S| The atom as a whole is electrically neutral because the positive charge present on the atom (sphere) is equal to the negative charge of electrons present in the sphere. in which electrons > Atom isa positively charged sphere of radius 10-10 m are embedded in between. > The. positive charge and the whole mass_of the atom is uniformly distributed era the sphere. 5° ° o. Ox} —excron — - Poiticle (eraX & i rane lama > The spectrum of atoms cannot be explained with the help of this model / > Scattering ‘@zparticles cannot be explained with the help of this model , [RUTHERFORD ATOM MODEL | @ > Rutherford experiments on scattering of a-particles by thin gold foil Beam of _ Seattered of particles Most particles are unreflected® Most of the a-particles went straight through the gold foil and produced the screen as if there were nothing inside gold foil. Thus the v Few particles collided with the atoms of the foil which have scattered or deflected through considerable large angles. Few particles even turned back towards source itself. ( 4 o,f Zooo cre deFiectel by cS) the atom is e positive charge and almost. whole_m: ted in small centre called a nucleus. The The electrons could not deflected the path of a @0- particles i.e. electrons are very light. ® . () IR Feemer a avtitivigh nuclus of adil dm then Find Wadih oF adorn Pre thal Sauce odor ts Fou) — Fnues wr Wp wS "dw Oo Fit OP Fred F180 Casviakion) N(8) = Kate KB, i)Dreawback, - Rutrdfird — atomic moe — > He cant explain Lime Spectr oF akon He Cont explain Stabbity oF akorn. Te accebraded Crowe Pattie Proiuwe Em Bove gy hence Gt Will loss 8 s —— Contin spect ow WiCnea nner kes ama ne ee! heavy nucleus of charge ‘Ze’ its distance of closest approach from the nucleus depends on mas: eee eee tos teen Mt econ ccee tc Cate ert see ua ets bey Ue [BP s20°]r TOME ee I fee ate EA gn eC taCe Gey Oe tas e nen eC yee ERT reRaTTE Der oeo reece) Meira ek n eae ee Aen PIERO eGo MCE tr ese tate CR ate ty tee AN ec Pa Gieen etter eer erage cits rests .ctly proportional to mass M, © rectly proportional to M, x M, BOHR'S FIRST POSTULATE : / @ > Bohr's first postulate was that an electron in an atom could revolve in certain stable or! the predictions of electromagnetic theory. > According to this postulate, each atom has certain definite stable states in which it can exist, and each p v ‘These are called the stationary states of the atom. skebe oti or Vg g 2 BOHR'S SECOND POSTULATE : > Bohr’s second postulate defines these stable orbits. This postulate states that the electron revolves around the nucleus only in those orbits for which the angular momentum is I multiple of h/2x where ht Gry > Thus the angular momentum (L) of the orbiting electron is quantised. That isl =nh/2n roy a a(mite coh ~ th Qu Le een 27 MEO. of? ’ Geer BD ay _ a Bh = ot = 24 1S 7 2 YF aK Pern RY k heme l= eh ig asie dhig Lb bie BOHR’S THIRD POSTULATE: @ > — Itstates that an electron might make a transition from one of its specified > When it does so, a photon is emitted having energy equal to the energy dittcrence(oolgesd the lnitial and final states E e> — E @ G__aton(zsaier) TO" — Feecinmhe = Keene x Pe: 3 Le x7 Ea V[nvij= Kze2 Va Bnew = 2Rkze% SpeeX waiy <2” © “ah “Seah Wah = Kae ae Kee ©2. Radius of the n'™ orbit: @ me Ve zante] ovr ae = * 0-53 we Nh 26h eamze= 1S: a = 0-S3Ay oh = a >» 4. Time period of revolution of electron in n™ orbit : @ Time Period = 27S 27 (0-53) nr 2a > m= > G e TH MW Tad F ah 9 ‘The angular speed of electron in the n** orbit of hydrogen atom is @ A Directly proportional to n? @xr Directly proportional ton DP iowversety proportional to n3 UD 228 oh x2 a Inversely proportional to n 5. Frequency of revolution in n™ orbit : @ £ a”. a "OT kstqs' as oaO iow many times does the electron go round the first Bohr orbit in a @ second? ae 35 NI o Oo 6.57 x 105 . = Exo! QO) 657x120 B+ png @ 6.57 x 103 2 067 xI10!* DY o57 101 bts Im Bohr's model of th hydrogen atom) the ratio between the period of revolution of an electron in the orbit of n = 1 to the period of revolution of the electron in the orbit cae Gs > @ 12 : Seen? OQ an +. sp @ 1:4 =i Gie| * rN 6. Current and Magnetic Field: due te elects im “Mocbih @ e = HT D.t~ B= Bb ok Ra 3 Zz eee BA ne Bub +TE SKE-2KEast vvbit (1)7 Ground state $ Lowest energy state of any atom or ion is called ground state of the atom. 2 Ground state energy of H atom = -13.6 eV TE= abe S ~ Ground state energy offie* lon -54.4 eV oe av Ground state energy of Li** Ion = -122.4 eV B6 Z eS ni Tee"!| | For which one of the following, Bohr model is not valid? D> sing onisea netiam atom Ge) “ire wt Daa io BD veuteron atom nett fe Ay only Fe aye ® sinary onisea neonatom We") aay BP nyarogen atom (222 Me sfeetmn ( emission spectrum). E, (ni) ; VLR eefos] ea *% Eatetn = EES E, -<@ re" _ geo Rn 7, Wavelength of photon:ee | @ It has been shown that the energy of the outer orbit is greater than the energy of the inner ones. ‘ When the Hydrogen atom is subjected to external energy, the electron jumps from lower energy state i.e. the hydrogen atom is excited. ‘The excited state is unstable hence the electron return to its ground state in about 10** sec. The excess of energy is now radiated in the form of radiations of different wavelength. The different wavelength constitute spectral series. 4eV B -3.4 eV,-6.8 eV 3 3.4 eV,-6.8 eV B 3.4eV,3.4eV un os eae excited state and then from second excited to the first excited state. The |} OCR EC Cat Meee tattle eso / z Qn s 20 7 gs 5 7 Of the various series of the hydrogen spectrum, the one which | completely in the ultraviolet region is a Paschen series OD bracket series© As then (number of orbit) increases, the difference of energy between the consecutive energy levels 2 3). Remains the same @) increases @q@ Decreases o® Sometimes increases and sometimes decreases | angular momentum changes by (where h is Planck's constant) ad O 3 > Om he Qe @ + 7 OR Qe > OF ove Smission SPedtum SE(LYMAN SERIES 4 iw. Hato C2 <4) @ aa ease ne] Lyman Serie) also Known a2 K-Seit We wesnen cence cc nenene x i me so naa ” 3M orbitn =3 —> tine . ezine (2: orbit) ee) > Sonia [a=] nea oun sate) 1A 4 Pret, (@) Sint woweleyin of 20" Lime oF Arman ceviel( 2? gs xAz4 toy SR Sind woveleny oF Loire oF Eman Sexier Sei ae 4 af a] A+ ' he ROA Balmer SERIES |—») se~ 1)= 3,4 5, 61 Dear oat excited oe nes = tine naa nes —> a-line 3 max —————> Soto. > Emm Ko net ana OOK Ground state 24 orbit n =2| Balmer SERIES (3) panne een ote Ed ATS Lene ene iret retested Piece Pein rier ER eRe oe ire Tie ratio of wavelengths of the k Balmer series and the last line of Lyman series is (NEET 201° =—T L 35) : % one aes OM 1 82 YF aye 9. @ os VP 2 © Given the vaiue of Rydberg constant is 107 mrt, the wave number of the last line of the Balmer series in hydrogen spectrum will be (NEET-12016) 0.25 = 107 m- 2.5 x 107 mt 0.025 = 104 m-1 0.5 «107 m1OW ranto ot tongest waveiedhand Speresponaing w tyman ana RAMA Stes in hydrogen spectrum is (NEET-2013) aa Os OF Qs Os Wa ee Ee | ofa He+ ion in the first excited state will be (2010) oe MY -13.60v QD -2720v @ -sracv QD cov The electron in the hydrogen atom jumps from excited state (n = 3) to its @ ground state (n= 1) and the photons thus emitted irradiate a Photosensitive material. If the work function of the material is 5.1 eV, the (Mains 2010) a @ Consider 3" orbit of He* (Helium), using non-relativistic approach, the speed of electron in this orbit will be [given K = 9 x 10° constant, Z = 2 and ‘jh (Plancks constant) = 6.6 x 10-4 J s] “ ay $Y 0.73 «105 m/s . OQ 3.0 x 10% m/s @ 2.92 x 106 m/s ® 1.46 x 106 m/sIn which of the following systems will the radius of the first orbit (n = 1) be minimum? (2003) L 5 doubly ionized lithium singly ionized helium deuterium atom hydrogen atom If an electron in a hydrogen atom jumps from the 3rd orbit to the 2™4 orbit, it emits a photon of wavelength 2. When it jumps from the 4" orbit to the 3"! orbit, the corresponding wavelength of the photon will be (NEET-I12016)— 7 Om @ aN 20 a Hydrogen atom in ground state is excited by a monochromatic radiation of 4 = 975 A. Number of spectral lines in the resulting spectrum emitted will be @014), G Ms OQ: @ 6 oa 10Tersixis*n . i692 : ts Sxl 4 ons dl @ Jonisation energy (I.E.) : Minimum energy required to move an electron from ground state ton = wis called from grdijnd Sate ton eco is called jsation energy of the atom or ion & Ionisation energy of H atom = 13.6 eV ® Ionisation energy of He* Ion = 54.4 eV @® lonisation energy of Li** lon = 122.4 eV The total energy of an electron BUC ocotsr Mcur aoe neo Tcsh B -3.4 eV,-3.4eV TEs -uey g -3.4 eV, -6.8 eV / KEs 3uev Pec —G8ev y 3.4eV,-6.8 eV ~ A 3.4eV,3.4eVerties cet oom eee rsa Price tet Oes ey Went Moser tice (attract oes eka aa rretd electron in the hydrogen atom is replaced by muon (i) [charge same as Geren Rare Ac AMC bers eo name Se nC React ire ttt ag | willbe) peukorn 1 exit ve besa gesre 3) ae 2.56 x 10-13 m, -13.6 eV aa M2 = 7h Bross x 10-" m, -3.6 eV Lots an SS *10-" m, -2.8 eV Gs we F 2.56 x 107 m,~2.8/eV % m Ya Fee aeonis ene ae! @ excited state and then from second excited toithe first excited state. The PUR ease eRe Run tre eho etna rae tae eee entra Panes eo M PMR Corals erat te Cote nee ee Sen ss eon Socoea Le e@2O-D ex a 25hR 24m xe 25hR Ahk Ajon, eH a (mis the mass of the atvm., _R, Rydberg constant and h Planck's constant) = Pasn= Prriton 24h 25m Vz+ Ithas been shown that the energy of the outer orbit is greater than the energy of the inner ones. ‘When the Hydrogen atom is subjected to external energy, the electron jumps from lower energy state i.e. the hydrogen atom is excited. ‘The excited state is unstable hence the electron return to its ground state in about 10-* sec. + The excess of energy is now radiated in the form of radiations of different wavelength. + The different wavelength constitute spectral series. ef © wien of me following transitions in a hydrogen atom emit photons of lowest frequency ? QQ n=20n=1 OD neston=2 : QFnestonz3 : oD BS) mine -*- ney} = 2 UF [n=3ton=1 \ L Phiten oF stay Che, a. “a © Woich state of riply ionised beryllium (Be) has the same orbital radius @ as that of the ground state of hydrogen? Qs er a ab eo & porns @ s Ces ipAn electron makes a transition from orbit n = 4 to the orbit n = 2 of a @ hydrogen atom. Which is the wavelength of the emitted radiations ? (R= Rydberg’s constant) x x3) > Me teal, - a 4 | zal yz = is | a — 4. Hydrogen atoms are excited from ground state to the principal quantum | Q\Y number 5. Number of spectral lines observed will be a MO. op SPectee) Dire alma) } ° ES 5 ea If in Bohr’s atomic model, it is assumed that force between electron ana @ proton varies inversely as 1, energy of the system will be proportional to., wo sD} amt? oh using en 4D . Qn PTR a Q« #«{5) Ge Tao wes a cD ce per eeege reWhat should be the ratio of minimum to maximum wavelength of radiation emitted by transition of an electron to ground state of Bohr’: hydrogen atom? —_ st 3 eee. mcs 4 gt ~e 1 a, t= =i p-4 ~ LEK 4 oR a . Donia ea Pain” 8 3 Armin» 8 oes —_— + 3 SS =. hae ee 2 oT AEs o2ev we x we Me Ve from iss jan vy absesPion only fossible Smith Secting NX sa gate == 7 re SE Calision Yo Photon ant atom. SF enewyy oF Photon is equal +o E=\02ev = 12-09ev 12-7 Sev ay then (aisien Vill be F enenpy oF Photo na sa nie 3 my ms + aM Tnelttic PLY, Rese, -teey ce i L Glliven is eloatigThe absorption transition between the first and the fourth energy states of hydrogen atom are 3. The emission transition between these states will | “>” be . ap o—,—______ ee 0 < 6 - tMa ee ug ° © when a hydrogen atom emits a photon of energy 12.1 e¥, its orbital | angular momentum changes by (where h is Planck’s constant) T 7 eye 1, @ *) Inaty | Jos | Q 3 ™ (=) la i Which of the following is/are possible values of radius of stable orbit of @ hydrogen atom? . 5 Frond He at dectegpie’) Hee ace nS SE mA a = Mive c 2 ge oR u 3a gy) a Rm @ic @ a 7 RRR Fae Ose : R= Oh hay Peay . Ol eeof the Balmer series jn hydrogen spectrum will be (NEET-12016) 5 AY 025~107 mt aa OQ) 25107 @ 0.025 x 10¢ mt ® 0.5 x 107 mt | The energy of a hydrogen atom in the ground state is -13.6 eV. The energy P Given the value of Rydberg constant is 107 m”, the wave number of the 5 ofa He+ ion in the first excited state will be (2010) che a 1% ue i I -13.6 eV é& wes) =-Bke =) eee @ -27.2eV “n OQ 54.4 ew VE -6.8eV ground state (n = 1) and the photons thus emitted irradiate a photosensitive material. If the work function of the material is 5.1 eV, the stopping potential is estimated to be (the energy of the electron in n* state E,=— 3" ev @ sav wresertig potenti) 7, ve QO) wav . Sey @ 172V 6 2-: Ae 1 Mancey, V=gV, Aa ,Consider 3 orbit of He* (Helium), using non-relativistic approach, the speed of electron in this orbit will be [given K = 9 x 10° constant, Z = 2 and h (Plancks constant) = 6.6 x 10-*J s] : 7 YON, 0.73 « 10° m/s 23 . A) “e (7) @ 3.0 x 10° m/s : Ve 22nd & @ 2.92 x 10° m/s A6 x 106 m/s oe In which of the following systems will the radius of the first orbit (n = 1) be minimum? “y AY. doubly ionized tithium @ singly ionized helium OO deuterium atom © hydrogen atom v Zeeren CF Fey 7 Tita which could not explained by Bohr’s model, Y This is only valid for single electron atom H, He’, Lit* y This model is based on circular orbits of electron but in reality there are no circular orbit. cadens This model could not explain the intensity of spectral lines. y This model only considered particle nature of electron,LAY anvisible) —? Collection oF Photey — efany y Hare xcrry | Sefr= Aaray A-Tay Feoduction is Imverve oF Phetseleuivic eect « ’ cs theten 2 cen NX ae ch Photolece, erny te CP Pec. Tatensity of yeray o< Hake Current @ Brew oF X-ray, ox accelerahing Potectial of very short wavelength 0.1 A ‘h are emitted when fast moving target of high atomic mass. > an” ‘© due 40 vetardabion $s oR e+, will bse, eneg . Y list @ ’ Spal to H there wnt be emitionae ee ray wl Emegy of Prot = © 40 KE oy, oteVn kV) 4 fil it ws window’ oe X-rays incident on a material SY wilexerta force on it Y Q Will transfer energy to it S @ May cause emission of electrons S Yy All ofthese Qe If the potential difference V applied to the coolidge tube is doubled, then the cut off wavelength 4 soo yy YY, tsdoublea QD ishawey @ Remains unchanged oa Is quadrupled Lok PALE Corerien@ (Characteristics of Target } (a) Must have high atomic number to produce hard X-rays. a (b) High melting point to withstand high temperature produced. High th il conductivity to the heat produced (©) High thermal conductivity to remove the heat produce (@) Tantalum, platinum, molybdenum and tungsten serve as target materials —— ‘r Dig a dock Not dePenr on adrmic Ye ° ‘ TI] Neste o MMM, M series 5 L 2 LOL, UseriesKa Characteristic X-ray X-ray from a molybdenum target at 35 kV Relative intensity Bremsstrahlung continuum 002 004 006 008 010 O12 6 wavelength (nm) p= 6 ® |MMOSEtEVSIAWE) [+ ~<¢-») ‘Moseley studied the characteristic spectrum of number of many ements and observed that the square root of the frequency ofa K- is closely proportional to atomic number of the element. This is called Moseley's law. Fxen Feo)” * Z=atomic number of target x $= frequency of characteristic spectrum screening constant (for(K- series b= DL series b © a= proportionality constant I X-ray always travel with the velocity of light in straight line because X-rays are em waves ))_ X-ray is electromagnetic radiation it show particle and wave both nature (ii) In reflection, diffraction, interference, refraction X-ray shows wave nature while in photoelectric effect it shows particle nature. (iv) There is no charge on X-ray thus these are not deflected by electric field Zand magnetic field. ved) X-ray are invisible.® (vii) When X-ray incidents on the surface of substance it exerts force and pressure and transfer energy and momentum X-ray affects the photographic plate (viii) Characteristic X-ray can not obtained from hydrogen because the difference of energy level in hydrogen is very small. Sorts ies etagi per acer crete taint i) eraser Oe MPP ecient ee tetas Zy Oma 2a are abomie “to. OF sagt ay, are the auel ynecn npr S. “) VN 5 ¢ Ry A) n EF ten —= zrwEET. ® Find both wooveleyn of Teva jIF eledkon 1 jeg o AY hoane eg [2] ~ Ya Caio x Dime x | wee Ms g W Jans l Eeneny of e = E rheten,| | tae ah Ae hoe ake De eC Uy. aur moo: oF mewton= A- Zz @ [A: mass no 10. of P+ no. oF N 'Z : atomic no. = no, of proton we te electron 7 Positron (Dp Anti-Pasrist F ar "hag om indewsf neutrino Antineutring we ¢ jes-4 cl Mele Age Ceopeetemred, 4 : ES Proton ¢ Nesta fro. of srucleens= mass no (A) (KS Hydrons v a\ _— e Baryons ,, Al eaehioecuesaas] @ > | m, = 1.67 x 10-27 kg = 1.0073 a.m.u. oO = ee pinky > |m,= 1.67 x 10-27 kg = 1.0087 a.m.u. a (np =.67 «107 eg 1.0087 aman] nett >(im, = 9.1 * 1071 kg. Be 2 ms amu, = 1.66 «1077 kg=—S Peren . de REST MASS. mage Regt neds energy oF Phitton =o pe me f=7,c ran ore! rg SEFeat Mass evegr fe Lamu. mass » Bame* = Lamuxe™ = 9315 mev YL am= 931-5 mev are oe The energy equivalent of 0.5 g of a substance is (NEET 2020) @ SS od Pp AY ge a OF 45«102)) - = 0-5x15*x @pictd = “4 is @ 1.5% 10") > US y iste ® 0.5 x10") Le A Volume of nucleus « mass no. Vx RR’ ~_ Mass of nucleus _ = Lom \ fr ‘Volume. a ae: rs RAL . e. Ss 0 "a > (eo) 4 2, Hay a Ted Toy depend an Man vi :oe Two nuclei have their mass numbers in the ratio of 1 : 3. The ratio of their @ nuclear densities would be . a y @ ast Uy QO 1:3 @ aa ® (3)8:1 Qe The mass number ofa nucleus is Om Always less than its atomic number 4Q))aiways more than its atomic number Q) sometimes equal to its atomic number ® Sometimes less than and sometimes more than its atomic number Qa muacus ruptures into two nuclear parts, which have their velocity ratio equal to 2 : 1. What will be the ratio of their nuclear size (nuclear radius)? 1 OY 211 y 2312 A 1:30 QO venQe If the nuclear radius of 27Al is 3.6 fermi, the approximate nuclear radius of “Cu in fermi is (2012) a 24 Q) 12 @ 18 oO 36 Oa eee (1992) oP M Qa @Q constant of the nuclei ,,AI?” and ,,Te!?5 is approximatel (1990) QQ 6:10 4) 13:52 x 40:177