LESSON 1.

1 ­ Arithmetic Sequence & Series

Unit 1: Sequences and Series

Lesson 1.1: Arithmetic Sequence & Series

SEQUENCE
A sequence is a pattern of numbers arranged in a particular
order according to a rule.
For example:
2, 5, 8, 11, 14, ...

1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th

term term term term term

Usually, the terms of a sequence follow a specific pattern,

for example
2, 4, 8, 16, 32, ... (powers of 2)
i
'
ii 2
"
as

1, 4, 9, 16, 25, ... (perfect squares)

5, 10, 15, 20, 25, ... (positive multiples of 5)
1. S 2.5 35 4.5 5.5

We use the notation un to describe the nth term. Thus, the

terms of the sequence are denoted by
u1, u2, u3, u4, u5, ...

SERIES
A series is just a sum of terms:
Sn = u1 + u2 + u3 + ... + un (the sum of the first n terms)
S∞ = u1 + u2 + u3 + ... (the sum of all terms, ∞ terms)

We say that S∞ is an infinite series, while the finite sums

S1, S2, S3,… are called partial sums.
LESSON 1.1 ­ Arithmetic Sequence & Series

There are two basic ways to describe a sequence.

1) by a GENERAL FORMULA
We just describe the general term un in terms of n.
For example, un = 2n
It is the sequence 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, ...

2) by a RECURSIVE RELATION
Given: u1, the first term

un+1 in terms of un

For example,
u1 = 5
un+1 = un + 2

This says that the first term is 5 and then

u2 = u1 + 2 U 5+2=7 ,
=

u3 = u2 + 2 U 71-2=9 ,
=

u4 = u3 + 2 and so on. 44=91-2--11

In simple words, begin with 5 and keep adding 2 in

order to find the following term. It is the sequence
5, 7, 9, 11, 13, …

Arithmetic Sequence

In an Arithmetic Sequence the difference between

one term and the next is a constant. D= common difference
In other words, you just add some value each time ...
on to infinity.

Example:
I 2 3 4 5

1, 4, 7 ,10, 13, 16, 19, 22, 25, ...

YYYY
' - -
-

This sequence has a difference of 3 between each

number. ¥-3
LESSON 1.1 ­ Arithmetic Sequence & Series

In General you could write an arithmetic sequence like

this:
{u1, u1+d, u1+2d, u1+3d, ... }
where:
*¥
• u1 is the first term, and
• d is the difference between the terms (called the
"common difference")

So, we can write the rule for any arithmetic

sequence as:

un = u1 + (n ­ 1)d

Note: we use "n ­ 1" because d is not used in

the first term.

Example #1:
Determine if the following sequences are arithmetic. If
th
so, determine the formula for the n term.

a) 35, 32, 29, 27, ... arithmetic

9- → Ch 1) -3
-
3 Un = 35 + -

3
Un =
35 -3h 1-

Un -
-
-
3h +38

b) 9, 14, 19, 24, ...

TTY Un = 9 + ( n 1) 5
-

Un = 9 + ( n 1) 5 -
Un = 5h -5+9
=
9 + Sn -
s
un = 5h +4
Uh =
5h +4

c) 2, 4, 8, 16, ...
a- IT

↳ geometric sequence
difference)
(r
-
- common
r=2 ( multiply by 2)
LESSON 1.1 ­ Arithmetic Sequence & Series

Example #2: An arithmetic sequence is defined by

un = 14 - 3(n - 1). Determine the first three terms in
the sequence and u9.
U, = 17
Un =/ 4- 3cm -

1)
11
Uz
=

14 3h +3
un
-
-

8
us
=

3h +17
Uh
-_

Un = 14 -

3h 1-3

=
17 -

3h

41=14
42=11
43=8
-10
Uq=

Example #3: -3-3-3

Given the sequence 8, 11, 14, 17, ..., 65. Determine the
number of terms in the sequence.
65=4 , + dcn 1) -

65 =
8 + 3. (n -

1)
65=8 + 3h -3

Un= U, + Cn -

Dd
65 = 8 + ( n -173

65 -8 = 3h -3
65 -
S =3 n

20 = n

i. 20 terms
LESSON 1.1 ­ Arithmetic Sequence & Series

Example #4:
Determine u1 and d for the arithmetic sequence with
u7 = -67 and u11 = -95.
-

-
67=4 ,+d( n -1) -95=4 , + dcll -

1)
tod
-67=4 ,+d(6) -95=4 ,
+

-67=41+64
-
95=-67 Gdtlod -

as = -67+44
-67--601=41
-28--44
6C -77--41

¢-1 )d
67
_7=d-
- -

U > =U , ( n 1) d
-2S
+ -

U , ,=U , +

67=411-64 -95=4,1-104
-67=-95 -
lUdt6d -95 -
Lod -_
4,
28 = -
4d
-95+70=4 ,

-2s=

Arithmetic Series
An arithmetic series is the addition of all the terms
of an arithmetic sequence.

Arithmetic Sequence:
1, 5, 9, 13, ...

Corresponding Arithmetic Series

1 + 5 + 9 + 13 + ...

In general an arithmetic sequence is:

u1, (u1 + d), (u1 + 2d), (u1 + 3d), ... , (u1 + (n-1)d)

So, an arithmetic series looks like this:

u1 + (u1 + d) + (u1 + 2d) + (u1 + 3d) + + (u1 + (n-1)d)
LESSON 1.1 ­ Arithmetic Sequence & Series

Knowing the first and last term of an arithmetic

sequence, the sum of the terms (the series) is:

Sn = n (u1 + un)
2
We know that for an arithmetic sequence with first
term u1 and common difference d the general term
or nth term is
un = u1 + (n ­ 1)d

Therefore, for an arithmetic series, the sum can be

calculated by: n (u + u + (n 1)d)
S = n
2 1 1
n
= 2 (2u1+ (n 1)d)

So, to calculate the sum of an arithmetic series:

know 8

Sn = n (2u1+ (n 1)d)
→ # of terms

2
> U
,

→ d

OR
know :

Sn = n (u1 + un)
→ first & last term

2
LESSON 1.1 ­ Arithmetic Sequence & Series

Example #5: Given the arithmetic sequence

s÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷¥¥÷
3, 10, 17, 24, ... ÷÷¥÷÷¥, is .
→s

Ui =3
a) Determine the sum of the series if there are 22 terms.
¥2
Sn =
1- ( 24 + In 1)-

d)
Szz =
11 ( 6 1- 21 •

7)
=
11
(61-147)
=
1683

b) Determine S13 (the sum of the first 13 terms in the

sequence)
513=12 ( 24 , + (n -

1) d)
=
¥ (6 +
127)
=
585

Example #6: Given the first and last terms, find S iz

=

I
Iz (

¥
U , +

's
U

>
I 2)

the sum of the arithmetic sequence u1 = 19, u12 = 96

Sn
nz CU )
=

,
+ Un

= 6 ( 115)
= 690
LESSON 1.1 ­ Arithmetic Sequence & Series

Example #7: Determine the sum of the arithmetic

series: 1 + 11 + 21 + 31 +... + 121 ÷÷÷÷÷¥i÷ :

÷÷÷÷÷
!
-

U = I Un =
121
,

121=1 + (n -

1) 10 Sn= E- ( hit UD
120 = 10h -
10

130 =L On
=
Iz ( )
122

13 = n = 793

HOMEWORK:
1. p.153 # 1, 2aeh, 3bc, 4cdef
2. p.156 # 1a, 2b, 3 to 6, 7ade, 8ac, 9
3. p.169 #1abc, 2ab, 4, 7, 9a,10,11
 Homework : Pg : 153

1- •

a) U,= 4,42--13,43=22 Uy -31 ,

-

b) U ,
=
45,42=39 43=33 , Uy ,
=
27

c) 4=2 ,
Uz=6 , 43=18 , 44=54

d) 4=96 , 42=48,43--24 44=12 ,

2. a) D= 8 Us -_
40 e) r= ✗ 4 Us -_ 256 h)r=÷3 Us =3 46=1

U ,=8 U, = 48 U, = 1 Us =
1024

3. b) 1,8 , 27,64 , 125,216 ,

343

1323 33 43 53 63 y
3

c) 216,12 , 20,30 42,56 ,

4. c) 625,1296

d) 16,22

e) 16,22

f) 6,12

Homework : pg 156

1- a) 4,0=19+6 (9)
•
5 .
a) U ,=1 42=4 Us
= 7 44=10
- - '

, ,

U ,o=73
increasing by 3- each time

2. b) U ,s= 5- 8114) b) d =3 3 (n -
1) + x = 3h -2

U,= I 3×-3+2=3×-2
His = -107
✗ = I

3. a) +11 each time 6 .

a) 4. =
32 , 62=28.5
b) Un =
6 + 11cm 1)
-

d=5_
c) Us 0=2162

d) 325=6 + 11h -11 b) D= 3.5 -

30
-
- n ✓ U, -3.51h 1) - =
7127£
e) 761=6 + 11h -11 2/41 -
3- 5h +3-51=71 -
yn
69.6=4 ✗
 24 , -

7h 1-7=71 -71h
7. a) K =
322-+3=17-5 24 , +7--71
241=64
U,=32_
d)
(k-D[ = 21<+3

(21<+3) (K 1) =(7-14-(214-3)
- -

2kt 3- ktl = 7- K -
2k -
3

2k -
k + ktzk =-3 -1+7-3

1<=0

KZ
e)
k¥+k=
K' 1- let 6--21<2
-
K2 +1<+6--0

K2 -

k 6=0
-

(K 3) ( kt2)
-

d
k -3 - ¥-2

f. a) 41=4 , + d(6) 77=41+012

41=6 6d+l2d

.•uu?
77=41 -

/
,

41 6d=U,
77-642 =D
-

µ
- =D
•
5=4 ,

c) f- u ,+d( 6) -39=1 Gd -
+ kid

1- 6d=U ,
-40=8 d

1+30=4 , ←
-
5=d

31=4 ,

9. a)5,625,7-5,875,10
b) -1,3-71 ,
8.424,13-13 , 17-84,22-55,27-26,32
E. ¥ , ¥ ¥1 ,
Homework : Pg 169

1. a) Go =

E- (24 ,
+
(n 1)
-

d)
520=10 (61-19.4)
Szo =
820

b) Sso 1- (2u
=
,
+ (n 1)
-

d)
= 25 (1 +
49*2.5)
Sso =
30875

c) 540=20 (200+(3971-7))
540=-1460

2. a) 101=5 + 3h -3

=n

33 = n

Szz =
# (106)
533
= 1749

b) -20=50 + (n 1) (-0-5)
-

5,42 =
71 ( 30)
-

20=50 t.sn +1 =
2130

?%==n
142 = n
4. S > = 3.5 (58)
57=203

7. a) Um ,
__ 22+43
444=65

b) Say =
22 (65+22)
544=1914 Seats

c) 47,850 seats

9. a) Un=2n -1

10.21=6,46 1) d s ,> Gu ( 167dB

-
= +
,

21=4 , +
Sd
0=8.5 (24+1601)
21 5d=U ,
-

21+35=4 , 0=174 , +
136A

56=4 , -1364=174

-1361--1>(21-501)
-
136 D= 357-8501
-
Sld -357
-

I/ •
x -
dtxtxtd =
12
3x=l2
( 4##PÑdT)= -80 x=4

16-401+16 -
4d+4d -
d 2+16 + yd = -80

64 4d2= -80

•°•-2,
-

-
4012=-144
d2= 36