‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم‬

Structure of matter
Dr/Diaa Elmwafy
The atom is composed of:-
The nucleus: protons (+ve)
neutrons(uncharged
Electrons (-ve)
 The atom is the basic unit of internal
structures

 Atomic no.= equal no. of protons

equal no. of electrons

 The physical & chemical properties
depends on interaction between electrons
lying furthermost from the nucleus termed

valence electrons .
 The atomic weight of an atom is nearly
proportional to the weight of protons and
neurotons in its nucleus.

 It affects density, specific heat, while it

has very little influence on mechanical
properies.
 Any element except inert gases try to
achieve the highly stable configuration to
having 8 electrons in the outer or valance
electron shell stable through receiving (-
ve charged) , or giving (+ve charged), or
share electrons so the outer shell of 2 or
more atoms become complete.
➢ Inter Atomic bonding is 1ry bond

Strong intramolecular

Types: Covalent, ionic, metallic

➢ Intermollecular is 2ry bond: weak

Types: Vander waals forces

A)Covalent bond:
Sharing electrons
H2 gas molecule
Very strong, Insulator
Basic bond for polymers
B) Ionic bond:
Electrostatic attraction ( ) unlike charge
NaCl molecule → Na+ cation, CL- anion
Insulator & heat resistant
Basic bond for ceramics & glasses
Insoluble in organic solvent but
dissolve in ionizing solvents as
water, acids & alkali.

In solution they dissociate into their

constituent ions and conduct
electricity
C) Metallic bond:

Metal atoms give up electrons (loosely held

and are free to move about all atoms in their
valence shells.

Metalllic bond consists of +ve ion cores held

together by electron clouds which diffuse
freely around the +ve cores→ easy
defomability of metals and other properties.
➢ High thermal and electric conductivity

➢ Opaque bec. free e’s may absorb light.

➢ Reflective or lustrous bec. electrons

reemit light
Van der Waals forces:
Have low modulus of elasticity
E.g H2O molecule
There should be dipole to allow moleclules to
interact with each other

Dipole: Electric imbalance in the molecule

resulting from sharing electrons ( one end of
the molecule may have a slight negative
charge and the other end slight positive
charge.
Combination of ionic & covalent: Caso4

Combination of metallic & ionic :

Dental Amalgam
High conductive properties, hard & brittle

N.B Molecular solids such as polymers where

covaently bonded molecules held together
by vander waals forces & theses latter
forces dominate the mechanical properties
Interatomic distance:
Caused by interatomic repulsive &
attractive forces

i.e. The sum of the forces provides the

basis for bonding energy and
equlibrium interatomic distance
Factors affecting IAD:
Temp: ↑ → ↑ energy → ↑ IAD
No. of adjacent atoms: ↑ → ↓ IAD
covalent bonding: ↑ (shared e’ no.)→ ↓ IAD

N.B. Application of an external force to a solid

can displace atoms from the equlibrium position
& change IAD.
 State of matter
Free movement of electrons → ↑ energy
→↑ IAD
Gas > Liquid > Metal
Structure of solids
 Solid substances are classified according to
the internal atomic structure, depending on
the regularity of the atoms or molecules in
the three spatial directions, into:-
1-Crystalline
2-Amorphous (non crystalline)
3-Semi Crystalline (Mesomorphous)
 1-Crystalline
The atoms are arranged regularly &
repetitively in the 3-dimensions.

Space lattice: The arrangement of atoms in

3D → each atom has a position similar to
every other atom.
Atomic arrangement may take one of
seven main crystal patterns (Cubic,
tetragonal, orthorhombic, Monoclinic,
Triclinic, Hexagonal, Rhombohedral).

Unit cell is the smallest repeated unit in a

crystal lattice.

The type of space lattice is defined by the

length of 3 axes of unit cell and the angles
( ) them
1-Simple cubic: (SC)
Each atom in each corner of the 8 corners
is associated with 8 surrounding unit
cells→
Each atom participating in 8 unit cells →
each atom has 1/8 of its volume in each of
theses 8 cells → SC contains one metal
atom per unit cell
8 atoms * 1/8 at each corner= 1 atom
2-Body centered cubic: (BCC)
The unit cell has an atom at each corner of
the 8 corners of the cube and another atom
at the center of the unit cell→ There are 2
atoms per unit cell in BCC.

8 atoms * 1/8 at each corner + 1 atom in

the center = 2 atoms
Number of atoms in a space lattice
(Body centered cubic space lattice)

BCC has 2 atoms per unit cell [ (8x1/8) + 1] , e.g. iron, chromium.
3-Face centered cubic: (FCC)
The unit cell has an atom at each corner of
the 8 corners of the cube and another atom
at the center of each face of the unit cell.
At the center of each face the atom share 2
unit cells & thus its value may be as a ½
atom→ There are 4 atoms per unit cell in
FCC.

8 atoms * 1/8 at each corner + 6 atom * ½

in the center = 4 atoms
 Number of atoms in a space lattice
(Face centered cubic space lattice)

FCC has four atoms per unit cell [(8x1/8) +

(6x1/2], e.g. copper, gold, platinum, and silver.
.
Atomic packing factor (PF)
 The most stable crystal structures = densest packing of atoms
 The packing factor (PF) is:
Volume of atoms inside the unit cell
 PF =
Volume of unit cell
 PF for SCS = 52%
 Therefore, only 52% of the volume of SCS, is filled with atoms.
This inefficient packing is not very stable and does not occur for
metals in nature.
 PF for BCC = 68%
 PF for FCC = 74%
 PF for HCP = 74%
The atoms or molecules are positioned
randomly in space without regularity or
repetetion , such as in gases and liquids.
Even in this case there is tendency for short
order arrangements as in liquid. Such an
arrangement of solids may be considered as
supercooled liquid as Super cooled liquids
e.g glasses & waxes
1- Higher internal energy: Their
structural arrangements do not
represent as low internal energies as
do crystalline arrangements of even
the same atoms and molecules.
2- No definite melting temperature: but
they gradually soften as temperature is
raised and gradually harden as cool.
They have glass transition
temperature.
Temperature above which a sharp
increase in the coefficient of thermal
expansion occurs indicating increased
molecular mobility
The atoms or molecules are arranged
with a definite regularity in one or more
directions, but not in all of the three
directions. e.g. Pyrolytic carbon
 Polymorphism
Many materials have the same chemical
composition, these different polymorphic
forms may be called allotropic forms
E.g. of allotrophy in dentistry is silica.

Quratz (hexagonal) at 870 c→ Tridymite

(rhombohedral) at 1470 c→ cristobalite
(cubic) at 1713 c→ fused quartz
(amorphus).
Different physical properties as CTE,
density, optical charcteristics
 Imperfections in crystalline solids
1-Point defect:
a-Vaccancy:
In w’ an atom is missing within a crystal (
due to imperfect packing during the
original crystallization or may arise from
thermal vibrations of the atoms at elevated
temp., bec. as thermal energy ↑→↑
probability that individual atoms will jump
out of their positions of lowest energy)
b-Intersitial impurities: in w’ an extra atom
may be lodged within a crystal structure

A and B → atomic distortion within the

crystal lattice
2-line defect:
As dislocation
It is the displacement of a raw of atoms
from their normal positions in the lattice.

N.B. Plastic deformation in metals occurs

by motion of dislocation.
3-Plane defects:
Such as grain boundaries in metals
Thank you