15 DEVELOPMENT OF SURFACES SSS In industrial world, an engineer is frequently confronted with problems where the development of surfaces of an object has to be made in the fabrication of furnaces, chimneys, boilers, automobile body building, ship building, aircraft, etc. Development of surface of an object means the unrolling or unfolding of all surfaces of the object on a plane. A typical example is your tooth Paste carton of the shape of a square / rectangular prism. Open its two bases and cut the carton along a longer edge. Place it on a plane surface to obtain the development of the carton. Layout of only the sides of the object without its top or bottom is called Lateral Surface. Principle of Development: Every line on the development should show the ¢rue length of the corresponding line on the surface which is developed, Surface generated by moving a straight line is called Plane Surface and that generated by a curve is called Curved Surface, Solids bounded by Plane Surfaces : Prism, Pyramid, Tetrahedron Solids bounded by Single-curved Surfaces : Cylinder, Cone Solids bounded by Double-curved Surfaces : Sphere, Torus, Paraboloid Sheet Metal Work: To fabricate a sheet metal product, first cut the metal sheet to the shape formed by laying all the lateral surfaces one adjacent to other, bend, fold and then join by welding or riveting. It is called Sheet Metal Work. 1, METHODS OF DEVELOPMENT OF LATERAL SURFACES (i) Parallel Line Development GX fr] See Figs. I(a) and (b). This SS o method is used to develop SG cubes, prisms and cylinders, SS le] in which all the edges / FIG. 1(a) PRISM generators of lateral surfaces are parallel to each other. Prism and cylinder roll out into rectangular stretch-outs by this method. peli) evince (ii) Radial Line Development d cones i See Figs. I(c) and (d). Radial This method is employed for pyramids and cones in which the apex is taken as center and the true length of the slant edge oF generator as radius for its development152 DEVELOPMENT OF SURFACES FIG. 1(e) PYRAMI rie. a) cone. =) Pyramids and cones roll out into isosceles triangles and sectors of a circle respectively. (iii) Approximate Development: This method is employed for double-curved surfaces like spheres, as they are theoretically un-developable in a single plane. | | (iv) Triangulation Development: This method is used for developing transition pieces. 2. PRISMS AND CYLINDERS - Parallel Line Development Problem (Fig. 2) Draw the development of the lateral surfaces of a right square prism of edge of base 30 mm and axis 50 mm_ long. ai) be) A_e 1. Draw the top and front views. = 7— i 2. Development consists of four equal rectangles of size 50mm x 30mm in o| ) contact and in sequence. Hence drawa ” || rectangle A, A, AA such that Ay Ai = ; oO || Perimeter of the base of the prism = (elu, A 3, Length of the stretch-out line = AA. — FRONTVIEW \ AA, = its Height. (4) peace | 3. On AjAy, mark four equal divisions 7 eee A,B, BiCi, etc., each equal to the side faa bib) PARALLEL LINE DEVELOPMENT | of base of the prism 30 mm. Erect FiG.2 perpendiculars at B,C; and Dy. Tor View | 4. Darken the four rectangles which give the development of the lateral surface of the prism. { Note: In the development of the lateral surfaces, the starting and closing edges should be the alt same ( viz., AA) ) to obtain the closed object | ||| Problem 2: (Fig. 3) Draw the development of the outside case and tray of a match- box of size 45 mmx 33 mmx 16mm. | Outside case has 4 sides ABFE, BCGF, etc., the development of which is shown in Fig. (i). The | tray has five sides and the sixth side is open. Fig. (ii) shows the development of the tray. Problem 3: (Fig. 4) Draw the development of the complete surface of a Gl | cylindrical drum with lid. Diameter is 30cm and height is 1.6 times the diameter. Since the drum has bottom base and lid, the complete development is as shown.DEVELOPMENT OF SURFACES 15.3 PARALLEL LINE DEVELOPMENT , e FIG. 3 a ey SCALE 1:10 PARALLEL LINE DEVELOPMENT bib) FIG. 4 Note: /. It is advisable to draw the top and bottom circles at the extreme end as shown, to facilitate economical way of cutting the sheet metal. 2 Usually the latest surfaces of solids are developed and the ends or bases are omitted from the developments. They can easily be added whenever required. 3. TRUNCATED PRISMS AND CYLINDERS Problem 4: (Fig. 5) A hexagonal prism, edge of base 20 mm and axis 50 mm long, rests with its base on HP such that one of its rectangular faces is parallel to VP. It is cut by a plane perpendicular to VP, inclined at 45° to HP and passing through the right corner of the top face of the prism. (i) Draw the sectional top view. (ii) Develop the lateral surfaces of the truncated prism. (UQ) (i) Sectional Top View Sruncates Surtace 1. Draw top and front views of the prism for the given position. 2. Draw the S.P. in front view. Mark section points at BU) | eve) 3. Draw sectional top view and hatch it. (i) To draw the development of the — a¢a, Lateral Surfaces of the Truncated Hexagonal Prism 20 SECTIONAL TOP VIEW PARALLEL LINE DEVELOPMENT OF TRUNCATED HEXAGONAL PRISM FIG. 515.4 DEVELOPMENT OF SURFACES 4. Draw two stretch-out lines AA and AA; each equal to perimeter of the base (120 mm). $. Divide A.A; into six equal parts. Draw six equal rectangles to represent the development of the lateral surfaces of the hexagonal prism in hin lines. 6. From the section point 1 draw a horizontal line and mark 1 on A Ay. 7. Similarly obtain the other points 2, 3,...,6 in the development. 8. Join 12. 23, 34, ....61 as straight lines and complete the development. For economical development of lateral surfaces of the truncated solids (prisms 7 pyramids / cylinders), draw the development starting with the shortest edge / Benerator to facilitate minimum welding or riveting at the joint, Problem §: (Exercise) A rectangular prism (60x 40) and height 60 mm stands on its base on HP with a longer edge parallel 10 VP. It is cut by a plane normal to VP, inclined at 60° to HP and passing through left corner of the top face of the prism. Develop the lateral surfaces of the truncated prism. Problem 6: (Fig. 6) A pentagonal prism, side of base 25 mm and altitude 50 mm, rests on its base on the HP such that an edge of the base is parallel to VP. and nearer to the observer. It is cut by a plane inclined at 45° to HP, perpendicular to VP and passing through the center of the axis. (i) Draw the true shape of section. (ii) Draw the development of the complete surfaces of the truncated prism. (UQ) 1. Draw the development of a TRUE SHAPE lateral surfaces of truncated ) As pentagonal prism. es 2. At the line TP, * draw the base | of the pentagon, 8 < to represent the we development of Tt the prism base. >Re He - L -——' 3. Draw the true shape ‘s of section on X,Y, ©) A i 8 3 parallel to the S.P.. It \{ + |) i an regular =) eyeegeuen rcoumuere Ny pentagon. Transfer ) fo) the same in the |-25 _| development. 4. Fig. 6 shows the development of the complete surfaces of the truncated prism. PENTAGONAL PRISM FIG. 6 Problem 7: (Exercise) A pentagonal prism of side of base 30 mm and altitude 60 mm stands on its base on HP such that a vertical face is parallel to VP and awayDEVELOPMENT OF SURFACES 15.5 from observer. It is cut by a plane perpendicular to VP, inclined at an angle of 50° to HP and passing through the axis 35 mm above the base. Draw the development of the lower portion of the prism. Problem 8: (Fig. 7) A cube of side 33 mm rests on its base on HP with a vertical face inclined at 30° to VP. It is cut by a cutting plane perpendicular to VP and inclined at 50° to HP. Cutting plane bisects the axis of the cube. Develop the complete surfaces of the right portion of the cut cube. (UQ 1. Draw top view of the cube resting on its base with Nn . a vertical face inclined at 30° to VP. Ajd=al, 06=4,6 2. Project the front view. B3=b3, C4=04 3. Draw S.P. at 50° to HP and bisecting axis of cube. 4. Mark section points in front view. Project these points to the top view. 5. Develop the lateral surface of the complete cube in thin lines. 6. Project horizontally from the section points of the front view to the development of the cube. Join all the intersecting points in the correct sequence. 7. Complete the development of the surfaces of the right portion of the cut cube as shown. STRETCH-OUT LENGTH = 33x 4 DEVELOPMENT OF COMPLETE SURFACES ) OF TRUNCATED CUBE FIG.7 Problem 9: (Fig. 8) Draw the SHORTEST PATH OF THE INSECT development of the lateral surface of a hexagonal prism of 24 mm base edge and 68 mm height. An insect moves on its surface from a corner on the base to the diametrically opposite corner of the top face by the shortest route. Trace graphically the path of the 68 insect in front view. (UQ) i i OPMENT SHOWING 1. Draw the top view of the given DEVEL hexagonal prism. Project the THE SHORTEST PATH OF THE INSECT corresponding front view. FIG. 815.6 DEVELOPMENT OF SURFACES 2. Draw the stretch-out length = 24mm x 6 = 144 mm. Divide it into 6 equal parts, 3. Join P1S which represents the shortest path of the insect moving from one corner at the base of the prism to its diametrically opposite corner at the top of the prism. 4. Similarly join SPs to represent the path of the insect from the top Sto the base Py cutting the edges TT), UU, atthe points A and B respectively. 5. From A, draw a horizontal line to meet the vertical drawn through t’ at the point a 6. Similarly, mark the point b’ on the vertical line through wu’. 7. Join pj b' a’ s' which represents the shortest path of the insect in the front view Problem 10: (Exercise) _ A pentagonal prism of side 30 mm and length of ax 60 mm is kept on HP on its base with its rectangular face away from the observer and parallel to VP. A thread is wound around the prism starting from the nearest comer of the base and is brought back to the top of the same vertical edge. Determine the minimum length of the thread and show it on the front view, (UQ) Problem 11: (Fig. 9) A vertical chimney of 70 cm diameter joins a roof sloping at 35° with horizontal. The shortest portion over the roof is 32 cm. Obtain the shape of the sheet metal from which the chimney can be fabricated (UQ) |. Top and Front Views of the Chimney: Draw top view of the chimney as a circle of diameter 35mm. Divide it into 8 equal parts. Project the generators to obtain the front view. Draw a line inclined at 35° to XY. This line represents the roof line and is considered as a SP, Mark a height of 16 mm on the left extreme generator (shortest height of the chimney) aid complete the front view of the chimney, gbgie de 4 8 co © fF co Hwa me s2em Ny s 2x70 cm SCALE 1:20 DEVELOPMENT OF CHIMNEY (TRUNCATED CYLINDER) FIG. 92. Shape of the Sheet Metal to Fabricate the AA = nx 35 mm, Note: J. Stretch-out Length of the Cylinder: divided imo 8 equal parts by Geometrical Constructing ab ‘in the top view can be had on the small bow divider and This method results in reduction ‘ithin limits, marked on the line AA. about 1% only, which is w 2. The stretchin; solid. Both the forms Problem 12: (Fig 10) Draw the development of the lateral surface of the lower portion of a cylinder of diameter 50 mm and axis 70 mm when sectioned by a plane inclined at 40° to HP and L' to VP and bisecting the axis. (UQ) Problem 13: (Fig. 11) A cylinder of diameter 40 mm, height 75 mm is cut by a plane perpendicular to VP and inclined at 55° to HP meeting the axis at top face. Draw the lateral development of the solid. (UQ) Problem 14: (Exercise) A cylinder of 45 mm diameter and 55 mm long rests with its base on HP. It is cut by a plane perpendicular to VP. point on the axis, 12mm of the lateral surface ide it into 8 equal pans, Project the section points on the corresponding gene 8 oul can be started from either of the extreme ends, Of development with different shapes yield after proper rolling or folding and hence are accepted. DEVELOPMENT OF SURFACES 15.7 Chimney: Draw a stretch-out line of length Show the generators in the development. ators in the development. Stretch-out line AA of length «x 70 can be Instead, the chord length 8 equal divisions can be of the circumference by whatever be the the same object yee #5) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 gy “ ; : : As 3 : = . a OK: FIG. 10 SY Q (8) oF 6) FIG.11 inclined at 60° to HP and passing through a Srom its top. Draw the sectional top view and the development of the truncated cylinder,face. Another plane of 25 mi 158 DEVELOPMENT OF SURFACES Problem 1 (Fig. 12) Draw the development of the lateral surface of the Part | of the cylinder shown in Fig. (i) (UQ) 1. Draw the development Ow RY ny heer #1 y of the cylinder. 2. Consider the 30° line as a S.P. perpendicular to VP and inclined at 30° to HP. 3. Project section points on the corresponding generators in the 72. development and complete the bottom x40 curve, n oy 9 DEVELOPMENT OF PART I i ‘OF THE CYLINDER Tae iy FIG. 12 4, Then consider the portion of a circle of radius 24 mm as another curved S.P. Mark section points. 240 5. Project all section points on corresponding generators in the development except I’ & (9). 6. Toobtain | and 9 inthe development, project 1’ and (9') to the top view. 7. Mark 1 in the development such that Cl = cl. 8. Similarly, obtain point 9 and complete the development as shown in Fig. (ii). Problem 16: ¢ 2 K (Fig. 13) «s as" d 7 1 L Draw the |e TeX pi F | al la development of 4 is} is A the truncated 4 8 e ha cylinder shown - in Fig. (i). PT N | a Sa 6 2 1) " 240 ry 7 A x40 (i) @ FIG. 13 DEVELOPMENT OF TRUNCATED CYLINDER Problem 17: (Exercise) A cylinder of 40 mm diameter and 75 mm altitude is cut bya plane perpendicular to VP, inclined at 55° to HP and meeting the axis at the top e im radius with right bottom corner as center cuts the cylinder. Develop the lateral surface of truncated eylinder. (UQ)DEVELOPMENT OF SURFACES 15.9 3 85 a Problem 18: (Fig. /4) = Draw the development of a two-piece Cylindrical 90° | 7 Elbow shown in. Fig. (i) 1. Consider the given elbow 3 8 7 as two truncated cylinders mM e I and I. Draw the development of horizontal cylinder as a rectangle of 250. > e size x 50mm x 85 mm. () TWO-PIECE CYLINDRICAL : 2. Draw the development of 90" ELBOW 7 the truncated horizontal} —— t ‘ < cylinder I in the above { rectangle, Similarly, draw \ d el Ag development of truncated = : vertical cylinder Il. S ——! 8 Problem 19: (Fig. 15) i | f The development of a "| ° . 7 cylinder is a rectangle of = siz (i) DEVELOPMENT OF TWO-PIECE size 110mm x 55mm. A GYLINORCAL Osien P| 3 semi-circle of 55 mm radius nena ‘i ts inscribed in the rectangle. Draw the projections of the o78 re cylinder showing the semi- 141 x circle on them. (UQ) 7 7 1, Draw development — of va 3 cylinder as a rectangle 110 x 55. (Fig. (i)]. Inscribe the given semi-circle of 55 mm HL . ~ L u ny radius in the above rectangle. ‘ty als) Projecti i = Rees Pesce ae () DEVELOPMENT OF GIVEN CYLINDER : 7 alo 2. Diameter of cylinder = 110/n= 35 mm ners 3| 7 " 3. Height of cylinder = Height of given rectangle = 55 mm. 4. Draw front view of the cylinder as a rectangle 35 x 55. (Fig. (ii) (PROJECTIONS 5. Draw the corresponding top view as a circle of 35 mm diameter. OF CYUNDER: 6. Divide the above circle into 12 equal parts. Name them and project to the front view. 7 Divide the rectangle into 12 equal parts. Name the points of intersection of the semi-circle the above divisions. 8. Project above points to front view to meet vertical projectors drawn from top view. Draw a smooth curve to represent the semi-circle in front view,45.10 DEVELOPMENT OF SURFACES 4. PYRAMIDS AND CONES - Radial Line Development Problem 20: (Fig. 16) Draw the development of the lateral surfaces of a square pyramid. side of base 25 mm and height 50 mm, resting with its base on HP and an edge of the base parallet io VP. 1, Draw the top and front views of the pyramid for the given position. To draw its development, True Length of the Slant Edge is required. To find the True Length of the Slant Edge Rule: /f the top view of a slant edge of a pyramid is parallel to XY, then the front view of that edge will give its true length and vice-versa. Here, in both the views, the projections of none of the slant edges is parallel to XY. Hence its true length cannot be measured directly either from the top or front view. Therefore to obtain the true length of a slant edge (say OA) make oa parallel to XY, ie, with o -ascenter and oa as radius draw an arc to cut the horizontal drawn from © at a. Now o’ a} will be the true length of the slant edge OA 2. © ascenter and o! a; as radius draw an arc. On this arc, mark 4 equal divisions, i.e., chord AB = BC = CD = DA =25 mm. 3. Complete the As OAB, OBC, OCD and ODA by thick lines which gives the development of the lateral surface of the pyramid as in Fig. (ii). Fig. (iii) shows the uneconomical method of development of the pyramid. Problem 21: (Fig. 17) Draw the development of the lateral surface of a cone of base diameter 48 mm and altitude 55 mm. 1. Draw the top view and front view of the cone. In top view, 0a is parallel to XY. Hence, o'a’ = L = True Length of the Slant Generator / End Generator. oe c (i) Radial Line Development (Economical Development) ° ° oF L= True Length of Slant Generator (S.G) FIG. 17DEVELOPMENT OF SURFACES 15.11 2. Development of the lateral surf the are of the sector = AA = ¢ the are at the center is @. ‘Thu 3. © ascenter and L as radius, ce of the cone is a sector of a circle of radiu: Length of sTesemence of the base citcle = 2ar. Angle subtended by SLO = 2nr= 360° xr, $0.0 = 360° x TIL draw an are Subtending angle 0 at ©. 5. FRUSTUM AND TRUNCaT Problem 22: ED PYRAMIDS AND CONES lar hexagonal base are perpendicular to VP. Perpendicular to yp. development of the later he 2. inclined at 40° The cutting plane bisects the axis of the pyramid. Obtain the al surface of the truncated pyramid. (UQ Mt Views of the given pyramid. Mark the cut surface as shown. Draw the development of the lateral surfaces of the Pyramid, In the front view, mark the 7 °*ting points of the cut surface with the ed; Ph sr, (89), (v) and wv’). Find the true length 0! m’ Draw the top and fro: e Iges of the pyramid as Of the slant edge graphically as shown, as ry Os), On the development, mark P on OA an Similarly mark the Join PQ, QR... Draw horizontals through p () and (u) to-cut 0! my at pt, qi, ete, id U on OF such that OP = o! P| = OU. Points Q, R, § and T. +, UP and complete the development of the truncated pyramid, eras OA = o'm’ = TRUE LENGTH OF SLANT EDGE OP = op,, OQ=0'q,, OR=o'r, FIG.18 wo DEVELOPMENT OF L.S. OF TRUNCATED PYRA\15.12 DEVELOPMENT OF SURFACES Problem 23: (Fig. /9) A pentagonal pyramid, side of base 30 mm and height 52 mm, stands with its base on HP and an edge of the base is parallel to VP and nearer to it. It ix cut by a plane perpendicular to VP. inclined at 40° to HP and Passing through a point on the axis, 32 mm above the base. Draw the sectional top view. Develop the lateral surface of the truncated pyramid. (UQ) S 1. Draw top and front views of the pyramid. Find the true length of slant edge 2. Draw the development of lateral surface of pyramid 3. Draw S.P. in front view. Mark the section points. Draw sectional top view and hatch the cut surface. 4, True Length of remaining portion of Slant Edges: Draw horizontals through section points 1’, 2', etc, _a to cut o'a; (=True Length of Slant Edge OA) at 1j, 2), ete, SECTIONAL $5. © as center and o'l} as TOP VIEW radius draw an are to cut OA atl. Similarly obtain points 3, 4 and 5. Point 2 is obtained as shown. Problem 24: (Fig. 20) A square pyramid, base 35 mm side, axis 70 mm long, rests on its base on HP such that two adjacent sides of the base are equally inclined to. VP. It is sectioned by a plane perpendicular to vp, inclined at 30° to HP and Passing through the mid- point of the axis. OA=O'a', 02=0'2, (il), DEVELOPMENT OF LS. OF TRUNCATED SQUARE PYRAMID FIG. 20 lateral surfaces of the truncated pyramid. (UQ Draw the sectional top view and develop theProblem 25: (Fig. 2/) ‘A square pyramid of base side 30 mm and altitude 65 mm is resting on HP on its base with a side of base inclined at 25° to vp. inclined at 35° to HP, perpendicular to VP and bisecting the axis. Draw the development of remaining lower portion of the pyramid. (UQ) Problem 26: (Fig. 22) A monument is in the form of frustum of a It is cut by a plane ‘square pyramid of base 1.2m side, top 0.5 m side and height 1.0 m. An electrical connection is to be made along the surface of this monument between one corner of the base and the diagonally opposite corner on the top. Find the shortest length of the wire required and show the position of the wire in the top and front views. L 2. DEVELOPMENT OF SURFACES 15.13 FIG. 21 (UQ) To obtain the true length of the slant edge directly in the front view, imagine the edges of the base making equal inclinations with VP. For this position draw the top view. Project the front view of the frustum of pyramid. Since oa is parallel to XY in the top view, o'a’ will directly give True Length of that Slant Edge. Also e'a’ is true length of EA (slant edge of the frustum). So 0 as center and o'a’ as radius draw an arc and complete the development of the pyramid. With O as center and o'e' as radius draw an arc and obtain E, F, G and H_ on the respective edges and complete the development of the frustum. Let electrical connection be given from A (one corner of the base) to G_— (diagonally opposite corner on the top face). Extend a’e’ and c’g’ to fix o'. SCALE : 1:20 RESULTS Shortest Length of Wire = AG = 1.85m Wire in Front View : a'p'g) Wire in Top View: apg FIG. 22— " 1514 DEVELOPMENT OF SURFACES “The shortest length of the wire is found from the development drawn in true lengths. So join DEG to represent the shortest length. Note that wire meets slant edge FB at P. 6 Position of P. should be marked. So measure OP and transfer the same on 0/8! such that o'pl = OP. Drawa horizontal line from pi tocut 0! by at’ Join a’p' and p’g’ to show the position of wire in front view. 7. Project. pj and mark p; on oa. With o ascenter and opr cut ob at p. Join ap and pg. to show the position of the wire in top view. as radius draw an arc to Problem 27: (Exercise) A pentagonal pyramid, side of base 28 mm and altitude 66 mm is resting vertically on its pentagonal surface with one of the sides of that surface perpendicular to VP. A string is wound from the extreme right point in the base around the slant surface and brought back (0 the same point. Find graphically the shortest length of the string required. Also, show the position of | the string in the top and front views. [Result: Shortest length of the string = 118 mm.] Problem 28: (Fig. 23) A vertical pentagonal pyramid of side of base 27 mm and altitude 50 mm rests with a base edge parallel to VP and nearer to it. It is cut by two planes perpendicular to VP. One is horizontal and cuts the portion of the pyramid on the lefi of the axis at a height of 18 mm above the base of the pyramid. The other plane inclined at 45° to HP cuts the portion of the pyramid to the right of the axis passing through a point on it 18 mm above the base and leans upwards. Draw the development of the lateral surfaces of the truncated pyramid. (UQ) on (OR = TRUE LENGTH OF SLANT EDGE OA= ola, OB=o'b', OC =o'c, DEVELOPMENT OF LS. OF TRUNCATED PENTAGONAL PYRAMID WITH TWO CUTTING PLANES FIG. 23,DEVELOPMENT OF SURFACES 15.15 1. See Fig. (Draw the top view of the pentagonal pyramid such that the base edge st is parallel and nearer to XY. Project the corresponding front view of the pyramid, 2. Note that inthe front view, none of the slant edges is in true length. Find the True Length of the slant edge o'r) as shown. 3. Draw the development of the lateral surface of the full pyramid, 4. Mark the two given cutting planes S, and S)_ in the front view. 5. Mark the cutting points in the front view as shown. Mark the cutting point (e’) on an imaginary line 0° (m') which is lying on the rear side triangular face o'(1')(s') 6. Complete the development of the lateral surfaces of the truncated pyramid as in Fig. (i) Problem 29: (Fig. 24) A hexagonal pyramid of side of base 25 mm and altitude 65 mm rests on its base on HP such that a base edge is parallel to VP. It is sectioned bya plane normal to VP, inclined at 30° to HP and passing through a point on the axis 22 mm from the vertex leaning downwards. It is cut by another plane normal to VP. passing through the same point and perpendicular to the previous section plane. The portion containing the vertex is removed. (i) Draw the sectional top view of the cut solid. (ii) Develop the lateral surfaces of the remaining solid such that the developed surface is symmetrical. (UQ) See Fig. 24 for Solution. ° Cy s TRUE LENGTH OF SLANT EDGE 02 02), 03-03, wy DEVELOPMENT OF L.S. OF TRUNCATED HEXAGONAL PYRAMID WITH TWO CUTTING PLANES (DEVELOPED SURFACE IS SYMMETRICAL) () SECTIONAL TOP VIEW Fig. 2616.16 DEVELOPMENT OF SURFACES Problem 30: (Fig. 25) A hexagonal pyramid of side of base 25 mm and altitude 70 mm rests on its base on HP such that a base edge is parallel to VP. It is cut by two cutting planes, perpendicular to VP. One of the planes is inclined at 30° to HP ana meeting the axis at a point 40 mm from the base. The other plane is curved of 25 mm radius with the right corner of the base as center. | Develop the lateral surfaces of the remaining portion of the pyramid. (UQ) OP = op’ = TRUE LENGTH OF SLANT EDGE 02=02;, 03=0'3;, OB=ob; qi) DEVELOPMENT OF LATERAL SURFACES OF TRUNCATED HEXAGONAL PYRAMID. FIG. 25 WITH TWO CUTTING PLANES: Problem 31: (Fig. 26) _A square pyramid of 35 mm edge of base and axis 60mm Jong rests on one of its triangular faces on HP and the axis is parallel to VP. A plane normal to HP and inclined at 45° to VP passes through the center of the base of the Pyramid and cuts the pyramid such that the vertex is retained. () Draw the top view and sectional front view of the pyramid in the given position. (ii) Develop the lateral surfaces of the cut solid (UQ) (Top View and Sectional Front View of the Pyramid in the given position 1. Draw the top and front views of the square pyramid in the simple position such that the axis of the pyramid is vertical 2. The axis of the pyramid is parallel to VP. Also, it is resting on one of its triangular faces on HP and hence the axis is inclined to HP. Draw the second front view such that the pyramid is lying on one of its triangular faces on HP as shown. 3. Project the corresponding second top view. 4. Draw the cutting plane as a line in the second top view such that it is inclined at 45° to XY and passing through the center of the base. Draw the sectional front view. (ii) Development of lateral surfaces of the cut solid 5. Find the true length of the slant edge of the pyramid in the top and front views.DEVELOPMENT OF SURFACES 15.17 ° SECTIONAL FRONT VIEW OP = o'm, = TRUE LENGTH OF SLANT EDGE O1 = 0';, O4= 0% OO) DEVELOPMENT OF LATERAL SURFACES Vv 0 OF CUT SQUARE PYRAMID FIG. 26 6. Transfer the true length of the slant edge to the second front view. 7. Draw the development of the square pyramid using the true length. 8. Mark the development of the lateral surfaces of the cut solid as shown, Problem 32: (Fig. 27) A hexagonal pyramid, edge of base 25 mm and axis 60 mm long is lying on one of its triangular faces on HP. It is sectioned by a horizontal plane 15 mm from the highest point of the pyramid. (i) Draw the projections of the solid. (ii) Develop the surfaces of the solid remaining below the section plane (UQ ° RUE LENGTH OF SLANT EDGE 202), 03-03; (i) DEVELOPMENT OF CUT HEXAGONAL PYRAMID OP = om,15.18 DEVELOPMENT OF SURFACES Note: In this problem, draw not only the development of the lateral surfaces of the cut solid, but also the development of the remaining portion of the base of the pyramid. Problem 33: (Fig. 28) A pentagonal pyramid of side of base 75 mm and axis 180 mm long rests on one of its triangular faces on HP such that its axis is parallel to YP. It is sectioned by a plane perpendicular to VP and passing through the mid-point of the axis of the pyramid, Develop the surfaces of the solid remaining below the cutting plane. Select a Scale 1:3. (UQ) ’ 2 1 OP = ofp’ = TRUE LENGTH OF SLANT EDGE 4 7 O2=02,, 04-014, (7 N i ee 3 7 | of . S| 2 Pp pi \ Lew 2 1 S)\ (sy « co! sot > y ; > 4 Nia = \ (i) DEVELOPMENT OF ‘ 0 " FIG. 28 CUT PENTAGONAL PYRAMIO Note: (i) Pentagonal pyramid rests on one of its triangular faces on HP. Hence, initially assume the base of the pyramid such thai an edge of the base ie perpendicular to VP, so as to tilt the pyramid to the required given position. Lid) Refer the top view in the simple position. The slant edge op is parallel to X% Hence o'p' is equal to the true length of the slant edge OP. Problem 34: (Fig. 29) 4 hexagonal pyramid of side of base 25 mm and axis 60 mm long rests on a hexagonal prism of side of base 25mm. and height 30 mm, symmetrically such that the corners of the pyramid coincide with the corners of the Prism. One of the base edges of the both the solids is parallel to VP. The combined Solids are cut by an inclined plane making 45° to the horizontal and Passing through the center of the hexagonal faces of the contact of the solids Develop the lateral surf faces of the solids on one side of the cutting plane, where the apex of the pyramid is existing. (UQ) See Fig. 29 for Solution.DEVELOPMENT OF SURFACES 15.19 (i) DEVELOPMENT OF LATERAL SURFACES OF TRUNCATED COMBINATION OF SOLIDS FIG. 29 Problem 35: (Fig. 30) Determine graphically the shortest length measured along the surface of a frustum of a cone, between two points A and B. Point A is on the base of the frustum which is 60 mm in diameter. Point Bis a diametrically opposite point on the top surface which is 30 mm in diameter. Height of the frustum is 40 mm. (UQ) 1. Draw the top and front views of the frustum of the cone. 2. Extend the two extreme generators to meet at o’. L = True Length of Slant Generator. Find the subtended angle 0 = (r/L) x 360° = (30/85.4) x 360° = 126.4°. Draw the development of the frustum of ‘the cone as shown. 5. Mark the points a’ and b in the front 4 Shortest Length between view as they are diametrically opposite. RIGO Ae aie Mark a and b in top view Problem 36: (Exercise) The inside of the hopper of a flour mill is lined with tin sheet, Top and bottom of the hopper are circles of 50 cm and 30m diameters respectively. Height of the hopper is 48 cm. Draw the shape of the sheet to which it is 10 be cut to fit-in the hopper. (UQ,15.20 DEVELOPMENT OF SURFACES Problem 37: (Fig. 31) A cone of base diameter 50 mm and height 70 mm rests on its base on the ground. A string is wound round the curved surface of the cone starting from left extreme point and ending at the same point. Find the shortest length of the string required. Trace the path of string in front and top views. (UQ) \. Draw the top and front views of the cone. 2. Draw the development of the cone. The line AA gives the shortest length of the string. Path of String in Front View 3. Transfer points A, B, C, ves Hof the generators in the development to front view as a’, b', ht. 4. Join a! bic’... hi a’ representing the path of string by a smooth curve. Path of String in Top View 5. Project the points a’, b, d’ e', fh’ (except c’ and g’) on to the corresponding generators in top view. Draw a line through c’ to meet end generator o'S! Pathof Sting Shortest Length of String = AA = 129 mm to obtain the point ct. Project c} onto oS inthe top view. Transfer the same on to the 3% and 7" drawing arcs as shown and fix c and g. Join abe string in the top view by a smooth curve as shown, generators by defgha representing the path of the Problem 38: (Exercise) The vertical section of a cone through the axis is an isosceles triangle of 50mm base and 60mm height. A bee sits on the extreme left end of the base and moves around the surface of the cone and returns to the starting point. Find the shortest path of the bee. Show the path in front and top views, (UQ) Results: @= 138.5°; Shortest path of the bee = 121.5 mm. Problem 39: (Fig. 32) A cone of diameter of base 50 mm and altitude 65 mm is lying on its base on HP. It is sectioned by a plane normal to both HP and VP ata distance of 10 mm to the right of the axis of the cone. Draw the development of the lateral surface of the left side remaining portion, (UQ) Note: Cutting plane normal to HP and VP is vertical.DEVELOPMENT OF SURFACES 15.21 (ii) Development along OT L = OP = ofp’ = TRUE LENGTH OF SLANT GENERATOR 02=02;, 04-04 DEVELOPMENT OF LATERAL SURFACE OF CUT CONE FIG. 32 (iii) Development along OP Draw the top and front views of the cone as in Fig. (i). Mark the vertical S.P. 10 mm to the right of the axis in front view. Project it to top view. Draw the development of the lateral surface of cone. = (25/69.6) x 360° = 129°. Transfer the cutting points from the top view to the development of the cone. Complete the development of lateral surface of left side remaining portion of the cone. wees Note: The required development may be as shown in Fig, (ii) or in Fig. (ii). Problem 40: (Fig. 33) A i cone of base diameter 60 mm and height 70 mm is resting on its base on HP. It is cut nl by a plane perpendicular to Lk VP and inclined at 30° to HP. The plane bisects the yp | axis of the cone. Draw the al bin) cha) ay development of its lateral Pe surface. (UQ) 1. Draw the top and front views of cone. 2. Divide the base circle into 8/12 equal parts. Show the generators in both views. 250 FIG. 33,oe 15.22 DEVELOPMENT OF SURFACES 3. Intop view, oa is parallel to XY, So o'a’ = OA = true length L of the generator (Slant Height), 4, Development of the cone is a sector of a circle of radius = L; Length of arc of the sector = Circumference of base circle=2mr; LO=2nr =360°r; Hence, @ = 360° r/L = 142°, 5. O ascenter, L as radius draw an arc to subtend @ at O. Divide it into 8/12 equal parts. 6, Draw the radial lines OA, OB, OC, etc., and complete the development of the cone. 7. Draw S.P. at 30° to XY bisecting the axis in front view. Mark 1', 2’, etc, 8. Mark 1 on OA in the development such that O1 = o'l', 9. Draw horizontal lines from 2', 3', ete, to meet end generator o'a’ at 2/, 3}. etc. 10. Transfer the distances 0°2), 0'3}, ete.. on respective generators in the development. 11. Draw a smooth thick curve passing through the points 1, 2, 3, etc. Problem 41: (Fig. 34) A lamp shade is formed by cutting a cone of base 140 mm diameter and 170 mm height by a horizontal plane inclined at 30° to HP, passing through one extremity of the base. Draw the development. (UQ Problem 42: (Fig. 35) A lamp shade is formed by cutting a cone of base 144 mm diameter and 174 mm height by a horizontal plane at a distance of 72 mm from the apex and another plane inclined at 30° to HP, passing through one extremity of the base. Draw the development. 1. Draw the projections of cone. Mark 8/12 generators. Draw two Section Planes. 2. Draw the development of cone, as a sector of a circle with Las radius and = 138°. Divide this into 8/12 equal parts. 3. Horizontal S.P. gives frustum of the cone. To develop this, with O ascenter and o' p' as radius, draw an arc cutting OA at P. O= 360" x (r/L) = 138° RADIAL DEVELOPMENT OF LAMP SHADE SCALE 1:2 FIG. 35Is DEVELOPMENT OF SURFF 4. Inclined S.P.: In the development, mark 1 on OA. such that Ol 5. Draw horizontal line from 2' to cut ofa’ at 2°, 6. Similarly obtain 3, 4... = ol. Mark 2 on OB such that 02 =o 2 +8 inthe development, Join all the points by a smooth curve Problem 43: (Exercise) A cone of base diameter 60 mm and height 70 mm is resting on its base on HP. It is cut by a plane perpendicular to VP and parallel to HP ata distance of 20 mm from the vertex. It is also cut by a plane inclined at 40° to the base and meeting the axis 20 mm above the base, Draw the development (UQ) Results: L=76 mm; = 142°, Problem 44: (Fig. 36) A cone of base 50 mm diameter and 60 mm height, rests with its base on HP. It is cut by a section plane perpendicular to. VP. parallel to one of the generators and passing through a point on the axis at a distance of 22mm from the apex. Draw the sectional ‘op view and develop the lateral surface of the remaining Portion of the cone. (UQ) \. Draw the projections of the cone. Draw SP_ parallel to the extreme generator and passing through a point on the axis, 22 mm from the apex in the front view. Mark the section Points. Project them to top view and complete the Sectional Top View. 2. Draw the development of the cone, showing 12 generators. 3. Mark 2, 3, 4, .... 10 (except | and 11) on the corresponding generators in the development. 4. Section point 1’ is on the portion of the base b’c’ in the front view. b!c’ does not represent the true length of that portion of the base. Hence 1 cannot be marked in the development directly from the front view. T.L. of Slant Generator = L @ = 360" x (r/L) = 138.5" SECTIONAL OPMENT OF TOP VIEW RADIAL DEVEL LATERAL SURFACE OF REMAINING PORTION OF CONE FIG. 36OS 1524 DEVELOPMENT OF SURFACES For this. project I" to the top view and obtain 1 on be which i see y Minthe development such that BI = bl iene in we lesen $e 6. Similarly mark 11) such that K-11 = k-I. Complete the development as shown, Problem 48: (Exercise) A cone, base 50mm diameter and axis 60 mm long, rests with its base on HP. A section plane perpendicular to. VP and inclined at 43° to HP bisects the axis of the cone. Draw the sectional top view and the development of the lateral surface of the remaining portion of the cone. Problem 46: (Fig 37) A cone, base 54 mm diameter and height 72 mm, rests with its base on HP. A section plane perpendicular to HP and inclined at 25° to VP cuts the cone at a distance of 13.5 mm from the axis. Draw the sectional front view and develop the lateral surface of the remaining portion of the cone. (UQ) 1. Draw the projections of the cone. Draw the SP in the top view and project the sectional front view. Draw the development of the cone. 2. Inthe top view, base is in true size. Section points | and 6 lie on the base. Hence mark | and 6, in the development directly from top view such that BI =b! and F6 = f6. 3. Inthe top view oc, od, o€ and of are not in true size. Hence 2,3, 4 and 5 cannot be directly marked in the development. Now project these points to the front view and obtain 2;, 3;, 4; and 5}. Mark 2 in the development such that 02 = o' 2 Similarly obtain other points 3, 4 and 5. Complete the development as shown. SECTIONAL FRONT VIEW 2 TL. of Slant Generator = 0 = 360K (FIL RADIAL DEVELOPMENT OF LATERAL SURFACE OF REMAINING PORTION OF CONE FIG. 37DEVELOPMENT OF SURFACES 15.25 Problem 47: (Fig. 38) A cone of 50 mm diameter of base and 65 mm altitude is lying on one of its generators on HP with its axis parallel to VP It is sectioned by a plane parallel to VP and 5mm in front of the axis of the cone. (i) Draw the sectional Front view and (ii) Draw the development of the lateral surface of the remaining portion ‘of the cone. (UQ) L=OP = ofp’ = TRUE LENGTH OF SLANT GENERATOR 01 =0';, 02-024, 05=0', qi) DEVELOPMENT OF LATERAL SURFACE OF CUT CONE FIG. 38 1. Draw the top and front views of the cone in the simple position: 2. Draw the second front view and second top view of the cone in the tilted position. 3. S.P. is parallel to VP (given). Hence it will be perpendicular to HP. Mark the S.P. in the second top view 5 mm_ below the axis, Project the cutting points from the second top view to the sectional front view. Complete the sectional front view as shown. 4. Draw the development of the lateral surface of the cut cone. Problem 48: (Exercise) A cone of 50 mm diameter of base and 60 mm height is lying on HP on one of its generators with its axis parallel to VP. It is sectioned by a plane perpendicular to VP, parallel to and 30mm above HP. Draw the development of the lateral surface of the cut cone. (UQ) Problem 49: (Exercise) The development of the conical surface is a sector of the semi-circular plane. Radius of the sector is 90 mm. Angle subtended by the arc at the center is 120°. Construct the cone and draw its projections when the vertex is 42mm above HP and its axis is parallel to VP. (UQ Hint: Draw the top view of the cone as a circle of 30 mm radius, [Are Length = A = RO = 2nt and R=90 mm, 0=(w x 120)/ 180. So r= 30mm.) Draw the front view of height 90mm, Tilt it so that vertex is 42mm above XY. Complete the projection.sti 15.26 DEVELOPMENT OF SURFACES Problem 50: (Exercise) The development of a right circular cone is a semi-circle of 110 mm diameter. A square having a diagonal of length 110 mm is removed. Draw the front and top views of the cone showing the views of the portion removed. Results: 9 = 180°; r= 55 mm. Problem Si: (Fig. 39) A solid is composed of half-cone and a half-hexagonal pyramid is lying on HP with an edge of the hase of the pyramid perpendicular to VP. Base diameter of the cone is 50 mm, side of the pyramid is 25 mm and altitude of the . solid is 65 mm. It is sectioned by a plane inclined at 45° to the base, perpendicular to VP and contains an edge of the base of the pyramid. () Draw the sectional top view and (ii) Show the development of the surface of the remaining portion of the solid which does not contain the apex (UQ ‘i 5 HITS 455 sa) ye P 'y 3 Ne st 5 a] 8 “i 4 1 DEVELOPMENT OF LATERAL SURFACES OF '\ 9 Tm HALF-CONE AND HALF-HEXAGONAL PYRAMID sectiona, v FIG. 39 TOP VIEW 0 Problem 52: (Exercise) _ A solid is composed of half-cone and a half-hexagonal pyramid is tying on HP with an edge of the base of the pyramid perpendicular to VP. Base diameter of the cone is 50 mm, side of the pyramid is 25 mm and altitude of the solid is 65 mm. It is sectioned by a plane inclined at 60" 10 the base, perpendicular to VP and contains an edge the base of the cone. (i) Draw the sectional top view and (ii) Show the development of the surface of the remaining portion of the solid which does not contain the apex. 7