = AB = A and, Given A2 = A
B2 = (BA)2 = (BA)(BA) = B(AB)A = BAA = (BA)A = BA = B  di2  di (i  1, 2, 3, 4) or di(di – 1) = 0
We get A2 = A and B2 = B  di = 0 or 1 for i = 1, 2, 3, 4
So, both A and B are idempotent matrices  Each diagonal elements can be chosen in 2 ways (either
0 or 1). As there are 4 diagonal elements
   1 0  No. of ways = 2  2  2  2 = 16
498. Given,   is square root of 0 1   No. of non-zero diagonal matrices = 16 – 1 = 15
     
      1 0 [ One of them is zero matrix]
   
         0 1   2 5   x  1 2   3 
503.  3 1  y   3 4   1
2  0  1 0      
  
 0 2  0 1  2x  5y  1 
  
On Comparing the corresponding elements, we get 2 +   3x  y  5
= 1  1 – 2 –  = 0  –2x + 5y = 1, 3x – y = 5 or y = 3x – 5 ...(i)
 –2x + 5(3x – y) = 1  13x = 26  x = 2
 1 0 0
  Substituting x = 2 in (i), we get y = 6 – 5 = 1
499. P =  4 1 0  Hence, (x, y) = (2, 1)
16 4 1   1 0 0
We have, P2 =  8 1 0 
504. A2 – B2 = A2 – BA + AB – B2
  0 = –BA + AB  AB = BA
16(1  2) 8 1  Option c is the only necessary condition.
 1 0 0 1 0 0  1 0 0 
 0 1 0 
3
Again, P =  12 1 0  2
505. P =  3 
 ; P =  0 1 0 

16(1  2  3) 12 1  0 0 4 0 0 8
Then by induction, 1 0 0  2 0 0
   1 0   0 2 0
 P3 + 2P2 = 0   
1 0 0
  0 0 8   0 0 8 
50  200 1 0
P =  
16  50  51
 200 1 
 2 
 220 MATHEMATICS  FOR N.D.A AND N.A

= (I – 2A + A)(I – A) + A ( A2 = A)
 3 0 0  1 0 0  1 0 0  2 2
= (I – A)(1 – A) + A = (I – 2AI + A ) + A
= 0 1 0  0 1 0  2 0 1 0   P  2I
    = (I – 2A + A) + A ( A2 = A)
     
 (I – A ) + A = I
3
0 0 0  0 0 2  0 0 1 
= I –A+A= I

2 2 4   2 2 4  3 2 
 3 4   1 3 4 
513. A = 1 1 
506. P2 =  1  
3 2  3 2  3 2  1 0 
 1 2 3  1 2 3 A2 + xA + yI = 1 1  1 1   x 1 1   y  0 1   0
      
 2 2 4 
 1 3 4   P 11 8  3x 2x   y 0 
    4 3   x 
x   0 y 
0
  
 1 2 3
 11 + 3x + y = 0 ....(i) and 8 + 2x + 0 = 0  x = – 4
 P4 = P 2 = P  P 5 = P 4 . P = P . P = P2 = P Put in (i), we get 11 – 12 + y = 0  y = 1
 (x, y) = (– 4, 1)
e x e y  1 1  e x  1 e y  1   e 0 e0 
507. e  y       1 2   1 2  1 4  1 2  2
514. A2 = A . A = 0  
 e e x  1 1 e e x  1   e0 e0  1  0 1   0 1  0 1 
y 1

 ex + 1 = e0 and ey + 1 = e0  x = –1 and y = –1 1 4 1 2  1 6  1 3  2
A3 = A2 . A = 0  
x 1 x 1 x 1 x2  1 x   1  0 1   0 1   0 1 
508. A =  1 0  . Now, A2 =  1 0  1 0    1 8 1 4  2 
      x 1 Similarly, A4 = A3 . A = 0 1  0
   1 
Now, A2 is the unit matric  x2 + 1 = 1
1 n  2  1 2n 
 x = 0 x3 + x – 2 = –2  An = An – 1A = 0  n= 
 1  A
0 1 
1 0 0  1 0 0  1 0 0 
 1 0  0 1 0   0 1 0  0 0 1 0
509. A2 = 0
515. 2X + 3Y =  0 0  ....(i) X + 2Y =  0 1  ....(ii)
a b 1 a b 1 0 0 1     
A2 = A4 = A6 = A8 = I3  A2 + 2A4 + 4A6 0 0   3 0   3 0 
2(i) – 3(ii) gives X = 0  
1 0 0   2 0 0   4 0 0 7 0 0   0  0 3  0 3
0 1 0    0 2 0    0 4 0  0 7 0
        516. 1, , 2 are cube roots of unity.
0 0 1   0 0 2   0 0 4   0 0 7  1   2  a   0 
= 7I3 = 7A8  2 b   3 2    1 
     
 1 +  + a = 0,  a = –1 – 
 cos  sin  
510. A =   Also, –b + 2 = 1  b=1
  sin  cos    a2 + b2 = 1 + 2 + 2 + 1 = 1 +  + 2 +  + 1
a b  a b   cos  sin   =1+ ( 1 +  + 2 = 0)
Let A1 =  c d  . Then, A1 . A =  c d    sin  cos  
     1 1
517. Since, A = 
a cos   b sin  a sin   b cos  
1 1
=  c cos   d sin  c sin   d cos  
  1 1 1 1  2 2  1 1
Now, if a = cosn, b = sinn, c = –sinn, d = cosn, then, Now, 1 1 1     2   2A
  1  2 2  1 1
 cos(n  1) sin(n  1) 
An . A =   Again, A3 = A  A2 = A  2A = 2A2 = 22A
  sin(n  1) cos(n  1) 
Similarly, A100 = 299A
 cos 10 sin10 
Thus, A10 = A9 . A =   sin10 cos10  1 0  1 0  1 0   1 0 
  518. A =    A2 =    
1 1  1 1  1 1   2 1 
511.  A + B and AB are both defined 1 0  4  1 0 
 A and B must be square matrices of the same order Similarly, A3 =   , A =  4 1  and so on.
3 1   
1 0
512. A is a square matrix such that A2 = A Hence, An =  n 1 
Now, (I – A3) + A = (I – A)2(I – A) + A  
= (I2 – 2AI + A2)(I –A) + A 519. f(x) = x2 – 5x. Replace x by A
Algebra 221
On comparing, we get
 3 1   3 1  3 1 1 
f(A) = A2 – 5A =     1 2   5  1 2  2 cos2 = 1  cos2 =  =
 1 2     2 6
 8 5 15 5   7 0 
=  5 3   5 10   0 7  1 2 2  1 2 a 
       2 1 2  2 1 2 
526. A =   ; AT =  
 a 2 b   2 2 b 
 0  1 0
521. H = 
    0 1 
 0    1 2 2   1 2 a 
70  1 0  1 0 1 0  0   2 1 2   2 1 2 
H70 = ()    69 .       H AAT =   
0 1  0 1  0 1  0   a 2 b   2 2 b 
522. AB = B. So, A should be unit matrix
Now BA = A. So, B should be unit matrix  9 0 a  4  2b 
 
Square of unit matrix is also unit matrix 0 9 2a  2  2b   9I3
So, A2 = A and B2 = B = 
 2
a  4  2b 2a  2  2b a  4  b 
2
So, both A and B are idempotent
Obviously, a + 4 + 2b = 0 ...(i)
 0 3  0 4a  and 2a + 2 – 2b = 0  a + 1 – b = 0 ...(ii)
523. A =  4 5  and kA = 3b 60  Eliminating a from (i) and (ii), we get
   
From these two matrices we can find that b – 1 = –2b – 4  3b = –3  b = –1
12 . (A22) = (kA22)  k = 12 Putting above value in (ii), a = –2
Now, by putting k = 12, we can find a = 9 and b = 16
527. (ABA)T = ATBTAT = ABA (Using A = AT, B = BT)
524. A + B = 2B  (A + B) = (2B
 A + B= 2B ( (A + B)= A + B 528. We have, PT = 2P + I. We get, PT – 2P = I
A   B Taking transpose, we have (PT – 2P)T = IT ....(i)
B =  P – 2PT = I ....(ii)
2
 B  A   From (i) and (ii) on eliminating PT, we have
Now, A     2B [ A + B = 2B] – 4P + P = 3I  P = –1  P+I=O
 2 
 2A + B + A = 4B  2A + A = 3B Thus (P + I)X = O  PX = –X

3B  A  529. [5 6 2] is the order 1  3, [4 8 1 7 8] is the order 1  5

A =
2 (1  3)  (p  q) gives 1  5. So, p = 3 and q = 5.
Also, 3A + 2B = I3 ...(1) Thus AT is of order 3  5  A is is of order 5  3
 3B  A    A   B 
 3   2   I3 530. Given, A is symmetric  aij = aji ...(i) i  j
 2   2 
A is skew symmetric  aij = –aji ...(ii) aij  0
 9B  2B   2A  3A  adding (i) and (ii), we get 2aij = 0  aij = 0
     I3
 2   2   A is a zero matrix
 11B – A = 2I3  (11B – A) = (2I3)
 11B – A = 2I3   3  4   3 1   0 5 
531. A – A = 1 1   4 1   5 0 
Multiplying (2) by 3 and then adding (1) and (2), we get      
I3
35B = 7I3 B=  Skew-symmetric matrix
5
I3 I3
From (2), 11  a  2i3  11  2I3  A 1   2 3   2 5   1  0 2  0 1
I3
5 5 532. B = 2   5 1   3 1   2  2 0   1 0 
A =  5A = 5A = I3  10A + 5B = 3I3          
5 533. A(BA) = P.
cos 2  sin 2  Then PT = (ABA)T = ATBTAT(Transversal rule)
525. Given, A =  
 sin 2 cos 2  = ABA = P. Thus P is symmetric.
Again, A(BA) = (AB)A
 cos 2 sin 2 
 AT =   sin 2 cos 2  Also (AB)T = BTAT = BA = AB
  ( Multiplication of A and B are commutative)
Also, A + AT = I  AB is also symmetric.
 2 cos 2 0  1 0
 
 0 2 cos 2   0 1  534. Now, (AB)T = BTAT
But here, (AB)T = BA  BTAT = BA
 222 MATHEMATICS  FOR N.D.A AND N.A

 BA – AB = 0  BA = AB
Thus, either BT = B and AT = A
But, A and B both symmetric matrices is not one of the  (ABA–1)2 = (BAA–1)2 = (BI)2 = B2
options.
If BT = –B and AT = –A. Then Also BTAT = BA 545. A(A – I) = –1
 A(I –A) = I  A–1 = I – A
535. Since, A is skew-symmetric matrix  A = –A
 (An) = (A)n = (–A)n = (–1)nAn = –An 546. Given AB = 3I  A–1(AB) = A–1(3I)
[ n is odd integer]  A–1AB = 3A–1I  IB = 3A–1
So, we get (An) = –An 1
 B = 3A–1  A–1 = B
therefore, An is a skew-symmetric matrix 3

536. Since A and B are symmetric matrices, so AT = A and Deter minants

BT = B
547. We have z = 1 + 2 i.e., i 3  1  2
Now, (A + B)T = AT + BT = A + B
1  i 3
Also, (A – B)T = AT – BT = A – B  
2
(AB + BA)T = (AB)T + (BA)T = BTAT + ATBT Then  is a cube root of unity. Also 1 +  + 2 = 0
1 1 1
= BA + AB = AB + BA
(AB – BA)T = (AB)T – (BA)T = BTAT – ATBT Now 1 2  1 2  3k
= BA – AB 1 11 12 7 3 1 1

537. For symmetric matrix, aij = aji  1    3k  0

2
 2  3k
 2x + 3 = x – 1  x = – 4 1 2  0 2 
 3(2 – 4) = 3k
538. Let B = A + AT  k = 2 –  = –1 –  –  = –1 – 2 = –z
 BT = (A + AT)T = AT + (AT)T = AT + A ( (AT)T = A)
3 x 3 2
= A + AT = B  A + AT is symmetric 548. We have, 
x 1 4 1
541. We have, A2 – 5A = –7I  3 – x2 = 3 – 8  x2 = 8  x = 2 2
 AAA–1 – 5AA–1 = –7IA–1  AI – 5I = –7A–1
1 1 1 2 4
A  (5I  A)
7 549. Let A = 1 3 5  . Since A is singular matrix  |A| = 0
Also, A3 – 2A2 – 3A + I = A(5A – 7I) – 2A2 – 3A + I 1 4 a 

= 5A2 – 7A – 2A2 – 3A + 1 = 3A2 – 10A + I 1 2 4
= 3(5A – 7I) – 10A + I = 5A – 20I = 5(A – 4I) Hence, 1 3 5 0
1 4 a
542. Now, AA–1 = I
 1(3a – 20) – 2(a – 5) + 4(4 – 3) = 0  a = 6
 2 1  1 / 2 1 / 6  1 0 
So,  .   = 0 1
 0 x   0 1/ x   
1 (1 / 3)  (1 / x)  1 0 3i 9i 1
 0   0 1  550. We have, 2 9i 1  x  iy
 1  
1 1 10 9 i
So,   0  x = –3
3 x  3i(9i + 9) + 9i(2i + 10) + (18 – 90i) = x + iy
2
 3i(–9 + 9) + 18i2 + 90i + 18 – 90i = x + iy
543. Given, M = I – X(XX)–1 X  –18 + 18 = x + iy  0 + 0i = x + iy
= I – X(X–1X–1) X [ (AB)–1 = B–1A–1] On comparing, we get x = 0 and y = 0
= I – (XX–1)(X–1X)–  AA–1 = I] 4 k k
 M2 = M and MX = O
551. We have, A = 0 k k
0 0 k
544. (A + B)(A – B) = A2 – B2 Now, expanding along C1, we get |A| = 4(k2)
 AA + BA – AB – BB = A2 – B2 But det(A) = 256 (Given)
 A2 + BA – AB – B2 – A2 – A2 – B2  On comparing, we get 4k2 = 256  k2 = 64  k = ±8
Hence, |k| = 8
Algebra 223

x x2 x3 0 0 2  0 0 6
 M + MT =  0 2 0  3(M  M )   0 6 0
 T
552. Given f(x) = 1 2x 3x 2    
 2 0 0   6 0 0
0 2 6x
0 0 6 
= x(12x2 – 6x2) – x2(6x) + x3(2 – 0) 1 1  
= 6x3 – 6x3 + 2x3 = 2x3  f (x) = 6x2 Now, det(3(M + MT)) = 0 6 0 
3 3
6 0 0 
3 
0 0 1
x 1 1 1 6 
= 0 2 0  72[1(0  1)]  72
553. Given 1 x 1 1 0 3  
1 0 0
1 1 x 1
 (x – 1)[(x – 1)2 – 1] – 1[x – 1 – 1] + 1[1 – x + 1] = 0
560. We have, x3 – 1 = 0. Since,  and  are its non-real roots
 (x – 1)[x2 + 1 – 2x – 1] – x + 2 + 2 – x = 0
i.e., 1,  and  are the roots of x3 – 1 = 0
 (x – 1)x(x – 2) – 2x + 4 = 0
 1 +  +  = 0 and 1  = 1  +  = –1 and  = 1
 x(x – 1)(x – 2) – 2(x – 2) = 0
Also, 2 +  2 = ( + )2 – 2 = (–1)2 – 2  1 = –1 ...(i)
 (x – 2)[x2 – x – 2] = 0  (x – 2)(x – 2)(x + 1) = 0
 x = 2, –1  1  
1 cos  0 Now,    1
is equal to
554. | A |  cos  1 cos   (1  cos )  cos (0)  0
2  1 
= ( + 1)[2 + ( + ) + – 1] – [ + 2 – ]
1  cos  1 + [ –  –  2]
= 1 + cos2 [1, 2] = ( + 1)[ + (–1) + 1– 1] –   – 3 +  +
2 2
+  – 2 – 3 [from (i)]
a b c =  –  – ( +  ) –  –  3 + 2
3 2 2 3

555. b c a = a(cb – a2) – b(b2 – ac) + c(ab – c2) = 3 –  – (–1) – 1– 1 + 2  1

[  and  are roots of x3 – 1 = 0 i.e., 3= 1 and  3= 1]
c a b
= 3 –  +  – 1– 1 + 2 = 3
= abc – a3 – b3 + abc + abc – c3 = 3abc – a3 – b3 – c3 < 0
( a, b, c are distinct positive real numbers)
cos15 sin15
561. = cos 15° cos 75° – sin 75° sin 15°
sin 75 cos 75
1 x 1 1
556. We have, 1 1  y 1 0 = cos (15° + 75°) = cos (90°) = 0
1 1 1 z
 (1 + x)[(1 + y)(1 + z) – 1] – (1)[1 + z – 1] + 1[1 – 1 – y] = 0
 (1 + x)[1 + yz + y + z – 1] – [z] + [–y] = 0 x 1
 yz + xyz + y + xy + z + xz – z – y = 0 562. P = = x2 – 1
1 x
1 1 1
 xy + yz + xz + xyz = 0     1 x 1 1
x y z
( x, y, z  0) Q = 1 x 1 = x(x2 – 1) – 1(x – 1) + 1(1 – x) = x3 – 3x + 2
8 27 125 1 1 x
557. We have, A = 2 3 5 dQ
1 1 1  = 3x2 – 3 = 3(x2 – 1) = 3P
dx
Expanding along R1, we get
A = 8(3 – 5) – 27(2 – 5) + 125(2 – 3) = –60
 A2 = (–60)2 = 3600  1 log b a 
565. Given, A = log b a 
 a
558. Put x = 1 on both sides we get log a
2 2 1 1
log b
4 3 0  ax  12  a  24  |A| =  1 1  0
log b
6 1 1 1
log a

0 0 1  0 0 1  566. Value of determinant of order n  n matrix with entries 0 or

559. M = 0 1 0  , MT = 0 1 0   n  1
     
1 0 0  1 0 0  (n  1) 2 
1 is  i.e., Maximum value of determinant of
2n
 224 MATHEMATICS  FOR N.D.A AND N.A
 3  1
  Given |A2| = 25, 6252 =25  || = 1/5
(3  1) 2  42
3  3 matrix with entries 0 or 1 =  2
23 23 x 1  sin x cos x
x  x 
567. f(x) = 2 x , f(x) = 2 x 575. f(x) = 1 log(1  x) 2

x  x  x2 1  x2 0
f(x) – f(x) = 2 x – 2 x = x{0 – 2(1 + x2)} – (1 + sinx)(–2x2) + cosx{1 + x2
– x2log(1 + x)}
3 2 2 2
= –2x – 2x + 2x + 2x sinx + cosx + x cosx
= ((x)2 – 22) – (x2 – 22) =2x2 – x2 = x2(2 – 1)
– x2cosx log(1 + x)
 Coefficient of x is –2
a x
568. A = y a and xy = 1 22
576. Use  = = 3.14  [] = 3
a y a x a y a2  x2 ay  xa 7
T T 484
A = x a , AA = y a x a =
ay  xa y2  a 2 2   10  [2 ]  9  [2  6]  3
49
det(AAT) = ((a2 + x2)(y2 + a2) – (ax + ay)2) e = 2.7  [e] = 2
2 3 3
= (a2y2 + a4 + x2y2 + x2a2) – a2x2 – a2y2 – 2a2xy
From given determinant we have 3 3 2 = –8
= a4 + 1 – 2a2 = (a2 – 1)2
3 2 3
 log x 1 577. Put  = 0, on the two sides, then we get
569. A =   0 1 1
  log x 2 
det(A) = 2logx – logx  2 = logx2 – logx d = 3 0 2  6
 x2  3 4 0
 2 = log    2 = logx
 x  xp  y x y
 e2 = elogx  x = e2
578. yp  z y z 0
a 1 0 1 1 0 0 xp  y yp  z
570. f(x) = ax a 1  f(x) = a x a 1 Operating C1  C1 – pC2 – C3, we get
2 x 2 ax a 0 x y
ax ax a
 f(x) = a[1(a + ax) + 1(ax + x )]
2 2 0 y z 0
= a(a2 + 2ax + x2) = a(a + x)2 (p2 x  2py  z) xp  y yp  z
 f(2x) = a(a + 2x)2
f(2x) – f(x) = a(a + 2x)2 – a(a + x)2 = ax(2a + 3x)  (p2x + 2py + z)(xz – y2) = 0
Therefore, f(2x) – f(x) is divisible by x, a and (2a + 3x).  p2x + 2py + z = 0 or y = xz

572. According to the definition of determinant, determinant is  y2 = xz [ p is a constant]

a number associated to a square matrix  x, y, z are in G.P.

3 5  3i 1  2i 5  3i  cos  sin  
573. z  1.  (1  2i) 579. We have, X =   sin  cos  
5  3i 7 5i 7  
1  2i 3 cos  sin 
 5i  |X| =  sin  cos   cos   sin   1
2 2
5i 5  3i
= –21 – (34) – (1 + 2i)(7 – 14i – 25i + 15)
Now, |X100| = (|X|)100 = (1)100 = 1
– 5i(5 – 13i – 6 + 15i)
= –55 – (1 + 2i)(22 – 39i) – 5i(–1 + 2i) = –145, purely real
580. Since, A is any square matrix of order 3.
 |3A| = 33|A| = 27|A|
5 5   5 5   [ For a square matrix A of order n, we have |kA| = k|A|
574. Given, A2 = 0

 5  0  5 
   log y log z
0 0 5  0 0 5  1
log x log x
 25 25  5 2 5  5  25 2 
  log x log z
581. We have 1
A2 =  0 2 25  5 2  log y log y
 
0 0 25  log x log y
  1
log z log z
Algebra 225
590. It is given that, a, b, c are in A.P.
 a + c = 2b ...(1)
log x log y log z x 2 x 3 x a
1
= log x log y log z  0 Let  = x  4 x  5 xb
log x log y log z
log x log y log z x6 x7 xc
Applying R1  R1 + R3, we get
583. If M be the 3  3 skew symmetric matrix then 2x  8 2x 10 2x  (a  c) 2(x  4) 2(x  5) 2x  2b
M = –MT  |M| = –|MT|
 |M| + |M | = 0  2|M| = 0  |M| = 0
T  = x4 x 5 xb  x4 x 5 xb
x 6 x 7 xc x6 x 7 x c
{Using (1)}
x 4 x 5 x b
584. Given, |A3| = 27  |A|3 = 27
 2  = x 4 x 5 x b  0
 |A| = 3   2   = 3 x6 x7 xc
 
 2 – 4 = 3  2 = 7   = ± 7
2r  1 m
Cr 1
585. Apply C1  C1 + C2 + C3 and using 591. r = m 1
2
2 m
m 1
cos(90° – ) = sin and cos2 + sin2 = 1, we get

  1
m (m  1)
2 2 2 2
sin (m )m sin (m) sin m
(2r  1) m
Cr
0 cos 36 cot 135
2 2

 r =
r0 r0 r0
cot135 sin 2 37  0
m
0
 m2  1 2m m 1
0 cos 25
2
cos 652
r0 2
sin (m ) 2 2
sin (m) sin (m  1)
2

1 tan  1
586. f() =  tan  1 tan  m2  1 2m m 1
1  tan  1 = m 1
2
2 m
m 1 0
1 tan  1 sin (m ) sin (m) sin (m  1)
2 2 2 2
 R 2  R 2  R1 tan  
= 0 1  tan  2 tan 2
R  R R  (  Two rows are identical)
 3 3 1 
0 0 2
sin  cos  sin(   )
1 tan  
= 2  2sec   [2,  ) as 0   
2
592. Let  = sin  cos  sin(   )
0 sec 
2 2
sin  cos  sin(   )
4 4 4 Applying C3  C3 – cos C1 – sin C2, we get
587. Let  = (a  a ) 1 2 1 2
(b  b ) (c  c1 )2 sin  cos  0
 = sin  cos  0  0
(a – a 1 ) 2 (b – b1 )2 (c – c1 )2
sin  cos  0
Using operation R2  R2 – R3, we get
4 4 4 6i 3i 1
593. 4 3i 1  x  iy
= 4aa 1 4bb1 4cc1
20 3 i
(a – a 1 ) 2 (b – b1 ) 2 (c – c 1 )2 Applying C1  C1 – 2C2 and C2  C2 + 3iC3, we get
4 4 4
0 0 1
 = 4 4 4 0
4  6i 0 1  x  iy
(a – a 1 ) 2 (b – b1 )2 (c – c1 )2 2
26 0 i
[ R1 and R2 are identical rows]
 0 + i(0) = x + iy  x = 0, y = 0
588. |A| = k(k – 0) = k2
Given, |A2| = k2  (|A|)2 = k2  k42 = k2 1988 1989 1990
1 1 594. 1991 1992 1993
 2 =  || = ( k > 1)
k2 k 1994 1995 1996
Operating R2  R2 – R1 and R3  R3 – R1, we get
 226 MATHEMATICS  FOR N.D.A AND N.A

1988 1989 1990 1988 1989 1990 sin x cos x cos x

3 3 3  36 1 1 1 602. cos x sin x cos x  0
6 6 6 1 1 1 cos x cos x sin x
= 18  0 = 0 [ R2 and R3 are identical] sin x cos x cos x
cos x cosx sin x  0 [R 2  R 3 ]

595. |A2013 – 3A2012| = |A2012||A – 3I| cos x sin x cos x
0 7 
= |A|2012|A – 3I| = (1) 1 1 = (1)(–7) = –7 Thus, 3sinx cos2x – sin3x – cos3x – cos3x = 0
  1
 (sinx + 2cosx) . .[(sinx – cosx)2 + (cosx – cosx)2
2
596. t5 = a + 4d, t10 = a + 9d and t25 = a + 24d + (cosx – sinx)2] = 0
a  4d a  9d a  24d 1
[ 3abc – a3 – b3 – c3 = – (a + b + c) [ (a – b)2
5 10 25 2
1 1
1 1 1 + (b – c) + (c – a)2]
2
2 2
Applying C1  C1 – C2 and C2  C2 – C3, we get  (sinx + 2cosx)(sinx – cosx)2 = 0
5d 15d a  24d  tanx = –2 or tanx = 1
5 15 25 For tanx = –2, there is x  (– /2, 0) and for tanx = 1,
x = /4 is a solution.
0 0 1
So, there are two solutions in the given interval.
Expanding along R3, we get, 1(75d – 75d) = 0
604. If matrix is multiplied with , then each element gets
(x  a) b c multiplied by .
598. If a (x  b) c 0 So, for a square matrix of order 3, the determinant |A| will
a b (x  c) be 3|A|, since we can take a common from each row (or
Applying R2  R2 – R1 and R3  R3 – R2 column).
xa b c
x x 0 0
1 2 1  4 1 2 1 
0 x x
605.  1    1  2
5
1 1
Taking out x common from R2 and R3
xa b c 1  2 1  2
x 2 1 1 0 0 Applying C3  C3 + C1 + C2, we have
0 1 1 1 2 2    2 1 2 1  2
Applying C2  C2 + C3  1 2    2   1 1
xa bc c 1  0
1  1    2
x 2
1 1 0 0
= 1(– ) – 2(–1) + (1 – 2)(2 – 1)
0 0 1
= –  + 2 + 2– 1 – 23 + 2
Expanding along R3,
=  + 22 – 23– 1 = + 22 – 3 = 2 – 4
x2[1(x + a + b + c)] = 0  x = 0 or x = – (a + b + c)
606. On adding 3 rows (or columns) all elements of the row
599. Applying C1  C1 + C2
becomes zero.
1    2 2  0 2   Value of the determinant will be zero.
2
    2 2
 2 [1    2  0]
15! 16! 17! 1 16 17  16
1    2  2 0  2
607. 16! 17! 18!  15!16!17! 1 17 17  18
Expanding along C1, we get
17! 18! 19! 1 18 19  18
–2(4 – 2) = – 6 + 4 = – 1 [ 3 = 1] (Taking out common 15!, 16!, 17! from R1, R2, R3)
1 16 17 16
600. |–A| = (–1)n|A|  R  R 3  R 2 ;
15!16!17! 0 1 17  2  3 
 R 2  R 2  R1 
0 1 3 0 1 18  2
601. Putting x = 0, we get e = 1 0 4  0 = 2  15! 16! 17! [18 – 17] = 2  15! 16!  17!
3 4 0
Algebra 227
log 5 729 log3 5 log3 5 log 27 5 100 100 100 1 3 5
609. .
log5 27 log9 25 log5 9
log5 9 = 100 100 100  4 5 6 ( All rows are identical)
1
6 log5 3 log 3 5 log 3 5 log 3 5 100 100 100 7 8 9
= 3log 3 log 5 . 3
5 3 2 log5 3 2 log 5 3 = 0 + [–3 + 18 – 15] = 0
 m 
( log b a m  m log b a)  log n a m  log b a  x 1 2x  1 3x  1
 b n 
4 617. 2x 4x  3 6x  3  0
= 2. .log5 3.log3 5  2 log3 5.log5 3 ( logba  logab = 1)
3 4x  1 6x  4 8x  4
= log35 . log534 = log35 . log581
3x  1 6x  4 9x  4
R1  R1 + R2, we get 2x 4x  3 6x  3  0
x 1 x  2 x  a
4x  1 6x  4 8x  4
611. x  2 x  3 x  b  0
Using operation R1  R1 – R3, R3  R3 – R2, we get
x 3 x 4 x c x 0 x
0 0 a  c  2b
x 2 x 3 xb  0 [R1  R1 + R3 – 2R2] 2x 4x  3 6x  3  0
x 3 x 4 xc 2x  1 2x  1 2x  1
 (a + c – 2b)[(x + 2)(x + 4) – (x + 3)2] = 0 x 0 x
 a + c – 2b = 0  a + c = 2b  (2x  1) 2x 4x  3 6x  3  0
 a, b, c, are in A.P. 1 1 1
 –3(2x + 1)x = 0  2x + 1 = 0 (Since x  0 (given))
1  sin 2  cos 2  4sin 2
612. sin 2
1  cos  2
4sin 2 0 1 x yz
618. Let |A| = 1 y z  x
sin 2  cos2  4sin 2  1
1 z xy
2 cos 2  4sin 2 Using operation R1  R1 – R2, R2  R2 – R3
 2 1  cos  2
4sin 2  0 [C1  C1 + C2] 0 x  y (x  y) 0 1 1
1 cos 
2
4 sin 2  1 0 y  z (y  z)  (x  y)(y  z) 0 1 1
|A| =
0 1 0 1 z xy 1 z xy
Since R1 and R2 are identical  |A| = 0.
 2 1  cos 2  4 sin 2  0 [R1  R1 – R2]
1 cos 
2
4sin 2  1  2 5 
 1(8sin2 – 2 – 4sin2) = 0  sin2 =
1 619. A =    |A| = – 3 – 25
2  5  
1
2
1 1 |A10| = 1024 or |A|10 = 1024 or (– 3 – 25)10 = 1024
 cos4 = 1 – 2 sin 2 = 1  2    1  
2
2 2 2 or – 3 – 25 = (1024)1/10 = (210)1/10  – 3 = 27
(– )3 = (3)3 or  = –3
1 2
613. A =  
3 5 a b ab a b a
 |A| = –1  |A2009 – 5A2008| = |A2008||A – 5I| 622. b c bc  b c b [C3  C3 + C2]
2008  1 2   5 0  2008 4 2
= |A| 3 5  0 5  | A | 2 1 0 2 1 1
    3 0 0 b a
= (–1)(– 6) = – 6
= 0 c b = b2 – ac [C1  C1 – C3]
101 103 105 100  1 100  3 100  5 1 1 1
615. 104 105 106  100  4 100  5 100  6 Now, b2 – ac = 0  b2 = ac. So a, b, c are in G.P.
107 108 109 100  7 100  8 100  9
1 2(x  1) 3(x  1)(x  2)
623. f(x) = (x  1) (x  1)(x  2) (x  1)(x  2)(x  3)
x x(x  1) x(x  1)(x  2)
 228 MATHEMATICS  FOR N.D.A AND N.A

Applying R3  R3 – R1 – R2
2a a  b  c 1
1 2(x  1) 3(x  1)(x  2)
Using R2  R2 – R1, we get 0 2b  c 1
f(x) = (x  1) (x  1)(x  2) (x  1)(x  2)(x  3) = 0
0 3c 3
0 0 0 = 6a(2b + c – c) = 12ab
 f(49) = 0
log x log y
1
1 1 1 log z log z
624. We have, m C m 1
C1 m 2
C1 log y log z
1 628. Given, 1
m m 1 m2 log z log x
C2 C2 C2
log x log z
1
1 1 1 log y log y
Multiplying R1 by log z, R2 by log x and R3 by log y, we
= m m 1 m2
log x log y log z
m(m  1) (m)(m  1) (m  2)(m  1) 1
get log x log y log z  0 [ All rows
2 2 2 log x log y log z
Applying C1  C1 – C2, C2  C2 – C3, we get log x log y log z
are identical]

0 0 1
629. Given, area of triangle with vertices (K, 0), (4, 0), (0, 2) is
1 1 m2  (m  1)  m  1
4 square units i.e.,
(m  1)(m  2) K 0 1
m (m  1) 1 2K  8
2 ±4= 4 0 1    4  K = 0 or 8
2 2
1 1 1 0 2 1
625. D = 1 1  x 1 a 0 1
1 1 1 y 630. Area of ABC = 0 b 1
Applying C2  C2 – C1, C3  C3 – C1
1 1 1
1 0 0
= a(b – 1) – 0 + 1(0 – b) = ab – a – b = 0
D = 1 x 0  1(xy  0)  xy
 1 1 
1 0 y  a  b  1  b  a  ab 
Hence D is divisible by both x and y  Points A, B and C are collinear

x y z 631. On solving, vertices of triangle are (6, 2), (–2, 3) and (4, 7)
626.  x y z  kxyz 6 2 1
x y z 1
 Area = 2 3 1 = 19 square units
2x 0 0 2
4 7 1
 x y z  kxyz (Using operation R  R – R )
1 1 2
x y z a 0 1
2x 0 0 632. Points are collinear, means 0 b 1 0
  x y z  kxyz (Using operation R3  R3 + R2) 1 1 1
 a(b + 1) + 1(0 – b) = 0  ab + a – b = 0
0 0 2z  a – b = –ab  b – a = ab
 2x(2yz) = kxyz  k = 4
633. For three points to be collinear
|Area formed by 3 points| = 0
a bc a  b  c 1
1 at12 2at1 1 t12 2t1
627. a  b  2c a  b  2c 2
3c 3c 3 So, 1 at 22 2at 2  0  1 t 22 2t 2  0
2a a  b  c 1 1 0 a 1 0 1
Using C1  C1 – C2, we get 2a a  b  2c 2
 C2 C 
0 3c 3 C2  and C3  3 
 a a 
 2(2t12 t 2  2t1t 22 )  1(t 22  t12 )  0
Algebra 229
[Expanding along 3rd row]
 2t1t2(t1 – t2) – (t1 – t2)(t1 + t2) = 0 639. We know that, (adjA)A = |A|In
 2t1t2 – t1 – t2 = 0 5 0 0
[Dividing both sides by (t1 – t2)] [  t1 – t2  0]  det[adj (A)A] = det[5I3] = 0 5 0 = 125
 2t1t2 = t1 + t2
0 0 5
634. Let  be the area of traingle ABC where A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2)  2 2 0 –1
and C(x3, y3) are the vertices of triangle ABC, then 640. A =   ,B=  
x1 y1 1 x1 y1 1  –3 2  1 0 
1 |A| = 4 + 6 = 10  0 and |B| = 0 + 1 = 1  0
 = x 2 y2 1  2  x 2 y2 1  A–1, B–1 exists.
2
x3 y3 1 x3 y3 1 (B–1, A–1)–1 = (A–1)–1(B–1)–1 = AB
x1 y1 1 x1 y1 2  2 2   0 –1  0  2 –2  0  2 –2 
=  3 2   1 0    0  2 3  0    2 3 
 4 = 2 x 2 y2 1  x 2 y2 2       
x3 y3 1 x3 y3 2 642. Given that, |5 . adjA| = 5
2 1
x1 y1 2  53|adjA| = 5  |adjA| =
1 52
 162 = x 2 y2 2 ....(1)  |A|3 – 1 = 2 ( |adjA| = |A|n – 1)
x3 y3 2 1 5
 |A| = 
5
We know that the area of an equilateral triangle with each
3a 2
side equal to a is 1 2  1 2  1 2
4 643. A =   . adjA =  2 1  and adj(adjA) =  
3 2 2 1    2 1 
Therefore  = . a  16 2  3a 4 ...(2)
4  1 2   1 2 
x1 y1 2
2 A(adj(adjA)) =   2 1 
 2 1   
From eqns. (1) and (2), we obtain x 2 y2 2 = 3a4 5 4
 A(adj(adjA)) =  
x3 y3 2 4 5
635. Determinant of a square matrix is equal to the determinant 5 4
formed by its co-factor matrix. 1 3 3
 A(adj(adjA)) =  
3 4 5
 2 –3  3 3 
636. Given, A =  
 –4 1  5 4
Then, A satisfies the characteristic equation
1 3 3
A2 – 3A – 10I = 0  | A(adj(adjA)) | =
3 4 5
Now, 3A2 + 12A = 3(3A + 10I) + 12A = 21A + 30I
 42 –63 30 0   72 –63 3 3
=  84 21    0 30    84 51   
1
2
5 4 1 9
      =    (25  16)   1
 51 63 3 4 5 9 9
 adj(3A + 12A) = 
2

84 72  2 3 
644. We have, A =  
10 0  1 0   5 –2 
637. We have, A(adj A) =  0 10   10  0 1   10I  |A| = – 4 – 15 = –19  0  A–1 exists
   
We know that A(adj A) = |A|I  |A| = 10  2 3
Now, adjA =  
 5 2 
5a –b   5a 3  1 1  2 3 1  2 3 
Now, A–1 = adjA    
638. We have, AAT =  3 2    b 2  |A| 19  5 2  19  5 2 
   1
 25a 2  b 2 15a  2b  On comparing with kA, we get k =
=   19
 15a  2b 13 
A adj A = AA T is known, so equating the two 645. A is n  n square matrix, then adj (adj A) = |A|n – 2A
expressions, (By the property of adjoint of matrix)
 25a 2  b 2 15a  2b  10a  3b 0 
 
 15a  2b 13   0 10a  3b 
We have, 10a + 3b = 13 and 15a – 2b = 0
On solving, we get a = 2/5, b = 3
Then 5a + b = 2 + 3 = 5
 230 MATHEMATICS  FOR N.D.A AND N.A

1  2  Given, B = (adj A), C = 5A

   |C| = |5A| = 53|A| = 53 = 125 (From (i))
646. Consider | A |    2 1 
 2  2
 1  Also, |adj B| = |adj (adj A)| = | A |(3  1) = |A|4
  C 125 125
= (3 – 1) – (2 – 2) + 2(– 4) = 0     125 ( |A| = 1)
(  3 = 1  4 = ) adj B | adj (adj A) | | A |4
Since, |A| = 0  A is a singular matrix 656. det(adj P) = (det P)2
As det(adj P) = 1(3 – 7) – 4(6 – 7) + 4(2 – 1) = – 4 + 4 + 4 = 4
647. A is a matrix of order 3 Hence, det P = 2 or –2
Now, |A–1(adj A)| = |A–1| . |adj A| [ |AB| = |A||B|]
= |A|–1|A|3 – 1 [ |adj A| = |A|n – 1] 657. A–1 exists if and only if |A|  0
= A|–1|A|2 = |A| 659. We know that det (adj P) = |P|n – 1 if |P|  0
Here, n = 3  det (adj P) = |P|3 – 1 = |P|2
648. Since matrix is a singular, so |A| = 0
2  k 2 
 =0  (2 – k)(3 – k) – 2 = 0 A.(adj A)
 1 3  k  661. AA–1 = I   I  A(adj A) = |A|I
|A|
 k2 – 5k + 4 = 0  5k – k2 = 4 1 0   2 0 
Thus, A(adj A) = 2   
0 1 0 2 
1  3  662. A(adjA) = 5I
  We know that A(adjA) = |A|I = 5I
649. P = 1 3 3 
 |A| = 5, I is an identity matrix of order 3
 2 4 4   Order of matrix A = 3
detP = 1(12 – 12) – (4 – 6) + 3(4 – 6) = 2 – 6
Also det(adj A) = (det A)2 We know, |adj A| = |A|n – 1, where n is the order of matrix
 2 – 6 = 16  2 = 22  = 11 A
 |adj A| = (5)3 – 1 = 52 = 25
650. (NTMN)T = NTMTN = NTMN, if M is symmetric 663. As we know that, |adj (adj(adj A))|
= –NTMN, If M is skew symmetric = |A|
(n  1)3 3 3
 (3)(3  1)  (3)(2)  38  (81) 2
Again (MN – NM)T = (MN)T – (NM)T where n is order of matrix A).
= NTMT – MTNT = NM – MN = –(MN – NM)
1 1 1 1
(MN)T = NTMT = NM  MN (in general) 664. |A| = 3, |(2A)–1| =   
| 2A | 23 | A | 8  3 24
adj(MN) = (adj N)(adj M) and they don’t commute in
665. From standard results (AB)–1 = B–1A–1 is only true.
general.
Thus a and b are correct and c and d are incorrect.
666. For any non-singular matrix of order n,
adj(adjA) = |A|n – 2A
651. |adj A| = 25, n = 3, where n is the order of matrix.  For matrix of order 3.
We have |adj A| = |A|n – 1
adj(adjA) = |A|3 – 2A = |A|A
25 = |A|2  |A| = ±5
1 1 667. det(B–1AB) = det(B–1)detA detB = det(B–1)detB . detA
 |A–1| =     0.2
|A| 5 = det(B–1B) detA = detI . detA = 1 . detA = detA

652. For singularity, |A| = 0 668. We have adj(adjA) = |A|n – 2A

Here n = 2, which gives adj(adjA) = A
 e3x + 1 – e2x + 9 = 0  3x + 1 = 2x + 9  x = 8
Thus statement-1 is true
Again |adjA| = |A|n – 1
653. Equivalence relation as reflexivity, symmetry and
Here n = 2, which gives |adjA| = |A|
transitivity holds.
Thus statement-2 is also true. But statement-2 doesn’t
explain statement-1.
 3 –3 4
655. A   2 –3 4 cos   sin    cos  sin  
669. A =  sin  cos    AT =   sin  cos   ....(i)
 0 –1 1     
|A| = 3{(–3) + 4} + 3 . (2) + 4(–2) = 3 + 6 – 8 = 1 ....(i)
Algebra 231
cos   sin  
|A| =  sin  cos   = cos2 + sin2 = 1
 
cos   sin  
System of Eq uations
Matrix formed by cofactors of A is  sin  cos  
   2 4  
 cos  sin  
 adj A =   sin  cos   677. Let A =  4  2 
   
 2 2 
adj A  cos  sin   For the system of linear equations to have infinitely many
 A–1 = =   sin  cos   ....(ii)
|A|   solutions
From (i) and (ii), we have A = A–1  2 4  
T

|A| = 0   4  2  = 0
670. Since matrix is non-singular, so determinant is not equal to  
 2 2 
zero
 2(2 – 4) – 4(8 – 2) – (8 – 2) = 0
 1 0   3 + 4 – 40 = 0
  0 2 3   0  (2 – 0) – 1(0 – 0)  0  Number of solutions = 1
 0 0  
 2  0  0 678. Given equations x – y = 2, 2x – 3y = – and 3x – 2y = –1
are consistent
671. det(B–1AB) = det(B–1)det(A)det(B)  1 2
( det(AB)=detA . detB)  2 3    0
1   
Also, det(B–1) =  3 2 1 
det(B)
1  (–3 + 2) + 1(2 – 3) – 8(– 4 + ) = 0
 det(B–1AB) =  det(A)  det(B) = detA  –3+ 22 + 2 – 3 + 8 – 18 = 0
det(B)
 2 – 3 – 4 = 0   – 4)( + 1) = 0
672. Given matrix equation is AB = AC  = –1, 4
Taking A–1 on both sides, we get 8 3 5 0 3 5
A–1AB = A–1AC or (A–1A)B = (A–1A)C 679..  5 8 3  0 8 3 0 [C1  C1 + C2 + C3]
or IB = IC ( AA–1 = A–1A = I) 3 5 8 0 5 8
or B = C  Given system of equations has infinitely many non-zero
Since A–1 exists only if A is non-singular solutions.
 For B = C, A should be non-singular
680. The system AX = 0 has a non-trival solution iff detA = 0
673. Each entry of A is an integer, so the cofactor of every entry 1  1
is an integer. And then each entry of adjoint is an integer.
1 i.e.,  1 1  0
Also detA = ±1 and we know that A–1 = (adj A)
det(A) 1 1 
–1
This means all entries in A are integers   + 1) – (–2 + 1) –  + 1) = 0   = 0, 1, –1

674. As the determinant of a skew-symmetric matrix of odd 681. The given system of equations can be written in matrix
order is zero, its inverse does not exist. form as,
 1 4 3   x   3 
675. |A| = 8, order A is 3. 1 1 7   y   11 i.e., AX = B
We know that |adj A| = |A|n – 1     
Here, n = 3 and |A| = 8  |adj A| = 83 – 1 = 82  2 8 6   x   7 
1 4 3
 1 tan   Now, |A| = 1 1 7 =1(6 – 56) – 4(– 6 –14) – 3(8 + 2) = 0
676. A()    . Also, AB = I  B = A
–1
  tan  1  2 8 6
1  1  tan   1  1  tan    Solution is not unique.
= 
2  tan   
1  sec   tan  1   50 0 25 
1  tan   2
 
 1  tan   Now, adj(A) =  20 0 10 
 (sec2)B =  = A(– )  10 0 5 
 tan  1 
 50 0 25   3 
Now, adj(B) =  20 0 10  11
  
 10 0 5   7 
 232 MATHEMATICS  FOR N.D.A AND N.A

which is just a single equation in two variables.

x + 4y = 2. It has infinite solutions.
 150 0 175   25 
For k = 3, the equation becomes 4x + 8y = 12, 3x + 6y = 8
=  60 0 70    10   0
   which are parallel lines. So no solution in this case.
 30 0 35   5 
 The given system of equations have no solutions 1 1 1 1 0 0
687. D        
x+y+z=6 
  2
 2

   2 2
  2
2 2 2
682. Given system of equations are x + 2y + 3z = 10  ....(i) (C2  C2 – C1, C3  C3 – C1)
x + 2y + az = b  1 1
(i) will have no solution when D = 0 and atleast one of D1, = (  )(   )  (  )(   )(   )
 
D2 or D3 is non-zero.
= (  )(   )(   )
1 1 1
Now, D = 1 2 3  0  D = 0  trivial as well as non-trivial solution and so the
number of solutions will be infinite.
1 2 a  D  0  system has only trivial solution.
 1(2a – 6) – 1(a – 3) + 1(2 – 2) = 0  a is incorrect. b is correct. c is correct as trivial solution.
a – 3 = 0  a = 3 ...(ii) (i.e., a unique solution) exists only if , ,  are distinct
6 1 1 implying D  0. d is incorrect.
Let D1  0, then 10 2 3  0
b 2 a 688. The system has non-trival solution if
t t  1 t 1
6(2a – 6) – 10(a – 2) + b(3 – 2)  0  b0
t 1 t t2 0
683. The unique solution of any system of equations exist if t 1 t  2 t
only if |A|  0 Applying R2  R2 – R1, R3  R3 – R1, we get
t t 1 t 1
1 1 1 
1 3 0
Let A =  5 1  
1
1 1 1
 2 3 1 Applying R2  R2 + R3, we get
|A| = 1(1 – 3) – 1(–5 – 2) + 1(15 + 2)
= 1 – 3 + 5 + 2 + 17 = 23 –  t t 1 t 1
|A|  0 depends only on value of . 0 0 4  0  –4(t + t + 1) = 0
1 1 1 1
3 1 1  2t + 1 = 0 t= 
2
684. 1 0 1  0  3(2) – 1(a + 2) – 1(2)  0
690. If  –1 and  3, then first and 3rf equation become
2 2 a same and so we will get infinite no. of solutions.
6–a–20 a2
691. The given system has no solution.
685. The system has non-zero solution, if 1 2 3 0 0 p2
1 k 1  0 0 p2  0  1 2 3  0
3 k 1  0  1(–k –3) – k(3 + 1) –1(–9 + k) = 0 0 2p  1 1 0 2p  1 1
1 3 1  (p + 2){(2p + 1)} = 0  p = –2, –1/2
 –6k + 6 = 0 k=1
692. The given system of equations obviously has x = 0, y = 0,
z = 0 as a solution.
k  1 8   x   4k 
686. The equation is   Now, to check for the presence of non trivial solution.
 k k  3  y  3k  1 1 1 1
For no solution of AX = B, a necessary condition is 4 3 1
detA = 0.
3 5 3
k  1 8 
 0  (k + 1)(k + 3) – 8k = 0 = 1 . {9 – 5(–1)} – 1{4.3 – (–1).3} + 1{4.5 – 3.3}
 k k  3 = 14 – 1 (15) + {11} = 10  0
 k2 + 4k + 3 – 8k = 0  k2 – 4k + 3 = 0 Determinant of coefficient matrix is not zero. Since solution
 (k – 1)(k – 3) = 0  k = 1, 3 exists (unique) for the system of equations, it is not
For k = 1, the equation becomes 2x + 8y = 4, x + 4y = 2 inconsistent.
So, the system of equation has only single solution, x = 0,
y = 0, z = 0
Algebra 233
1 1 1 in three unknowns x, y, and z will possess non-trival
693. For unique solution, 1 2 3  0 solution if
1 k 3 1 k 3
1 2  3 k 2  0 or 0 2k 11  0
 1(2 – 6) – 1( – 3) + 1(2 – 2)  0
2 3 4 0 3  2k 10
 – 3  0  3
(using R2  R2 – 3R1, R3  R3 – 2R1)
694. Given, system of equations are or 33 – 2k = 0  k = 33/2
2x + y – 5 = 0
x – 2y + 1 = 0 701. The set of homogeneous equations will have a non-zero
and 2x – 14y – a = 0 solution if  = 0
Since, this system is consistsent a 1 1
2 1 5 i.e., 1 a 1  0  a(a – 1) + 0 + 1(1 – a) = 0
 1 2 1 0 1 1 1
2 14 a  a2 – 2a + 1 = 0  (a – 1)2 = 0  a = 1, 1
 2(2a + 14) – 1(–a – 2) – 5(–14 + 4) = 0
 4a + 28 + a + 2 + 50 = 0 702. The system of given equations is
 5a = –80  a = –16 Kx + 2y – z = 1 ....(i)
(K – 1)y – 2z = 2 ...(ii)
695. x1 + 2x2 + x3 = 3, 2x1 + 3x2 + x3 = 3, 3x1 + 5x2 + 2x3 = 1 and (K + 2)z = 3 ...(iii)
A quick observation tells us that the sum of first two This system of equations has a unique solution, if
equations yields (x1 + 2x2 + x3) + (2x1 + 3x2 + x3) = 3 + 3
 3x1 + 5x2 + 2x3 = 6 K 2 1
K 2
But this contradicts the third equation, i.e., 0 K 1 2  0  (K  2) 0
3x1 + 5x2 + 2x3 = 1 0 K 1
0 0 K2
As such the system is inconsistent and hence it has no
solution.  (K + 2)(K)(K – 1)  0  K  –2, 0, 1
i.e., K = –1, is a required answer.
696. Since system of equations has a non-trival (non-zero)
solutions, then determinant formed by coefficient of Probability
unknown is zero. So
a a 1 704. Total number of outcomes = 8
b 1 b 0 i.e., {HHH, HHT, HTH, THH, TTH, THT, HTT, TTT}
1 c c Number of favourable outcomes = 4
a 0 a  1 i.e., {TTH, THT, HTT, TTT}
C2  C2  C1  4 1
b b  1 0 0    P(getting at least 2 tails) = 
8 2
C3  C3  C1 
1 c  1 c  1
 a[–(b + 1)(c + 1)] – (a + 1)[b(c + 1) – (b + 1)] = 0 705. Number of letters in TRICKS = 6
 –a(b + 1)(c + 1) – b(a + 1)(c + 1) + (a + 1)(b + 1) = 0 Number of favourable outcomes = 2 i.e., {T, R}
2 1
a b 1  P(either T or R) = 
   0 6 3
a 1 b 1 c 1
1 a b a 1 1 b 1 1 706. Total number of outcomes = 6  6 = 36
      
c 1 a 1 b 1 a 1 a 1 b 1 b 1 Favourable number of outcomes = 27
27 3
1 1 1  Required probability = 
    11  2 36 4
c 1 a 1 b 1
707. A non leap year has 52 weeks & 1 extra day
697. Given system has non-trival solution
 Probability of 53 Sundays = 1/7
1 4a a
 1 3b b  0, (a  0, b  0, c  0) 708. Let S be the sample space and A be the event of getting
1 2c c the sum as a composite number.
On expanding along C1, we get  A = {(1, 3), (1, 5), (2, 2), (2, 4), (2, 6), (3, 1), (3, 3), (3, 5),
(3bc – 2bc) – (4ac – 2ac) + 4ab – 3ba = 0 (3, 6), (4, 2), (4, 4), (4, 5), (4, 6), (5, 1), (5, 3), (5, 4), (5, 5), (6,
 bc – 2ac + ab = 0  bc + ab = 2ac 2), (6, 3), (6, 4), (6, 6)}
n(A) 21 7
So, required probability = n(S)  36  12
699. The given system of three linear homogeneous equations
 234 MATHEMATICS  FOR N.D.A AND N.A

 3 C  4 C  5C 
1   2 2 2   1  19  47
709. Total number of outcomes = 6  6  6 = 216 same colour =
 12
C2  66 66
When sum of numbers is 5, then outcomes are (1, 1, 3),  
(1, 2, 2), (1, 3, 1), (2, 1, 2), (2, 2, 1) and (3, 1, 1).
5
C 2  6 C1  6 C3 16
6 1 718. Required probability = 
 Required probability =  11
C3 33
216 36
719. Let E1, E2 and E3 be the events such that drawn ball is
710. Total outcomes when two dice are thrown n(S) = 36 white, blue and black respectively.
Favourable outcomes, i.e., product is a perfect square  The required probability
E = {(1, 1), (1, 4), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4), (4, 1), (5, 5), (6, 6)
= P1P(E1 )P(E1 )P(E1 )  P1P(E 2 )P(E 2 )P(E 2 )
3 3
8 2
 n(E) = 8  P(E) = 
36 9  3 P3 P(E3 )P(E3 )P(E3 )
2 1 7 3 2 6 4 3 5 55
711. Let E be the event of numbers to be divisible by 2 or 3. = 3   3   3   
9 8 7 9 8 7 9 8 7 84
 E = {2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 8, 10,, 12}  n(E) = 8 and n(S) = 12
n(E) 8 2
Hence, required probability =   720. 6 boys and 6 girls sit in a row in 12! ways.
n(S) 12 3 Number of ways when all six girls sit together = 7!  6!
1 7!  6! 1
712. Given, P(Exactly one of A or B occurs) =  Required probability = 
4 12! 132
1
Then, P(A) + P(B) – 2P(A  B) = 721. Total number of balls = 9
4 3 2 1
1  
Similarly, P(B) + P(C) – 2P(B  C) = Probability of drawing two white balls =
4 9 8 12
1
Also, P(C) + P(A) – 2P(C  A) =
4 722. Let p be the probability of getting 3
Adding all of them, we have 1 5
p = and q =
P(A) + P(B) + P(C) – P(A  B) – P(B  C) – P(C  A) 6 6
3  Probability that A wins = p + pq2 + pq4 + ....
= 1
8
Now, P(A  B  C) = P(A) + P(B) + P(C) – P(A  B) p
 6 
6
= p(1  q  q  ....) 
2 4
– P(B  C) – P(C  A) + P(A  B  C) 1 q 2 25 11
3 1 7 1
=   36
8 16 16 Probability that B wins = qp + q3p + q5p + ....
pq 5
= qp(1  q  q  ....)  
2 4
713. Total possible outcomes = 50
3 1 q 2 11
According to question, x  > 20
x 723. Total number of words formed by arranging the letters of
 x3 + 3 – 20x > 0  x = 19.84 given word = 8!
So, favourable outcomes for x = 50 – 19 = 31 As there are always two letters between Q and S. So, there
31
 Required probability = are total 10 ways in which there are two letters between Q
50 and S. Also, we need to arrange remaining 6 letters.
714. Two distinct numbers can be chosen from 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 in  Required number of ways = 10  6!
10  6! 5
5C ways.
2  Probability = 
Number of outcomes having arithmetic mean an integer 8! 28
i.e., {(1, 3), (1, 5), (2, 4), (3, 5)} = 4
724. Since, we have fifty real numbers, of which five numbers
4 4 2
 Required probability = 5   are to be picked.
C 10 5  Total number of outcomes = 50C5
2
715. Required probability Also numbers are picked in such way that x20 is the
5
C 4  10 C7  5 C5  10 C6 600  210 54 middle number. i.e., we select 2 numbers from first nineteen
=   numbers and 2 numbers from last thirty numbers.
15
C11 1365 91  Number of favourable outcomes = 19C2  30C2
4
C2 43 1
30
C 2  19 C2
716. Required probability =    Required probability =
52
C2 52  51 221 50
C5

717. Required probability = 1 – probability of getting 2 balls os 725. P(A  B)  P(A)  P(B)  P(A  B)
 P(A)  P(B)  P(A  B)  P(A  B)
 1  P(A  B)  P(B)  P(A)
Algebra 235
= 1  P(A  B)  P(A  B)  P(A  B)  P(A  B)  P(A) + P(B)
= 1  P(A  B)  P(A  B)  P(A  B)
736. P(the problem is solved correctly by at least one person)
726. P(AC  BC) = P((A  B)C) = 1 – P(A  B) = 1 – P(the problem is solved by none of the persons)
Since probability of occurrence of an event A implies the  1   3  1   1  
= 1   1   1   1    1   
occurrence of an event B  2   4  4   8  
 A  B  A  B  B  P(AC  BC )  1 P(B)  P(BC ) 1 1 3 7 21 235
= 1  . . .   1 
5 4 2 2 4 4 8 256 256
727. Required probability =  
10 9 9
737. Number of ways of drawing two tickets numbered 1 to 29
728. P(A) + P(B) + P(C) = 1 = 29C2.
3 1 3 Number of ways of drawing two tickets numbered 31 to 50
 P(A) + P(A) +  P(A) = 1
2 2 2 = 20C2.
4 6 3 Number of ways of drawing a ticket numbered 30 = 1.
 P(A) = , P(B) = . P(C) = Hence required probability
13 13 13
7 29
C 2  1  20 C 2 29 C 2  20 C2
 P(A  C) = P(A) + P(C) = = 
13 50 50
C5 C5
2
C1 2
729. Required probability =  738. A and B are two mutually exclusive events
7
C1 7
 A  B    P(A  B)  0
3 3 2 Now, P(A  B)  P(A)  P(B)  P(A  B)
730. P(A) = ; P(A)  1  
5 5 5  1 = P(A) + 3P(A) – 0  P(A) = 1/4
3 3 1
P(B) = ; P(B)  1  
4 4 4
 Required probability when both contradict each other 739. Number of ways that each person leaves the cabin at
3 1 3 2 3 6 9 different floors = 7P5
= P(A).P(B)  P(B).P(A)       
5 4 4 5 20 20 20 Number of elements in sample space = 75
7
1 1 P5
1 Required probability = 5
731. P(A) = , P(B) = , P(A  B) =
3 2 6 7
P(exactly one of them A or B) = P(A – B) + P(B – A)
740. Total number of cases = 65
1 1 1 1
= P(A)  P(B)  2P(A  B)    2   Number of favourable cases = 6! = 720
3 2 6 2 720 5
Required probability = 5 
6 54
732. Given numbers are 1, 2, 3, 4.
Possibilites for unit’s place digit (either 1 or 3) = 2 741. Case (i): 4 correct + 1 incorrect.
Possibilites for ten’s place digit = 3 For correct answer, he/she has to tick the correct option
Possibilites for hundred place digit = 2 only, while for incorrect answer, he/she can give wrongly
Possibilites for tousand’s place digit = 1 in 3 ways for 1st three questions each and in 1 way each
 Number of favourable outcomes = 2  3  2  1 = 12 for last 2 questions.
Number of numbers formed by 1, 2, 3, 4 3  3  3  1  1 11
(without repetitions) = 4!  Probability = 
4  4  4  2  2 256
12 1 Case (ii): All 5 correct.
 Required probability = 
4  3 2 2 1 1
Probability = 
4  4  4  2  2 256
733.  There are 13 equal face values 11 1 12 3
 Required probability Required probability =   
(13 C1  4 C2 )(12 C1  4 C3 ) 256 256 256 64
6
= 
52
C5 4165 742. For real roots, b2 – 4a . 1  0 or b2  4a ....(i)

734. P(A  B) = 1.3 – P(A  B) a b b2 4a

1 1 1 4
Now, P(A)  P(A  B)  1
2 1 1 8
 0.7  1.3 – P(A  B)  1  0.3  P(A  B)  0.6 1 2 2 4
2 2 4 8
735.  P(A  B)  P(A)  P(B)  P(A  B) is true in general So, (i) is satisfied for a = 1,
 236 MATHEMATICS  FOR N.D.A AND N.A

b = 2 case only 4 3 4
751. Required probability =  
 Required probability = 1/4 52 51 50

743. P(A  B)  0.5, P(A  B)  0.2 8 7

752. n(S) = 9C3 =  84
P(A)  P(B)  P(A  B)  P(A  B)  0.5  0.2  0.7 6
P(A) + P(B) = 1 – P(A) + 1 – P(B) n(E) = 3C1 . 4C1 . 2C1= 3  4  2 = 24
= 2 – (P(A) + P(B)) = 2 – 0.7 = 1.3 24 2
Required probability = 
84 7
744. P(A  BC) = 0.25 and P(AC  B) = 0.5
P(A  BC) = P(A) – P(A  B) = 0.25 753. Given, P(A) = 0.3, P(B) = 0.4 and P(A  B) = 0.1
P(AC  B) = P(B) – P(A  B) = 0.50 Now, P(A  B)  P(A)  P(B)  P(A  B)
Since the events are mutually exclusive, hence = 0.3 + 0.4 – 0.1 = 0.7 – 0.1 = 0.6
P(A  B) =   P(A  B)  P(A  B)  1  P(A  B)  1  0.6  0.4
 P(A) = 0.25 and P(B) = 0.50
 P(A  B) = P(A) + P(B) = 0.75 754. For mutually exclusive events, P(A  B)  P(A)  P(B)
and P(A  B)C) = 1 – 0.75 = 0.25 13 1
 P(A)   P(A) 
13 1 2
 

21 3 21 3 7
745. Given, P(A  B) = 0.6 and P(A  B) = 0.2
We know that, P(A  B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A  B) 755. The total number of ways of selecting two persons of 7 is
7! 76
 0.6 = P(A) + P(B) – 0.2
7
C2    21ways
2!  5! 2
 P(A) + P(B) = 0.8  1  P(A) 1  P(B) = 0.8 The number of ways in which two selected persons are
togther is (7 – 1) = 6
 [P(A)  P(B)] = 0.8 – 2  P(A)  P(B) = 1.2
 Probability that two particular person sit together =
6 2

21 7
746. Possibilities: 2R + 1W = 8C2  5C1 = 140
1R + 2W = 8C1  5C2 = 80 756. In a non-leap year there are 365 days, 562 complete weeks
Total no. of possible outcomes = 220 and 1 day. That can be Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday,
220 220  6 10 Thursday, Friday, Saturday
 Required probability = 13  
C 13.12.11 13 1 1
3  P(Friday) = ; P(saturday) =
7 7
748. A and B are mutually exclusively events  P(A  B) = 0 1 1 2
 Required probability =  
P(A  B)  P(A)  P(B)  P(A  B)  P(A)  P(B) 7 7 7
= 0.25 + 0.4 = 0.65
Thus, P(AC  BC) = P((A  B)C) = 1 – P(A  B)  E  Event of getting even no. at first die
759. Let, 
= 1 – 0.65 = 0.35  F  Event of getting a total of 8

749. We have a total 24 socks out of which 4 socks are picked (2,1), (2, 2) ....., (2, 6)
up at random 
E  (4,1), (4, 2), ...... (4, 6)
 Total number of ways = 24C4 = 10626 
(6,1), (6, 2), ...... (6, 6)
 P(selecting atleast one pair) = 1 – P(not selecting any 
pair)  n(E) = 18
12
C1  11C3  12 C 2  10 C2  12 C3  9 C1 F = {(2, 6), (3, 5), (4, 4), (5, 3), (6, 2)}  n(F) = 5
 12 C 4  12 C4 ] E  F = {(2, 6), (4,4), (6, 2)}  n(E  F) = 3
= 1  n(S) = 6  6 = 36
10626  P(E  F) = P(E) + P(F) – P(E F)
7920 2706 41
= 1   n(E) n(F) n(E  F) 18  5  3 5
10626 10626 161 = n(S)  n(S)  n(S)  36

9
750. Considering 2 girls as a single person there will be 5
persons which can be arranged in 5 ways. Also, 2 girls 760. P(A  B) = 0.6, P(A B) = 0.3
can be arranged in 2 ways.  P(A B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A B)
5 2 1  0.6 = 1 – P(A) + 1 – P(B) – 0.3
 Required probability =   P(A) + P(B) = 1.1
6 3
Algebra 237
761. Total time of a cycle = 60 sec
Time of green light = 25 sec We have A  B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}  n(A  B) = 6
25 6
 Probability that light is green = n(S) = 6. Hence P(A  B) = = 1
60 6
 Probability that light will not be green
5 35 7 771. P(not E2) = 0.6
= 1    1 – P(E2) = 0.6 or P(E2) = 0.4 ....(i)
60 60 12
Since E1 and E2 are two mutually exclusive events
762. Let S is the sample space of 5-digit numbers formed by the  P(E1  E2) = 0 ....(ii)
digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8 P(E1  E2) = 0.6 (given)
7!  P(E1) + P(E2) – P(E1  E2) = 0.6
 n(S) = 7P5 =  2520  P(E1) + 0.4 = 0.6
(7  5)!
Let E be the event of 5-digit numbers having even digits  P(E1) = 0.2 (using (i) and (ii))
at both ends
n(E) 720 2 772. Probability of getting 3 in a single throw
 n(E) = 4P2  5P3 = 720  P(E)    2
C1 2 1
n(S) 2520 7 = 6  
C1 6 3
764. Probability that at least 2 out of 4 have the same birthday 1 2
P(not getting 3) = 1  
= P(when two persons have same birthday) 3 3
4
+ P(when three persons have same birthday) 5 1  2
+ P(when four persons have same birthday)  Required probability = C4    
3  3
2 3
1  364  1 364 4  1 
=
4

C2   C3
4
  C3   773. Since P(A  B) = P(A) – P(A  B)
365  365  (365) 2 365  365 
796433
=  0.016 774. A  B = {(1, 2), (1, 4), (1, 6), (1, 8), (3, 2), (3, 4), (3, 6), (3,
48627125 8), (5, 2), (5, 4), (5, 6), (5, 8), (7, 2), (7, 4), (7, 6), (7, 8), (9, 2),
(9, 4), (9, 6), (9, 8)}
765. P(A  B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A  B)
 n(S) = 20
0.8 = 0.3 + P(B) – P(A)P(B)  0.8 = 0.3 + (1 – 0.3)P(B)
5 2 Cartesian products which satisfies a + b = 9 is
 P(B) = , P(B) = {(1, 8), (3, 6), (5, 4), (7, 2)} i.e., 4 in number
7 7 4 1
 P(E) = 
766. 3 numbers can be choosen out of 20 numbers in 20C3 20 5
ways. There are 18 ways of selecting three consecutive 775. For two events A and B
18 3
numbers. So, the required probability is 20  P(A  B)  P(B)  P(A  B)
C 190 3 1 2
Since P(A  B)  , P(A  B)  and P(A) 
3
767. Let E1 be event of solving a problem by A 4 4 3
2 2 1 2 1
 P(E1) = , P(E1 )  1   P(A)  1  P(A)  1  
3 3 3 3 3
Let E2 be the event of solving a problem by B. We know that P(A  B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A B)
3 3 1 3 1 1
 P(E2) = , P(E 2 )  1      P(B) 
4 4 4 4 3 4
 P(problem gets solved) 3 1 1 1 2
= P(either A solve or B solve or both solve the problem)  P(B)     1  
4 3 4 3 3
= P(E1 )P(E 2 )  P(E1 )P(E 2 )  P(E1 )P(E 2 ) 2 1 5
Now P(A  B)  P(B)  P(A  B)   
2 1 3 1 2 3 1 1 1 1 3 4 12
=         
3 4 4 3 3 4 6 4 2 12
776. Since, n(S) = 64 = 1296
768. Since P(A  B) = P(A) – P(A  B) = 0.54 – 0.35 = 0.19 and permutation that the sum of the numbers appearing
4!
on them is 13. Total permutation of (1, 1, 5, 6) =  12
769. Let P(A) = 0.25, P(B) = 0.50 2!
Total permutation of (1, 2, 4, 6) = 4! = 24
P(A  B) = 0.14  P(A  B)  1  P(A  B) 4!
= 1 – (P(A) + P(B) – P(A  B) = 1 – (0.25 + 0.50 – 0.14) Similarly for (1, 3, 3, 6) =  12
2!
= 1 – (0.75 – 0.14) = 1 – 0.61 = 0.39 (1, 2, 5, 5) = 12, (1, 3, 5, 4) = 24, (2, 2, 6, 3) = 12
(2, 2, 5, 4) = 12, (3, 3, 2, 5) = 12, (3, 3, 3, 4) = 4,
770. A = {4, 5, 6). Also B = (1, 2, 3, 4) (4, 4, 4, 1) = 4 and (4, 4, 3, 2) = 12
 Required probability
 238 MATHEMATICS  FOR N.D.A AND N.A

Number of persons who can speak both Hindi and English

12  24  12  12  24  12  12  12  4  4  12 = 10 + 8 – 15 = 3
=
1296 Now, probability that one person speaks Hindi only and
140 35
=  other speaks both Hindi and English is
1296 324 7
C1  3C1 73 7  3 2 1
=   
778. When three dice are thrown then n(S) = 6 ´ 6 ´ 6 = 216 15
C2 15  14 15  14 5
Let E be the event of coming 4 on each of the dice in 2
throwing three dice and F be the event of coming 5 785. No. of red balls = 3, No. of blue balls = 5
 E = {(4, 4, 4)}, n(E) = 1  Total number of balls = 3 + 5 = 8
F = {(5, 5, 5)}, n(F) = 1 We need blue ball in second draw wheich means first draw
n(E  F) = 0 may one of the red or blue ball. So there are two cases:
 n(E  F) = n(E) + n(F) = 1 + 1 = 2 (1) 1st red and 2nd blue
n(E  F) 2 1 (2) 1st blue & 2nd also blue
 P(E  F) = n(S)  216  108 Required probability = P(Red  Blue or Blue  Blue)
3 5 5 4 5
= P(R  B) + P(B  B) =    
8 7 8 7 8
779. Given digits are 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 5
Let E be the event of forming a three digit number with the  Probability of 2 draw is blue =
nd
8
dame digits
 E(2, 2, 2), (4, 4, 4), (6, 6, 6) and (8, 8, 8)}  1  1  1  2 4 5
786. Required probability = 1   1   1     
n(E) = 4  3  5  6  3 5 6
S be the event forming a three digit numbers 4 1
 n(S) = 4  5  5 787. Let A : event of drawing a king  P(A) = 
52 13
n(E) 4 1 13 1

 P(E)  n(S)  4  5  5  25 B : event of drawing a spade =
52 4
1
 P(A  B) 
1 2 2 1 52
780. P(A  B) = , P(A)  ,  1 – P(A) = or P(A)  1 1 1
 P(A  B)  P(A)  P(B)  P(A  B)    
4
2 3 3 3 13 4 52 13
Since P(A  B)  P(B)  P(A  B)
= P(B) + [P(A  B) – P(A) – P(B)] 788. In out of 9 tickets, 5 tickets are odd number and 4 tickets
1 1 1 are even number.
= P(A  B) – P(A) =   Required probability
2 3 6
 5 C 4
C 4
C 4
C 5
C 3
C 
781. Since A and B are mutually exclusive events = 9 1  8 1  7 1  9 1  8 1  7 1
 P(A  B) = 0  C1 C1 C1 C1 C1 C1 
Since A  B = S  P(A  B) = P(S) = 1 5 4 4 4 5 3 80  60 140 5
P(A  B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A  B) =        
9 8 7 9 8 7 504 504 18
 1 = P(A) + 2P(A)  3P(A) = 1  P(A) = 1/3

1 789. Total possible set of 2  2 symmetric matrices of entries

782. Probability of getting a head = in a single toss, either zero or one = 8
2
1 Possible set of matrices having determinant not zero = 4
P(getting a tail) = 4 1
2  Required probability = 
P(getting a head once and tail twice) 8 2
1 2
1 1 1 3 790. Since each entry of a 2  2 matrix, with elements 0 and 1
=
3
C1      3  
2 2 8 8 only can be filled in 2 ways, so all the four entries of a
2  2 matrix can be filled in 24 ways = 16 ways
783. Let E and F be the events of choosing a number divisible There are three 2  2 matrix
by 6 and 8 respectively 1 0  1 0  1 1
 E = {6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42, 48, 54, 60, 66, 72, 78, 84, 90} 0 1  , 1 1  and 0 1 whose determinants are
     
 n(E) = 5 positive.
F = (8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48, 56, 64, 72, 80, 88}  n(F) = 11 3
 Required probability is
E F = {24, 48, 72}  n(E F) = 3, n(S) = 90 16
Using addition theorem of probability
15 11 3 23
 P(E  F) = P(E) + P(F) – P(E F) =   
90 90 90 90
784. Number of persons who can speak Hindi only = 15 – 8 = 7
Algebra 239
2
Conditional Probability P(A  B) 36 1
So, P(A|B) =  
P(B) 6 3
1 1 1 36
791. We have, P(A) = , P(B) = and P(AB) = 798. i. It is given that, A  B
4 5 8
 AC  P(AC  BC ) P((A  B)C ) P(A  B) P(A)
P   A  B = A  P(B|A) =  1
 BC  P(BC ) P(BC ) P(A) P(A)
  ii. A  B = 
1  P(A  B) 1  [P(A)  P(B)  P(A  B)] P(A  B)
0
= 1  P(B)  1  P(B)
Then P(B|A) = P(A)
1 1 1 3 5 3
1   , P(B) = , P(A  B) =
4 5 8  40  10  8  5  27 799. We have, P(A) =
8 8 4
=
1
1 4 32 3 5 3 1
  
40    P(A  B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A  B) =
5  
5 8 8 4 4
2 3 P(A  B) 1/ 4 2
792. We have P(A) = ; P(A  B)   P(A|B) =  
5 20 P(B) 5/8 5
3 17
P(A   B)  P((A  B))  1  P(A  B)  1  
20 20 800. 3 numbers are chosen at random from {1, 2, 3, ...., 8}
Now, A  (A  B)  A  (A  B) without replacement. Let A be the event that the maximum
= A((A  B))  A  (A  B) of chosen numbers is 6. Let B be the event that the
2 3 1 minimum is 3.
 P(A  (A  B))    1.1.2
5 20 4 8
1 P(A  B) C3 2 1
P(A  (A  B)) 5 P(B|A) =   
 P(A | (A   B))   4  P(B) 5
C2 10 5
P(A  B) 17 17
8
20 C3
7 17
793. P(A  B)  , P(B)  801. Let A and B be the events that husband will vote and wife
10 20 will vote respectively.
P(A  B) 7 20 14
 P(A|B) =    P(A) = 0.5, P(B) = 0.4, P(A|B) = 0.7
P(B) 10 17 17 P(A  B) P(A  B)
P(A|B) = P(B) ; 0.7 =  P(A  B) = 0.28
0.4
794. A = {1, 3, 5}, B = {2, 3}, C = {2, 3, 4, 5}.
 (A  B) = {1, 2, 3, 5} and (A  B)  C = {2, 3, 5} P(B  (A  BC ))
n[(A  B)  C] 3 802. P(B|A  BC) =
Now, P((A  B)|C) =  P(A  BC )
n(C) 4 P(B  A)  (B  BC )
=
795. Given P(B|A) = 0.6 P(A)  P(BC )  P(A  BC )
P((A  B)  ) P(A  B)
P(B  A) = 
 = 0.6  P(B  A) = 0.6  0.1 = 0.06 (1  0.3)  (1  0.4)  0.5 0.8
P(A)
C
Also, P(B|A ) = 0.3 P(A)  P(A  BC ) (1  0.3)  0.5 1
=  
P(B  A C ) P(B)  P(B  A) 0.8 0.8 4
 = 0.3  = 0.3
C
P(A ) 1  P(A)
P(B)  0.06 P(C  D)
 = 0.3  P(B) = 0.33 803. P(C|D) =  D, P(C)  P(D).
0.9 P(D) as C
P(A  B) 0.06 2 P(C)
Now, P(A|B) =    P(C  D) = P(C). We have, P(C|D) =
P(B) 0.33 11 P(D)
As 0 < P(D)  1, we have, P(C|D)  P(C)
796. Let A be the event that a card is queen and B be the event
that it is a spade.
P(B  A) 1 / 52 1 804. Let A and B be two events such that A = getting number
Now, P(B|A) =   2 at least once, B = getting 7 as the sum of the numbers
P(A) 4 / 52 4
on two dice
797. Let A = event that 3 has appeared atleast once. B = event We have,
that sum of the numbers is 7. A = {(2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3), (2, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6), (1, 2), (3, 2),
2 6 (4, 2), (5, 2), (6, 2)} and
 P(A  B)  , P(B) 
36 36
 240 MATHEMATICS  FOR N.D.A AND N.A

Independent Events
B = {(2, 5), (5, 2), (6, 1), (1, 6), (3, 4), (4, 3)}
11 6 2
 P(A) = , P(B) = , P(A  B) 
36 36 36
Now, required probability 808. Required probability
P(A  B) 2 / 36 2 1  3   1  3   1   1   3   3   1   3  21
  
P(A|B) =
P(B) 6 / 36 6 3 =                    
 4   2  8   4   2   8   4   2   8  64
P(A  B)
805. P(A|B) = 809. Let P(E) = x and P(F) = y
P(B) 1 1
where A denotes the event that Indian man is seated P(E  F) = P(E) . P(F) =  xy =
adjacent to his wife and B denotes the event that each 12 12
American is seated adjacent to his wife. 1
P(E  F)  P(E) . P(F) 
P(A  B) denotes the event that each man is seated 2
adjacent to his wife. Consider each couple as one entity. 1 1
 (1 – P(E))(1 – P(F)) =  (1 – x)(1 – y) =
Thus, there are 5 entities to be arranged and husbands and 2 2
wife was interchange their seats in 2! ways. 1 1 1
 1 – x – y + xy =  1– x–y+ =
4!(2!)5 2 12 2
 P(A  B)  1 1 5 7
9! 1 – x – y =    x+y=
Next, consider each American couple as an entity. Thus, 2 12 12 12
there are 6 entities to be arranged including the Indian 1 7 12x 2  1 7
and his wife. x   
5!(2!) 4 P(A  B) 2 12x 12 12x 12
 P(B) =  P(A|B) =   12x2 – 7x + 1 = 0  12x2 – 4x – 3x + 1 = 0
9! P(B) 5
 4x(3x – 1) – 1(3x – 1) = 0
1 5 1 1 1
806.  P(A) = , P(B) = and P(B|A) =  (3x – 1)(4x – 1) = 0  x , x
12 12 15 3 4
1 1
We know that,  y ,y
4 3
P(A  B) 1 P(A  B)
P(B|A) =   P(E) x 1 / 3 4 1/ 4 3
P(A) 15 1  P(F)  y  1 / 4  3 or 
1/ 3 4
1 12
 P(A  B) 
180 810. P(P speaks truth) = 70% = 0.7
P(Q speaks truth) = 80% = 0.8
Also, P(A  B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A  B)
 P(P)  1  P(P)  0.3 and P(Q)  1  P(Q)  0.2
1 5 1 15  75  1 89
=     Required probability P(P)P(Q)  P(P)P(Q)
12 12 180 180 180
= 0.7  0.2 + 0.3  0.8 = 0.14 + 0.24 = 0.38 = 38%
 X  P(X  Y)
807. P    by definition 811. If A and B are independent
Y P(Y) Then A and B are also independent
 Y  P(X  Y)  P(A  B) = P(A) P(B) = (1 – P(A))(1 – P(B))
Also, P    , so we have
X P(X)
812. A and B are independent events
Y 2 1 2 2 2
P(X  Y)  P   .P(X)  .  and P(AC  B) =  P(AC)P(B) =
 
X 5 3 15 15 15
2 2
P(X  Y) 15 4 P(B) – P(A)P(B) =
15
......(i)
Again, P(Y)   
X 1 15 1 1
P  and P(A  BC) =  P(A)P(BC) =
So, Y 2 6 6
1 4 2 7 1
P(X  Y)  P(X)  P(Y)  P(X  Y)     P(A)  P(A)P(B)  ....(ii)
3 15 15 15 6
X   X  1 4
  1 1
Again, P     1  P     1   On solving (i) and (ii), we get P(B) = or
6 5
Y   Y  2 2
2 2 5
813. Given P(B) =  P(B)  1  
7 7 7
and P(A  B)  0.8
Now, P(A  B)  P(A)  P(B)  P(A)P(B)
( A and B are independent events)